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Basic Science
intermediate
X-Type

Bone Healing Stages Fracture

Bone Biology

A 45-year-old woman sustains a closed tibial shaft fracture treated with an intramedullary nail. At 6-week follow-up, radiographs show periosteal callus formation bridging the fracture site. The patient is concerned about the healing process and asks about the stages of bone healing. Understanding the cellular and molecular events during fracture repair is fundamental to orthopaedic practice. Regarding bone healing:

Mark each as TRUE or FALSE

A

Secondary (indirect) bone healing occurs with relative stability and some interfragmentary motion; i...

B

Primary (direct) bone healing occurs with absolute stability and compression (less than 2% strain); ...

C

Primary healing requires interfragmentary motion; secondary healing requires absolute stability; cal...

D

The interfragmentary strain theory (Perren) states that tissue differentiation depends on local mech...

E

Factors affecting bone healing include patient factors (smoking, diabetes, malnutrition, NSAIDs), fr...

Answer the questions to see explanations

Click T (True) or F (False) for each option