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Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty - Aseptic

intermediate Level

Primary Indication

Aseptic loosening, instability, malalignment, polyethylene wear

Danger Structures

  • Superior gluteal nerve - exits greater sciatic notch 25-40mm proximal to tip of greater trochanter, supplies gluteus medius and minimus, injury causes irreversible abductor weakness and Trendelenburg gait - EXAM KEY: stay within 5cm distal to greater trochanter tip (safe zone), never extend split proximally beyond this
  • Inferior gluteal nerve - enters gluteus maximus 20-30mm inferior to piriformis, injury rare in lateral approach - EXAM KEY: protected by staying anterior to muscle belly
  • Femoral nerve - lies 40-60mm anterior/medial to surgical field, at risk with over-aggressive anterior retractor placement - EXAM KEY: anterior retractor should stay on bone (ilium/acetabular rim), never slide medially
  • Sciatic nerve - runs 30-40mm posterior to hip joint, less at risk than posterior approach but can be injured with posterior retractor - EXAM KEY: posterior retractor should stay on ischium/posterior wall, limit retraction time
  • Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve - runs 50-70mm anterior/superior to incision, generally safe in direct lateral approach - EXAM KEY: incision centered on GT, not extending too far anterior/superior
  • Profunda femoris artery with medial/lateral femoral circumflex branches - at risk during vastus lateralis mobilization 40-50mm distal to lesser trochanter - EXAM KEY: subperiosteal dissection along vastus ridge protects vessels

Visual Atlas

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We're currently sourcing high-quality anatomy diagrams for this procedure.

Step-by-Step Technique

1

Use previous incision if midline (most lateral if multiple)

2

May need tibial tubercle osteotomy or quadriceps snip for exposure

3

Remove polyethylene first

4

Thin osteotomes to remove components

5

Preserve bone stock during extraction

6

Remove all cement and fibrous membrane

7

Assess bone loss - AORI classification

8

Ream femoral and tibial canals for stem extension

9

Metal augments for contained defects

10

Structural allograft for uncontained defects

11

Size femoral component to anterior cortex

12

Gap balancing for flexion/extension symmetry

13

Constrained insert if collateral deficiency

14

Trial and assess tracking, stability, ROM

15

Stems with offsets for optimal alignment

16

Cement components with antibiotic-loaded cement