Spinal Deformity
A 2-year-old boy presents with a visible angular kyphotic deformity in the upper thoracic spine. The deformity was noted at birth and has been progressive. There are no neurological deficits. Radiographs reveal a single-level anterior vertebral body absence at T4 with posterior elements present. The kyphosis measures 45 degrees. Regarding congenital kyphosis:
Mark each as TRUE or FALSE
The Winter classification divides congenital kyphosis into three types: Type I (failure of vertebral...
Type I (failure of formation) progresses at approximately 7-9 degrees per year and has the highest r...
Type II (failure of segmentation) has the highest rate of progression; neurological deficits are unc...
Type II (failure of segmentation - anterior unsegmented bar) progresses more slowly at 5-6 degrees p...
Surgical treatment is indicated for progressive kyphosis greater than 50 degrees, neurological defic...
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Click T (True) or F (False) for each option