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Hand & Upper Limb
intermediate
X-Type

Glenohumeral Instability Directions

Shoulder Instability

A 19-year-old rugby player presents following an anterior shoulder dislocation during a tackle. This is his third dislocation in 2 years, all occurring with the arm in abduction and external rotation. Examination shows positive apprehension test at 90 degrees of abduction, relieved by the relocation test. He also has a positive sulcus sign with the arm at the side. Regarding glenohumeral instability:

Mark each as TRUE or FALSE

A

Anterior instability is the most common direction (95%), typically caused by forced abduction and ex...

B

Posterior instability accounts for 2-5% of dislocations; mechanism is typically forward flexion, add...

C

Posterior instability is more common than anterior; anterior dislocations result from internal rotat...

D

Multidirectional instability (MDI) involves symptomatic instability in more than one direction (ante...

E

The apprehension test and relocation test assess anterior instability: apprehension at 90 degrees ab...

Answer the questions to see explanations

Click T (True) or F (False) for each option