Foot Deformity
A 55-year-old obese woman presents with progressive medial ankle pain and difficulty walking. She has noticed her foot becoming flatter over the past 2 years. Examination reveals a flattened medial arch, hindfoot valgus, and forefoot abduction ("too many toes" sign). She cannot perform a single-leg heel rise. The deformity is flexible on examination. Regarding adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD):
Mark each as TRUE or FALSE
AAFD is primarily caused by posterior tibial tendon (PTT) dysfunction; risk factors include obesity,...
Clinical examination reveals the "too many toes" sign (viewing from behind, more lateral toes visibl...
AAFD is caused by anterior tibial tendon dysfunction; the deformity is always rigid from the onset; ...
The Johnson and Strom classification (modified by Myerson) stages AAFD: Stage I (tenosynovitis, norm...
Treatment is stage-dependent: Stage I benefits from immobilization, orthotics, and physical therapy;...
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Click T (True) or F (False) for each option