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Evidence. Clarity. Practice.

© 2026 OrthoVellum. For educational purposes only.

Not medical advice. Verify clinically important information against current local guidance.

Back to Research
Level VMust KnowPaediatricsExpert Opinion

Evidence brief

Non-Accidental Injury

Non-Accidental Injury: Skeletal Manifestations

Authors
Kleinman PK
Journal
Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse
Year
1998

Key Findings

  • 1

    Classic metaphyseal lesions (bucket handle/corner fractures)

  • 2

    Multiple fractures of different ages

  • 3

    Rib fractures in infants highly suspicious

  • 4

    Femur fractures in non-walking children

  • 5

    Skeletal survey protocols standardized

Clinical Implications

Recognition of skeletal patterns suspicious for NAI is essential for child safeguarding. Orthopaedic surgeons have mandatory reporting obligations.

Teaching Note

High specificity findings: classic metaphyseal lesions, rib fractures (especially posterior), scapular/spinous process fractures, multiple fractures different healing stages. Differential: OI, metabolic bone disease. Know your hospital's safeguarding pathway. Skeletal survey indications.

Citation

Kleinman PK. Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1998.

Evidence Level

V

Level V

Expert opinion or mechanism-based reasoning

Topics

non-accidental injurychild abusefracture patternssafeguarding

Related Topics

  • Non Accidental Injury
  • Child Protection
  • Pediatric Fractures

External Links

Related Papers

V

CP Gait Analysis

Gage JR (1991)

V

Bone Age Assessment

Greulich WW (1959)

IV

DDH Screening

Graf R (1984)

II

Perthes Classification

Herring JA (2004)