Follow new topic additions and major reference updates as the reference library expands. Each entry links directly to the pages that changed.
The supraspinatus page now carries ten reviewed teaching images. Four retained Commons plates were moved inside Overview. Added a notch-and-leash schematic, a critical-zone examination map, a calcific-tendinopathy radiograph, traumatic-versus-degenerative tear MRI, a Goutallier 0-to-4 sagittal panel, and a cable-versus-tear-pattern checklist. Commons licences were re-resolved live.
The pseudoachondroplasia page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across a four-way discriminator, retained knee, arm and platyspondyly figures, sibling pelvis/spine films, a four-year-old skeletal survey, a Morquio A differential survey, a C-spine-before-anaesthetic checklist and the retained malalignment film. Child photographs were rejected. Commons licences were re-resolved live.
The paronychia page now carries eight reviewed teaching images across a fold-pulp-vesicles map, an acute-versus-chronic panel, the retained perionychium schematic, a pointing abscess, a two-digit chronic photograph, herpetic whitlow, a run-around view and a four-technique drainage checklist. Commons licences were re-resolved live. No commercial-safe felon photograph was found.
The infraspinatus page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across four retained anatomy plates (moved inside Overview), a two-notch wasting schematic, the lag-drop-hornblower map, spinoglenoid-cyst ultrasound, isolated infraspinatus atrophy MRI, massive and irreparable posterosuperior tear MRI, and the internervous-interval checklist. A busy cadaver photo and a segmentation study figure were rejected.
The pregnancy-imaging page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across obstetric ultrasound, an MRI scanner, a T2 lumbar MRI, a four-step modality algorithm, the retained fetal-dose chart, a C-arm checklist, gestational radiosensitivity windows, transient osteoporosis of the hip on radiograph and MRI, an empty postpartum pelvis film, sacral insufficiency MRI, and cauda equina MRI from a 22-week pregnancy. Phone-of-a-monitor CES films were rejected. Cited JAMA and RadioGraphics PMIDs have no commercial-safe figures.
The genetics-and-inheritance page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across an autosomal-dominant pedigree, achondroplasia and MED films, two MHE osteochondroma sets, an OI femoral-rodding sequence, the autosomal-recessive pedigree, a replacement X-linked schematic, mitochondrial inheritance, a germline-versus-somatic mosaicism diagram, and haemophilic elbow, ankle and TKA radiographs. The previous Commons X-linked figure was withdrawn (nude child silhouettes). Neonate, stillborn and genital-including films were rejected on sight.
The conversion-THA page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across femoral-neck screw nonunion, PFNA cut-out, DHS cut-out with a united shaft, sequential DHS-to-nail failure, neck nonunion around a DHS, cemented conversion with trochanteric wiring, nail collapse then THA, a five-panel DHS-to-arthroplasty sequence, a dual-mobility stem with a distal cement plug, and the postoperative full-femur check. Four prior Open-i copies were withdrawn (unversioned CC BY, a tumour case, and an implant-design figure). Cited JOA PMIDs have no commercial-safe figures.
The seronegative spondyloarthropathy page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across enthesitis versus synovitis, SI-onset anatomy, chunky PsA versus bamboo AS, grade-III sacroiliitis, STIR marrow oedema and erosions, DISH flowing osteophytes, the retained bamboo radiograph, an AS chalk-stick fracture and a DISH extension fracture. The previous Radiopaedia cervical-fracture CT was withdrawn (facial profile and empty Commons Permission). Cited Lancet PMIDs have no commercial-safe figures.
The sacral insufficiency-fracture page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across Denis zones, sacral anatomy, H/U/lambda/unilateral patterns, a normal radiograph with CT, bilateral alar CT and MRI, the Honda-sign bone scan versus metastasis, coronal STIR, sacroplasty fluoroscopy and cement fill. A sagittal H/U panel with a facial silhouette was rejected. Cited PMIDs have no commercial-safe figures.
The low-back-pain assessment page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across the three-way triage, lumbar pain sources, the disc-root rule, herniation types, a paracentral L4/5 scan, massive CES extrusion in two planes, discitis with epidural abscess, osteoporotic compression grading, incidental degeneration and the red-flag epidural-abscess MRI. Standing whole-spine films with identifiable skulls were rejected. Cited Lancet PMIDs have no commercial-safe figures.
The systematic trauma-imaging page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across the ATLS chest-and-pelvis work-up, a four-view occult scaphoid series, pelvic radiographs with CT reconstructions, Jefferson and hangman CTs, the Young-Burgess APC schematic, occult-scaphoid ultrasound, occult-hip MRI and the FAST/eFAST probe map. Two sagittal images with facial profiles were rejected. Jefferson and hangman CTs were moved out of the old ATLS dump into Regional Trauma Imaging.
The hypothenar hammer syndrome page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across the hammer-and-anvil schematic, palmar arterial anatomy, a thumb-spared ring-finger cyanosis photograph, corkscrew MR angiography, palmar arteriography, duplex thrombus, aneurysm ultrasound, thrombolysis DSA, isolated aneurysm resection, end-to-end anastomosis, vein-graft exposure and a resected pseudoaneurysm specimen.
The craniocervical junction instability page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images across Gray ligament plates, os odontoideum, a near-aligned atlanto-occipital lateral, coronal and sagittal condyle-C1 widening, a 18 mm basion-dental interval, Chamberlain and McGregor settling lines, the Harris schematic and occipitocervical fusion. The previous sagittal MRI of basilar invagination was withdrawn because it showed a facial profile.
The atlantoaxial fusion page now carries eighteen reviewed teaching images across odontoid displacement and traction reduction, ADI dynamic films, high-riding vertebral artery CT and angiography, ponticulus posticus, a standard Goel-Harms construct, hybrid C2 pars/translaminar bailout, intrafacet spacers, Magerl transarticular films and occipital rod erosion. Two previous Open-i figures were withdrawn: a phone-of-a-monitor collage and an unversioned-licence dynamic series.
The spinal tuberculosis page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across the pathology schematic, a museum gibbus skeleton, T3 radiographs and CT from the case first labelled as metastatic lung cancer, an L4 MRI that shows preserved disc height with abnormal disc signal, skip-lesion T6-7 MRI, axial paravertebral abscess, psoas CT, the management algorithm and a two-month ATT-response pair. The previous Clinical Imaging dump was emptied. Three sagittal MRIs with facial profiles were rejected.
The spinal epidural abscess page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across the S. aureus Gram stain, cervical anterior disease with a prevertebral collection, L3/4 spondylodiscitis, post-contrast thoracic and long-segment MRI, extensive pre- and post-decompression scans, the emergency algorithm and residual cord signal after a cleared abscess. The previous Clinical Imaging dump was emptied and its two journal figures moved into Pathophysiology and Investigations.
The preoperative medical optimization page now carries eight reviewed teaching images across a domain hub, the Revised Cardiac Risk Index plus 4-MET threshold, day-of-surgery STOP-GO-NO medications, selective CXR/ECG/spirometry and the 2-4-6 fasting rule wrapped in an arthroplasty ERAS protocol. The retained hub was moved out of Respiratory into Overview. Wikimedia licences for the chest radiograph (CC0) and ECG (public domain) were re-resolved live.
The mesenchymal chondrosarcoma page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across the HEY1-NCOA2 fusion, calcified spinal and rib disease, a dumbbell canal mass, extraskeletal clavicular MRI, a mandibular lesion, the CD99-positive needle-core trap, wide resection and early local recurrence. Live source resolution withdrew a previously published pelvic MRI that belongs to alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (PMC5069778). The 512-pixel Open-i copies of the genuine L4 case were replaced with full-resolution PMC originals.
The MCP joint arthritis page now carries eight reviewed teaching images across haemochromatosis hook osteophytes, ultrasound/CT/MRI of inflammatory erosions and synovitis, thumb MCP arthrodesis and pyrocarbon surface-replacement failure. The three retained journal figures were re-opened, their licences re-resolved, and they were moved out of a top-heavy Clinical Imaging dump into Clinical Presentation. No honest licence-clean PA ulnar-drift radiograph was found; the page was not padded with a mislabelled implant film.
The joint-reaction-forces page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across ground-reaction input, the hip free-body calculation, abductor lever-arm geometry, tibiofemoral contact stress, coronal alignment and femoral-offset measurement. Live source resolution corrected a prior Meng credit on two retained figures to Al Khatib et al. (PMC8775559, CC BY 4.0). Eight commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 additions include a radiographic Pauwels overlay, mechanical greater-trochanter-angle films, gait load-point diagrams and tibial contact maps. Shoulder stayed text-led after every candidate failed decency or teaching-value review.
The wrist and hand systematic-imaging page now carries twenty-eight reviewed teaching images across true-lateral positioning, standardised measurements, Gilula arcs, scaphoid fracture and AVN, scapholunate dissociation, perilunate and lunate dislocation, hook-of-hamate and finger avulsion films, occult-scaphoid MRI versus CT, TFCC tears, ulnar variance and Lichtman staging. Live source resolution withdrew three previously published Open-i files: two panoramic dental-style radiographs served as a standard wrist series, and one CT whose live paper is a mixed-site occult-fracture pictorial. Twenty-seven commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 journal figures replace those mismatches.
The clear cell sarcoma page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across EWSR1-ATF1 biology, molecular diagnosis, histology, distal-extremity presentation, MRI, limb-salvage reconstruction, local recurrence and metastatic imaging. Live source resolution exposed and removed two silent prior errors: a radiograph was actually synovial sarcoma, and a histology panel was gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumour rather than conventional tendon/aponeurosis clear cell sarcoma. Eight new CC BY 4.0 journal figures replace those mismatches with source-authenticated pathology, operative and staging material.
The atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across paediatric presentation, transverse and alar ligament anatomy, Fielding-Hawkins classification, dynamic CT interpretation, closed reduction and salvage fusion. The four retained CT and classification assets were re-opened and their provenance re-resolved. Five public-domain or CC BY 4.0 additions include two craniovertebral anatomy plates, a paediatric 3D CT, paired pre/post-reduction reconstructions and a tightly framed modified Gallie fusion field.
The teriparatide page now carries thirteen re-verified teaching images across vertebral-fracture imaging, the intermittent-versus-continuous PTH mechanism, atypical femoral fractures, glucocorticoid osteoporosis, delayed union and cortical-bone assessment. Every retained figure was re-opened, every source caption was re-read and all nine journal licences were re-resolved as commercial-safe CC BY 2.0 or CC BY 4.0. No low-value image was added merely to increase the count.
The spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across insufficiency-fracture pathophysiology, early and prognostic MRI, radiographic collapse, serial progression and low-grade versus high-grade disease. All four retained radiograph and original-illustration assets were re-opened and their provenance re-resolved. Eight commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add operative histology, a saucerised condylar defect, subchondral low-signal measurements, the metaphyseal burst sign and a four-year collapse sequence.
The split cord malformation page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across initial deformity assessment, Pang classification, tethering and syrinx pathophysiology, whole-neuraxis investigation, operative untethering and the controversy over prophylactic neurosurgery. All four retained MRI and original-classification assets were re-opened and their provenance re-resolved. Six commercial-safe CC BY figures add severe-scoliosis CT/MRI, type I multiplanar MRI, neonatal type II imaging, direct operative anatomy and a 36-month congenital-scoliosis correction sequence.
The snapping triceps syndrome page now carries eight reviewed teaching images across medial elbow anatomy, the double-snap mechanism, clinical recognition, McGowan grading, dynamic ultrasound diagnosis, decompression and anterior transposition. Four retained anatomy assets were re-opened and re-verified. Two disease-specific CC BY 4.0 ultrasound composites show normal stability and progressive ulnar-nerve plus medial-triceps dislocation, while two CC BY 4.0 operative figures demonstrate decompression and submuscular transposition.
The calcaneal apophysitis page now carries seven reviewed teaching images across traction pathophysiology, radiograph and ultrasound interpretation, calcaneal osteomyelitis red flags and the related Osgood-Schlatter traction apophysitis. All four retained assets were re-opened and their provenance re-resolved; three commercial-safe CC BY figures add targeted ultrasound, MRI and comparative-apophysitis teaching, while a duplicate top-heavy Clinical Imaging block was redistributed into the sections each image teaches.
The chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of Garré page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across defining long-bone radiographs, multimodal investigation, key differential diagnoses, biopsy histology and corticotomy or decortication technique. Twelve newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures come from three disease-specific case reports. The retained Brodie abscess MRI and florid cemento-osseous dysplasia panoramic radiograph are now captioned honestly as mimics; an unrelated intraoral photograph and low-value report screenshot were withdrawn.
The calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images distributed across pathophysiology, crowned dens and extra-articular presentations, radiographic and ultrasound diagnosis, polarised microscopy, haemochromatosis-pattern arthropathy, basic calcium phosphate disease and compressive spinal complications. Nine newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY figures and one corrected original mechanism map add section-specific depth; all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified, while a redundant crystal illustration and a separately copyrighted Milwaukee shoulder radiograph were excluded.
The systematic ankle and foot imaging page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images distributed across modality selection, mortise interpretation, Maisonneuve injury, weight-bearing Lisfranc CT, calcaneal fracture and malunion, talar-neck fracture-dislocation, coalition and accessory ossicles, tendon imaging, chronic Achilles rupture and osteochondral-lesion staging. Thirteen newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add section-specific radiographic, CT, MRI and ultrasound depth; all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified, including the original labelled mortise-measurement schematic.
The haemochromatosis arthropathy page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning the classic MCP pattern, late hand destruction, HFE-hepcidin physiology, tissue iron, proposed joint-injury pathways, HR-pQCT morphology, quantitative liver MRI, CPPD mechanisms and imaging, parallel systemic and joint treatment, ankle arthroplasty planning and a medial malleolar fracture. Ten newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY figures and one original management algorithm add section-specific depth; all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified, while a low-yield crystal micrograph and restricted or third-party-rights candidates were rejected before publication.
The femoroacetabular impingement page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning cam mechanics, version-driven conflict, chondral delamination, morphological classification, alpha-angle and centre-edge measurement, rotational CT, mixed morphology, MRI-to-arthroscopy correlation, staged conservative management, pincer resection, cam osteochondroplasty, capsular reconstruction and heterotopic ossification. Twelve newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY figures add imaging and operative depth; three accurate retained assets were re-opened and re-verified, while a fourth retained image was withdrawn after its published source proved it depicted hip fat-pad entrapment rather than FAI.
The diagnostic test statistics page now carries nine reviewed teaching images spanning the 2×2 table, the sensitivity-specificity threshold trade-off, prevalence-dependent predictive values, Bayes and likelihood ratios, ROC discrimination, Bland–Altman agreement, diagnostic-accuracy bias, screening bias and threshold-based test sequencing. Five new original diagrams add the missing prevalence, agreement, appraisal and bedside-decision visuals; all four retained assets were reopened and re-verified, both Wikimedia licences were re-read, and irrelevant, study-specific, study-about-the-study and undressed-subject candidates were rejected before publication.
The subacromial impingement page now carries ten reviewed teaching images spanning bursal pain signalling, Neer pathology, Bigliani morphology, standard radiographic projections, critical shoulder angle and acromion index measurement, ultrasound-confirmed bursitis, conservative decision-making and the geometric effect of lateral acromioplasty. Six newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY figures add pathology, imaging and surgical context; all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified, while inaccurate, identifiable, partially undressed, study-about-the-study and redundant candidates were rejected before publication.
The scapula fractures page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images spanning muscle attachments, extra-articular and intra-articular classification, Ogawa coracoid injuries, scapulothoracic dissociation, vascular injury, glenopolar-angle measurement, multiplanar CT interpretation, floating-shoulder decision-making, fixation patterns, posterior exposure and postoperative union. Twelve newly sourced commercial-safe figures add operative and imaging depth; both retained assets were re-opened and re-verified, two redundant retained figures were withdrawn, and an undressed-patient incision-marking photograph was rejected before publication.
The Poland syndrome page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images spanning pectoral deficiency, associated rib and cardiac anomalies, symbrachydactyly classification, ultrasound and radiographic assessment, sex-specific reconstruction planning, expandable rib reconstruction and implant seroma. Twelve newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY figures add imaging and operative depth; two retained undressed-chest photographs were withdrawn under the mandatory decency rule, while the hand photograph and cross-sectional CT were re-opened and re-verified.
The patellar tendinopathy page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images spanning extensor-mechanism and vascular anatomy, early-to-chronic pathobiology, Doppler flow, clinical loading, ultrasound and MRI interpretation, inferior-pole traction pathology, staged management, open debridement and rupture reconstruction. Eleven newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY figures add human pathology, diagnostic and operative depth; all three retained assets were re-opened and a redundant generic squat illustration was removed.
The osteomyelitis page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images spanning metaphyseal spread, biofilm formation, intracellular persistence, involucrum, acute MRI, Brodie abscess, sinus mapping, tumour-mimic imaging, Cierny-Mader staging, debridement and antibiotic cement-coated nail manufacture. Nine newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY Europe PMC figures add diagnostic and operative depth, while all four retained assets were re-opened, re-verified and the retained PMC3874770 licence was corrected to CC BY 2.0.
The osteochondroma page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning pedunculated and sessile morphology, hereditary multiple exostoses, cartilage-cap MRI, pelvic CT, secondary chondrosarcoma, gross pathology, nerve-safe excision and acute fracture and vascular complications. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures deepen diagnostic and operative reasoning while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-confirmed.
The MRI soft-tissue interpretation page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning tendon tear morphology, BAMIC muscle injury, chronic denervation, lipomatous-tumour red flags, myxoid sarcoma on conventional MRI, DWI/ADC and dynamic contrast imaging, meniscal tear patterns and peripheral nerve-sheath tumour signs. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures deepen sequence-based interpretation while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-confirmed.
The lumbar radiculopathy page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning disc morphology and migration, spontaneous resorption, foraminal stenosis, cauda-equina compression, selective injection technique, endoscopic discectomy, lateral-recess decompression, postoperative MRI and incidental-durotomy management. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures now deepen diagnostic and operative reasoning while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-confirmed.
The jersey finger page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning FDP and pulley anatomy, Leddy-Packer classification, acute examination, bony-avulsion radiographs, flexor-tendon ultrasound, K-wire and anchor fixation, Type IV reconstruction, union and functional recovery. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 2.0/4.0 figures now deepen diagnosis and operative planning while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-confirmed.
The foot compartment syndrome page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning compartment anatomy, crush injury, pre-fasciotomy swelling, pressure-measurement systems, ischaemic muscle, dorsal release, wound healing, checkrein deformity, FHL Z-plasty and systemic rhabdomyolysis. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures add diagnostic, operative and sequela-management depth while the inaccurate absolute-pressure fasciotomy diagram was removed.
The adult acquired flatfoot page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning weight-bearing deformity, AP and lateral Meary angles, talonavicular uncoverage, Saltzman alignment, PTT and spring-ligament MRI/ultrasound, flexible four-in-one reconstruction, lateral-column lengthening and triple arthrodesis. Three previously published files were removed after their claimed PMC provenance proved false; fourteen source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures now replace them while the accurate original management algorithm was retained.
The elbow UCL injury page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning bundle anatomy, the moving valgus stress test, proximal, midsubstance and distal tear MRI, dynamic stress-ultrasound measurement, sublime-tubercle avulsion, graft reconstruction, repair with internal brace, treatment selection, ulnar-nerve instability and capitellar OCD. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained OrthoVellum and Wikimedia assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The clay-shoveler fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning rhomboid anatomy, lateral radiographic recognition, single-level and contiguous cervicothoracic CT, thoracic multilevel injury, associated missed trauma, interspinous-ligament MRI, stress injury, brace follow-up and union. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY, CC BY 3.0 or CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures add diagnostic and follow-up depth while all four retained OrthoVellum and Europe PMC assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The talus fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning arterial anatomy, Hawkins classification, Hawkins III fracture-dislocation CT, complex three-dimensional CT planning, screw and mini-fragment plate fixation, arthroscopic setup, the Hawkins sign, early avascular-necrosis MRI, Blair fusion, total talus prosthesis evolution and staged reimplantation after extrusion. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 3.0 or CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures add operative and salvage depth while all four retained OrthoVellum and Wikimedia assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The femoral neck stress fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning tension-versus-compression classification, displaced fracture, early and bilateral MRI, radiograph and CT correlation, management triage, cannulated-screw and fixed-angle fixation, delayed union, implant loosening, complete union and cumulative Triad risk assessment. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY or CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures add diagnostic, operative and prevention depth while all four retained OrthoVellum and Europe PMC assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The paediatric distal radius, buckle and physeal wrist fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning representative fracture patterns, serial displaced and greenstick injuries, complete distal both-bone fracture, transitional Salter-Harris morphology, closed reduction, K-wire and CRPP fixation, physeal-bar MRI, remodelling and premature physeal closure with ulnar-positive variance. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures add diagnostic, treatment and follow-up depth while all four retained OrthoVellum and Wikimedia assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The odontoid-fractures page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning embryological C2 anatomy, classification crosswalks, clinical Type I–III examples, multimodal CT and MRI assessment, anterior screw reduction, posterior fixation in elderly patients, navigation, muscle-sparing exposure, high-riding vertebral-artery screw alternatives and delayed implant loosening. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained original and CC BY assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The Madelung deformity page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning McCarroll radiographic measurements, serial progression, annotated AP and lateral morphology, MRI of physeal arrest, ulnar impaction and the Vickers ligament, distal radial osteotomy, bilateral and familial correction and restored radiocarpal alignment. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic and reconstructive depth while all four retained Europe PMC and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The limping-child page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning occult and healing toddler fracture, serial Perthes stages, slipped upper femoral epiphysis, adolescent apophyseal avulsion, pelvic osteomyelitis, transient and septic hip disease, inflammatory synovitis, Ewing sarcoma and leukaemic marrow infiltration. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add age-specific diagnostic depth while all four retained OrthoVellum and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The Jefferson fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning displaced C1 ring morphology, transverse atlantal ligament injury, lateral-mass displacement, multimodal stability assessment, C1 screw entry, C1-C2 reduction and fixation, motion-preserving anterior ring osteosynthesis, vertebral-artery corridor planning and postoperative surveillance. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained Europe PMC and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The implant-fracture-biomechanics page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning interfragmentary strain, working length, controlled axial micromotion, cortical and locking screw interfaces, pullout testing, material-dependent stress transfer, cyclic fatigue, callus response and clinical fixation failure. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add bench-to-bedside mechanical depth while all four retained Europe PMC and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The Ewing sarcoma page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning classic permeative long-bone radiographs, humeral and sacral MRI, chest-wall CT, EWSR1::FLI1 fusion biology, diagnostic immunohistochemistry, CT/MRI local staging, PET-CT response and limb-salvage reconstruction with vascularised fibula, osteoarticular allograft and rotationplasty. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic, molecular and operative depth while all four retained Europe PMC and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The elbow-stiffness-contracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning heterotopic-ossification mapping, CT localisation of impinging osteophytes, combined medial-lateral open arthrolysis, ulnar-nerve-safe medial exposure, the lateral column procedure, intraoperative arc testing, arthroscopic protection and anterior capsulectomy, dermal interposition arthroplasty and hinged external fixation. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained public-domain, Wikimedia and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The die-punch-fractures page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning lunate-facet anatomy, palmar-ulnar corner morphology, a rotated intercalary fragment, direct elevation, subchondral wire and screw rafting, separate volar-rim hook fixation, combined dorsal-volar plating and hardware-safety views. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic, operative and complication depth while all four retained BMC Surgery and original management assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The compression-fractures page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning Denis column anatomy, wedge-versus-burst CT, posterior-wall retropulsion, acute and multilevel benign MRI, metastatic marrow replacement, bone-scan patterns, vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, adjacent-level fracture and pulmonary cement embolism. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add diagnostic, operative and complication depth while all four retained Europe PMC and original classification and management assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The chondrosarcoma page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning ring-and-arc cartilage matrix, ACT and conventional grade 2 imaging, clear-cell, periosteal, secondary peripheral and dedifferentiated variants, biphasic histology, high-grade acetabular disease, internal hemipelvectomy zones, model-based osteotomy planning and LUMiC reconstruction. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained Wikimedia, Europe PMC and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The Charcot neuroarthropathy page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images spanning the acute hot swollen foot, fragmentation-stage radiographs, Stage 0 MRI, CT and 3D CT, Eichenholtz evolution, Sanders–Frykberg and Brodsky anatomy, safe total contact casting, step-down offloading, midfoot reconstruction and circular-frame superconstruct fixation. Thirteen source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained Wikimedia and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The carpal instability page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning SL and LT ligament anatomy, MRI and MR arthrography, Watson scaphoid-shift testing, static and stress radiographs, midcarpal instability patterns, carpal-angle measurement, dorsal scapholunate repair and three-ligament tenodesis. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add examination, diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained Life/MDPI and original management assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The boutonnière deformity page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning extensor-tendon trifurcation, normal and torn central-slip anatomy, insertional ultrasound, dorsal and volar avulsion radiographs, MRI, established deformity, PIP extension splinting, post-reduction protection, trans-articular K-wire repair and Matev lateral-band reconstruction. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add anatomical, diagnostic, rehabilitation and operative depth while all four retained public-domain, Wikimedia and original illustrations were re-opened and re-verified.
The axillary nerve anatomy page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning posterior-cord and branch variants, deep-deltoid motor-entry points, dislocation traction injury, denervation MRI, paralabral-cyst compression, dynamic ultrasound and Doppler, direct safe-zone measurement and anterior and posterior quadrilateral-space decompression. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe CC BY figures add anatomical, diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained public-domain and original illustrations were re-opened and re-verified.
The atlanto-occipital dislocation page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning deep ligament anatomy, tectorial-membrane disruption, true AOD on coronal and sagittal CT, condyle-C1 measurement technique, CT–MRI correlation, the normal-CCI diagnostic trap, type III occipital-condyle avulsion and occipitocervical fixation and fusion. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe CC BY figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained public-domain and original illustrations were re-opened and re-verified.
The anterior interosseous nerve anatomy page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning deep forearm relations, AIN origin and branching, Gantzer muscle, Martin-Gruber variants, selective denervation MRI, hourglass constrictions, proximal decompression and distal AIN-to-ulnar motor transfer. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add anatomy, diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained public-domain and original illustrations were re-opened and re-verified.
The ankle arthritis page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images spanning end-stage wear, varus-pattern classification, standing hindfoot alignment, radiographic measurements, weight-bearing CT, supramalleolar-osteotomy planning and outcomes, ankle fusion fixation, total ankle replacement and failed-implant bone loss. Seven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add decision-making and operative depth while all four retained radiographic assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The ALPSA lesions page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning Bankart–Perthes–ALPSA–GLAD differentiation, MR arthrography, glenoid-track and bone-loss measurement, instability decision-making, labral mobilisation, anchor repair and objective return-to-sport testing. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained schematic and MR assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The subscapularis anatomy page now carries eighteen reviewed teaching images spanning donor-transfer anatomy, neurovascular safety, progressive tendon loss, clinical tests, multiplanar MRI, muscle atrophy, lesser-tuberosity avulsion, portal placement and fixation. Fourteen source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained anatomy and classification assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The sciatic nerve anatomy page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning deep-gluteal relations, split-nerve variants, posterior-thigh ultrasound, clinical provocation tests, MR neurography, hardware-related injury and operative protection/neurolysis. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add practical diagnostic and surgical depth while all four retained MRI and original anatomy/classification assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The protrusio acetabuli page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning ilioischial-line diagnosis, differentiation from coxa profunda, deformity measurement, contained-defect assessment, direct-anterior reconstruction, Kerboull reinforcement, graft strategy and serial incorporation. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained radiographic and schematic assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The neuroma management page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning regenerative pathology, focal wrist and digital presentations, ultrasound and MRI, multidisciplinary triage, level-specific operation selection, below-knee and hand TMR, and sural-nerve hydrodissection. Twelve source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained histology, RPNI/TMR and management assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The knee biomechanics page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images spanning compartment-specific condylar motion, instantaneous centres of rotation, screw-home coupling, ACL and PCL load sharing, collateral laxity, patellofemoral force vectors, native-versus-TKA translation and rollback, and gait modification of the knee adduction moment. Thirteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add functional and experimental depth while all four retained anatomy, gait, pressure and hoop-stress assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The Hangman's fracture page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning classic and atypical classification, thin-slice CT, MRI, vertebral-artery CTA, controlled reduction, posterior graft preparation, navigation, C2-C3 fixation, extended constructs and motion-preserving direct osteosynthesis. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add the planning and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The giant cell tumour of bone page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning RANK-RANKL biology, H3.3 G34W pathology, radiological grading, pathological fracture, multimodal staging, extended curettage, subchondral reconstruction, denosumab response, sacral embolization, local recurrence and pulmonary metastases. Twelve source-verified Creative Commons figures add real diagnostic and operative detail, and the retained small-bone radiograph now has its correct Yanagisawa source and talus/cuboid description.
The dropped head syndrome page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning deep cervical extensor anatomy, myasthenia neurophysiology, paraspinal muscle MRI, biopsy, dynamic and quantitative alignment, rehabilitation progression, circumferential correction, long-construct reinforcement, standing postoperative balance and screw-pullout failure. Eleven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real diagnostic, rehabilitation and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The CRPS hand page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning risk factors, mechanism, Budapest diagnosis, side-to-side clinical signs, differential diagnosis, bone scintigraphy, warm-phase MRI, thermography, functional restoration, phenotype-led pharmacotherapy, interventional escalation and graded motor imagery. Eleven source-verified Creative Commons figures add real diagnostic and management detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The cauda equina syndrome page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning pelvic autonomic control, central disc compression in two planes, tumour and adhesive arachnoiditis, quantitative and qualitative canal assessment, postoperative haematoma, posterior decompression and selected endoscopic discectomy. Eleven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real diagnostic and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The adult both-bone forearm fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning compartment and nerve anatomy, distal interosseous membrane variants, progressive AIN palsy, Thompson exposure, pronator-tunnel decompression, severe segmental bone-loss reconstruction, plated union and radiograph/CT assessment of proximal radioulnar synostosis. Eleven source-verified Creative Commons figures add real diagnostic and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The anterior shoulder instability page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images across capsuloligamentous anatomy, Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesion correlation, glenoid bone-loss measurement, on-track/off-track assessment, special radiographic projections, Bankart repair, remplissage and Latarjet failure. Thirteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real anatomical, diagnostic and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The adult brachial plexus injury page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across five-section anatomy, traction and avulsion mechanisms, root-level MRI, ultrasound localisation, intraoperative nerve physiology, cable grafting, double fascicular transfer and free functioning muscle reconstruction. Ten source-verified Creative Commons figures add real anatomical, diagnostic and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The Achilles tendon rupture page now carries nineteen reviewed teaching images across regional anatomy, sural-nerve relationships, intact-versus-ruptured imaging, dynamic ultrasound gap measurement, open and mini-open repair, chronic turndown and FHL reconstruction, calcaneal avulsion fixation, suture reaction and functional bracing. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real diagnostic and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The toddler's fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images across examination localisation, lateral-only fracture detection, torus variation, follow-up periosteal reaction, hip effusion, toddler discitis, safeguarding workflow, inflicted fracture patterns, classic metaphyseal lesion evolution and benign metaphyseal mimics. Eleven source-verified Creative Commons figures add the diagnostic and safeguarding detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The spondylolisthesis page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images across pars stress injury, CT morphology, isthmic-versus-dysplastic MRI, high-grade sagittal balance, spondyloptosis, dynamic instability, pseudo-disc and foraminal MRI, slip and spinopelvic measurements, direct pars repair and partial reduction. Thirteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real diagnostic and operative imaging while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The Rolando fracture page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images across real-pattern classification, AP/lateral/CT assessment, dedicated true-lateral positioning, fragment-specific plating, percutaneous and dynamic fixation, and dorsal approach anatomy. Thirteen source-verified Creative Commons figures add the operative and radiographic detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The revision THA page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across wear and osteolysis, dual-mobility failure, pelvic discontinuity imaging, occult periprosthetic fracture, ETO healing, trabecular metal augmentation, custom triflange planning and Vancouver B2 stem revision. Eleven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures replace the generic generated management flowchart with real diagnostic, planning and operative evidence.
The quadriceps tendinopathy page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across layered extensor-mechanism anatomy, insertional calcification, topic-specific MRI, conventional and low-flow Doppler, staged management and rupture recognition. Five source-verified CC BY figures add the defining tendinosis imaging while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.
The quadrangular and triangular spaces page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across posterior axillary anatomy, nerve and arterial contents, clinical deltoid atrophy, muscle-denervation MRI, structural and suprascapular differentials, MR neurography, management and operative branch identification. Seven source-verified public-domain or CC BY 4.0 figures replace the anatomically ambiguous generated three-spaces diagram.
The posterior interosseous syndrome page now carries nineteen reviewed teaching images across finger-drop localisation, radial and PIN branching, ultrasound and MRI, lipoma and ganglion compression, staged decompression, functional recovery and terminal wrist articular anatomy. Seventeen source-verified public-domain or Creative Commons figures replace both generated diagrams; no generated image remains.
The polydactyly page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images across clinical morphology, limb-bud signalling, radiographic classification, delta phalanges, thumb triplication and procedure selection. Fourteen source-verified Creative Commons figures extend two retained clinical hand photographs and the management pathway; the synthetic Wassel radiograph-like diagram was withdrawn.
The piriformis anatomy page now carries twelve reviewed teaching figures across posterior anatomy, short-rotator insertions, the full Beaton-Anson classification, MR neurography, deep-gluteal differentials, dynamic ultrasound, image-guided injection and operative nerve localisation. Ten source-verified Creative Commons figures extend two retained MRI differentials; both generated diagrams were withdrawn.
The paediatric rotational-profile page now carries eleven source-verified teaching figures across bedside localisation, age-dependent femoral and tibial norms, CT, MRI and EOS measurement, miserable-malalignment mechanics and persistent postoperative malalignment. Four generated diagrams were withdrawn; no generated images remain.
The paediatric elbow radiology page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images across Gartland patterns, fat pads, ultrasound, Baumann angle, CRITOE, medial epicondyle incarceration, subtle lateral condyle and radial neck fractures, Monteggia malalignment, infant physeal separation, arthrography and late deformity. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures extend three retained accurate assets; a skeletally mature film previously labelled paediatric was withdrawn.
The paediatric bone and joint infection page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across metaphyseal and subperiosteal spread, transphyseal infection, neonatal combined disease, ultrasound and MRI diagnosis, Brodie abscess, CRMO as a mimic and operative source control. Eight source-verified Creative Commons figures extend four retained original teaching assets.
The orthopaedic gunshot wounds page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across ballistic tissue injury, fracture severity, vascular injury, CT localisation, debridement and fixation, intra-articular extraction, bullet embolism and staged limb reconstruction. Eight source-verified Creative Commons figures extend three retained original assets; an ambiguous vascular-decision flowchart was withdrawn.
The neuromuscular scoliosis page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across pelvic obliquity, DMD collapse and traction flexibility, hip dislocation, Cobb measurement, CP growth-friendly constructs, historic and modern pelvic fixation, and spinopelvic correction. Eight source-verified CC BY figures extend four retained public-domain or original assets.
The nerve transfers page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images across root-avulsion MRI, brachial-plexus anatomy, donor-fascicle testing, Oberlin and double-fascicular transfer, shoulder reanimation, intercostal and AIN-to-ulnar techniques, early EMG reinnervation and staged rehabilitation. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures extend four retained public-domain or original assets.
The myelomeningocele page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across multisystem disease, Chiari II and hydrocephalus, fetal and tethered-cord MRI, functional motor level, neurogenic hip morphology, spinal deformity, kyphectomy and the multidisciplinary management pathway. Eight source-verified CC BY figures extend three retained assets; an undressed-infant illustration was removed under the mandatory decency rule.
The multiple myeloma page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images spanning marrow morphology, cast nephropathy, skeletal survey, whole-body CT and MRI, lytic long-bone disease, pathological fracture fixation, vertebra plana with cord compression, vertebroplasty and the multidisciplinary management pathway. Eight source-verified CC BY figures extend the four retained assets.
The MCL injuries page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across superficial and deep medial anatomy, MRI grade and tear location, distal Stener-like displacement, the paediatric physeal-fracture mimic, Pellegrini-Stieda ossification, repair and reconstruction. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures replace two inaccurate or irrelevant legacy assets.
The Klippel-Feil syndrome page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across fusion morphology, adjacent-segment mechanics, basilar invagination, neural-axis disease, Sprengel tether anatomy, vertebral-artery planning, occipitocervical fixation and disc-cord complications. Nine source-verified Creative Commons figures extend the retained CT, classification and management assets.
The systematic arthroplasty-imaging page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across TKA alignment and CT rotation, THA loosening, polyethylene wear, heterotopic ossification, instability, periprosthetic fracture, metal artefact reduction, UKA subsidence and reverse-shoulder notching. Ten source-verified CC BY figures extend the retained radiographs and original measurement diagrams.
The hip osteoarthritis page now carries nine reviewed teaching images spanning normal-versus-arthritic anatomy, synovial pathology, radiographic grading, multimodality osteophyte assessment, management, arthroplasty failure and serial cementless fixation. Five source-verified CC BY figures extend the retained clinical images and original diagrams.
The forearm blood-supply page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across normal and variant anatomy, persistent median artery, collateral assessment, median-nerve perfusion, CT angiography, arterial reconstruction, radial forearm flap harvest and compartment decompression. Eight source-verified CC BY figures extend the retained Gray plates and original clinical diagrams.
The Essex-Lopresti page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across the bipolar injury pattern, radioulnar anatomy, interosseous-membrane examination, DRUJ measurement, cross-sectional imaging, transfixion, tendon-graft reconstruction and outcomes. Three visually plausible legacy figures were withdrawn after their claimed PMC identifier resolved to an unrelated article; eight source-verified CC BY figures now replace them.
The diabetic foot ulcer page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across neurological screening, osteomyelitis and gas imaging, plantar-pressure offloading, total-contact casting, negative-pressure wound therapy, revascularisation and Charcot reconstruction. Two visually plausible legacy photographs were withdrawn after their claimed PMC identifiers resolved to unrelated articles; twelve source-verified CC BY figures now replace them.
The degenerative spondylolisthesis page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across spinopelvic measurement, standing and dynamic radiography, MRI stenosis, facet-cyst localisation, TLIF planning, operative corridors, pedicle instrumentation and adjacent-segment disease. Source-verified figures connect instability assessment to decompression, fusion and complication surveillance.
The calcific tendinitis page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across critical-zone anatomy, radiographic and ultrasound classification, bursal inflammation, barbotage, arthroscopic evacuation, ESWT response and intraosseous migration. Source-verified figures replace an ultrasound whose visible arrow did not support its prior calcification caption.
The athletic groin pain page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images across prepubic anatomy, Doha pain distributions, iliopsoas ultrasound, physical examination, MRI, dynamic inguinal imaging, diagnostic injections, operative anatomy, TEP repair and prevention exercises. Patient-derived and source-verified figures replace two misleading synthetic diagrams.
The articular cartilage injuries page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across MRI grading, microfracture, OATS, MACI, fresh osteochondral allograft, subchondral complications, repair-tissue follow-up and talar lesions. Source-verified figures replace an inaccurate synthetic Outerbridge plate and connect defect assessment to procedure-specific execution and surveillance.
The ulnar nerve palsy page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across clawing and intrinsic motor examination, nerve conduction, ultrasound and MRI localisation, anterior transposition, supercharged AIN-to-ulnar motor transfer and painful MABCN injury. Source-verified figures connect lesion severity and localisation to decompression, transfer and complication management.
The ulnar nerve anatomy page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across segmental vascularity, entrapment sites, Guyon tunnel anatomy, severe motor palsy, examination manoeuvres, ultrasound and MRI diagnosis, dynamic instability, space-occupying compression and open decompression. Source-verified figures connect surface anatomy and localisation to operative decision-making while preserving the nerve’s vascular supply.
The Tillaux and triplane fracture page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across distal tibial physeal closure, fragment classification, medial and extra-articular variants, multiplanar CT assessment, reduction, screw fixation, arthroscopic articular assessment and healing. Source-verified figures replace an anatomically misleading synthetic classification plate and show how CT changes fragment mapping and operative planning.
The sacral fractures page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across classification, occult insufficiency-fracture imaging, patient-specific screw corridors, lumbopelvic and triangular fixation, sacroplasty, implant breach and healing. Source-verified CT, MRI, fluoroscopic and radiographic figures show spinopelvic discontinuity, sacral dysmorphism, safe and unsafe iliosacral screw placement and H-type fracture reconstruction.
The nerve repair principles page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across injury classification, regeneration biology, fascicular anatomy, ultrasound assessment, microsurgical coaptation, nerve transfer and neuroma complications. Source-verified figures demonstrate Wallerian degeneration, ultrasound-to-operative anatomy, lesion-in-continuity surveillance, epineurial suturing, double fascicle transfer and spinal-accessory-to-suprascapular transfer.
The limb length discrepancy and epiphysiodesis page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across calibrated measurement, skeletal maturity, operative growth arrest, distraction osteogenesis and complications. Source-verified figures demonstrate CT scannography, bone-age comparison, permanent and temporary epiphysiodesis constructs, transphyseal screw positioning, regenerate surveillance and the mechanism of postoperative genu recurvatum.
The Hill-Sachs lesions page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across lesion formation, glenoid-track classification, CT and MRI assessment, reverse Hill-Sachs diagnosis, joint-preserving humeral-head reconstruction and remplissage. Source-verified figures show the acute impaction mechanism, radiograph-to-CT visibility, locked posterior dislocation and defect geometry, postoperative restoration of humeral-head sphericity, and posterior capsulotenodesis into the defect.
The gluteus medius page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across layered anatomy, neurovascular relations, peritrochanteric bursae, GTPS, MRI interpretation, operative repair and complications. Source-verified figures show the greater-trochanter facets and bursae, deep-gluteal ultrasound, tendon tears and fatty atrophy, the superior-gluteal-nerve hazard during a lateral approach, endoscopic and open double-row repair, and postoperative abductor insufficiency.
The fingertip-injuries page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across distal vascular anatomy, conservative treatment, operative reconstruction and complications. Source-verified figures show occlusive-dressing application and pulp regeneration, Atasoy septal release, triangular and anterograde neurovascular advancement, the healed cross-finger donor and recipient sites, and claw-nail deformity after a proximal tip amputation.
The Blount disease page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across pathophysiology, classification, clinical assessment, investigation, management and complications. Source-verified figures show bilateral infantile tibia vara, advanced medial-plateau depression, the cover-up test, complete coronal and sagittal deformity analysis, guided-growth correction, elevation osteotomy planning, hexapod correction and recurrent deformity from a medial physeal bar.
The radial-nerve-anatomy page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across proximal course, elbow bifurcation, clinical localisation, ultrasound investigation, tendon-transfer reconstruction and radial-tunnel compression. Source-verified figures show the spiral-groove exit and septal danger point, PIN protection within supinator, wrist drop, cyst compression at the arcade of Frohse, posterior-humeral safe zones, tendon-transfer steps and the variable leash of Henry.
The meniscal-root-tears page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across anatomy, tear morphology, pathophysiology, MRI diagnosis, transtibial repair, healing assessment and alignment-based decision-making. Source-verified figures show partial and complete root lesions, lateral-root insertion variation, the cleft and ghost signs, extrusion measurement, tunnel preparation, suture passage, cortical-button fixation, second-look healing and centralization.
The mallet-finger page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across mechanism, classification, investigations, splinting, mallet thumb, operative technique and complications. Source-verified figures show the terminal extensor apparatus and ultrasound, bony-mallet subluxation and union, Stack orthosis application, mallet-thumb reduction, extension-block and microscrew fixation, and a fixation-failure pattern.
The lumbar-fusion-techniques page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across approach planning, clinical assessment, investigations, operative technique, postoperative review, complications and special situations. Source-verified figures show the anterior vascular window, dynamic-instability and corridor assessment, spinopelvic measurements, endoscopic and navigated interbody workflows, CT fusion grading, cage-subsidence measurement and osteoporotic fixation.
The Gaucher-disease page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across clinical presentation, investigations, marrow-burden assessment, systemic disease, complications and outcomes. Source-verified figures show the skeletal disease spectrum, humeral and femoral marrow infiltration, infarction with subperiosteal haemorrhage mimicking osteomyelitis, spine and femur MRI, liver–spleen volumetry and longitudinal marrow response to enzyme replacement therapy.
The degenerative-disc-disease page now carries twenty-six reviewed teaching images across pathophysiology, classification, clinical assessment, investigations, management and complications. Source-verified figures show disc and basivertebral-nerve anatomy, Modic MRI and SPECT-CT patterns, dynamic instability, discography, spinopelvic measurements, basivertebral ablation, adjacent-segment disease, fusion grading, cage subsidence and ALIF restoration.
The bone-transport-techniques page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across mechanism, management, surgical technique, complications and induced-membrane reconstruction. Source-verified serial radiographs and schematics show acute shortening–relengthening, transport over a nail, measurable defect closure, trifocal transport, axial-deviation correction, docking-site nonunion salvage and a combined Ilizarov–Masquelet strategy.
The animal-bites page now carries seven reviewed teaching images across wound mechanism, microbiology, clinical assessment, operative management and complications. Source-verified figures show flexor-sheath and bursal pathways, practical proximal and distal access markings for closed sheath irrigation, and a non-healing dog-bite hand infection that illustrates when failure of routine antibacterial therapy should prompt repeat deep sampling and reconsideration of the pathogen.
The shoulder arthroplasty anatomy page now carries eighteen reviewed teaching images across rotator-cuff anatomy, the deltopectoral approach, neurovascular structures, classification, investigations, surgical technique and instability complications. Source-verified figures teach the subscapularis footprint, conjoint tendon and pectoralis-major layers, suprascapular and musculocutaneous nerve anatomy, Walch B2 and Hamada patterns, CT version and inclination, baseplate screw planning and anterior translation after subscapularis failure.
The scapular winging page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across anatomy, classification, clinical examination, investigations, differential diagnosis, nerve reconstruction, tendon transfer and snapping scapula. Source-verified figures teach hourglass constrictions on MR neurography, suprascapular nerve swelling on ultrasound, ventral scapular osteochondroma, scapulothoracic bursitis, intercostal-to-long-thoracic neurotisation and pectoralis major bone-plug incorporation.
The Morel-Lavallee lesion page now carries eighteen reviewed teaching images across mechanism, investigations, management-changing imaging, surgical technique and postoperative care. Source-verified figures teach the perifascial collection plane, septations and aspiration, chronic capsule and calcification, MRI signal patterns, fat globules, lesion extent, ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy, endoscopic pseudocapsule treatment, and compression with drains and incisional negative-pressure therapy.
The thoracic outlet syndrome page now carries eighteen reviewed teaching images across structural variants, pectoralis-minor anatomy, clinical presentation, investigation, management, complications and rehabilitation. Source-verified figures teach cervical-rib morphology, C8-root neuropathy, interscalene and infraclavicular ultrasound anatomy, venous congestion, dynamic venographic occlusion, CT planning, postoperative lung herniation and recurrent perineural fibrosis.
The limb lengthening principles page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images across construct recognition, distraction biology, investigation, deformity planning, surgical technique, device selection, bone transport and outcomes. Source-verified figures teach mechanical-axis assessment, poor regenerate, corticotomy level and technique, calibrated hexapod imaging, rail and stacked-frame constructs, transport over a nail, docking contact and nonunion, and long-term consolidation.
The human bites and fight bites page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across mechanism, anatomy, injury patterns, examination, presentation, investigation, surgery, complications and prognosis. Live-licence-verified figures teach dorsal MCP and sagittal-band anatomy, dynamic extensor instability, occlusal bite injury, the clenched-fist tooth sign, CT-defined metacarpal-head loss, deep extensor and articular destruction, osteochondral reconstruction, residual motion and severe phlegmon.
The Duchenne muscular dystrophy page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across clinical signs, genotype-phenotype logic, muscle degeneration, diagnosis, scoliosis and fragility complications. Source-verified figures teach serial muscle MRI and histology, absent dystrophin staining, reading-frame restoration and exon skipping, spinal measurements and correction, vertebral fracture patterns, bisphosphonate response, strength decline and age-related CK interpretation.
The vascular injury with fracture or dislocation page now carries twenty reviewed teaching images across anatomy, examination, regional injury patterns, vascular imaging, surgical treatment and reperfusion risk. Source-verified figures demonstrate axillary-vessel danger from displaced proximal humeral trauma, elbow dislocation, popliteal occlusion, CTA runoff, pseudoaneurysm, transection, vein-graft and covered-stent repair, and deep-compartment swelling.
The secondary causes of slipped upper femoral epiphysis page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across recognition, differential diagnosis, diagnostic narrowing and investigation. Live-licence-verified figures teach diagnostic signs, Klein and Southwick measurements, delayed bone age, hypothyroidism, renal and hyperparathyroid bone disease, epiphyseal dysplasia, malignant marrow mimics and traumatic avulsion.
The sclerotic vertebra page now carries twenty-four reviewed teaching images across recognition, differential diagnosis, diagnostic narrowing and investigation. Live-licence-verified figures teach ivory vertebra, Paget disease, haemangioma, rugger-jersey and sandwich vertebrae, osteopetrosis, metastatic disease and treatment response, lymphoma, spondylodiscitis, fluorosis, mastocytosis, myelofibrosis, Modic change, whole-body MRI, PET and SPECT-CT.
The sclerotic cortical lesion page now carries twenty-nine reviewed teaching images across recognition, differential diagnosis, diagnostic narrowing and investigation. Live-licence-verified figures teach osteoid osteoma, stress injury, non-ossifying fibroma, adamantinoma, Brodie abscess, osteomyelitis, SAPHO, melorheostosis, osteosarcoma, lesion-margin grading, matrix and periosteal-reaction analysis, CT localisation, ablation planning and whole-bone staging.
The sclerotic bone lesion page now carries twenty-two reviewed teaching images across pattern recognition, differential diagnosis, diagnostic narrowing and investigation. Live-licence-verified figures teach matrix and periosteal-reaction analysis, enostosis, infarct, sclerosing dysplasias, POEMS, Paget disease, osteomyelitis, Brodie abscess, stress injury, SAPHO, treatment flare, biopsy targeting, sarcoma staging and metastatic superscan interpretation.
The regional osteopenia page now carries nineteen reviewed teaching images across recognition, differential diagnosis, diagnostic narrowing and investigation. Live-licence-verified figures teach serial density loss and recovery, CRPS, transient osteoporosis, insufficiency fracture, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, myeloma, Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy, MRI marrow patterns and the strengths and limits of bone scintigraphy.
The lucent bone lesion page now carries twenty-one reviewed teaching images across radiographic description, the differential, diagnostic narrowing and targeted investigation. Live-licence-verified figures teach Lodwick–Madewell margins, lesion density and matrix, periosteal reaction, non-ossifying fibroma, Ewing sarcoma, giant cell tumour, aneurysmal bone cyst, chondroblastoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Brodie abscess, metastasis, telangiectatic osteosarcoma, fibrous dysplasia, dedifferentiation, CT nidus localisation and MRI staging.
The generalised osteosclerosis page now carries eighteen reviewed teaching images across pattern recognition, the dense-bone differential, location-based narrowing and targeted investigation. Two low-value focal lesions were withdrawn; source-verified CC BY figures now teach osteopetrosis, myelofibrosis, renal osteodystrophy, fluorosis, Paget disease, Camurati-Engelmann disease, focal sclerosing dysplasias, metabolic and metastatic superscans, and marrow trephine interpretation.
The generalised ligamentous laxity page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across pattern recognition, the heritable-disorder differential and targeted investigation. A third-party Beighton illustration reproduced with permission was withdrawn; twelve live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures now teach formal manoeuvres and goniometry, skin and scar clues, Marfan hand signs, EDS and osteogenesis imperfecta patterns, echocardiography, aortic angiography and cervical instability.
The diaphyseal bone lesion page now carries twenty-two reviewed teaching images. Two figures whose source papers carry only unversioned licence statements were withdrawn and replaced, and twenty-one live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add cortical thickening and flame-shaped margins, Brodie abscess, Ewing and LCH permeative patterns, osteofibrous dysplasia versus adamantinoma, NF1 bowing, osteoid osteoma, sclerosing dysplasias, fibrous dysplasia distribution, histology and the diaphyseal algorithm.
The limb length discrepancy page now carries twenty-two reviewed teaching images. A noncommercial-licensed figure was withdrawn and replaced, and twenty live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add standing-film and scanogram measurement technique, the physeal bar and its post-traumatic origin, fibular and tibial hemimelia, congenital short femur and PFFD, bone age and the Fishman maturation stages.
The Canadian C-Spine Rule page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images. Eleven live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add subtle CT injuries, the bow-tie, headphones, hamburger-bun, naked-facet and floating-vertebra sign set, C1 ligamentous injury, missed injuries, an elderly odontoid fracture, facet dislocation with cord compression and a CCS-versus-NEXUS protocol table.
The acro-osteolysis page now carries ten reviewed teaching images. Two figures whose source paper carries only an unversioned licence statement were withdrawn and replaced, with nine live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 radiographs adding foot involvement, tuft-resorption scoring, osteomyelitis, hyperparathyroid resorption, psoriatic and scleroderma patterns, neuropathic progression and band-like resorption.
The stem cells and MSCs page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images. Twelve live-licence-verified CC-licensed figures add MSC morphology and ISCT flow-cytometry characterization, adipose and cord sources, the paracrine exosome mechanism, BMAC-treated nonunion, osteonecrosis and serial cartilage MRI, plus an original potency-hierarchy schematic.
The radiological signs in bone tumours page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images. Eight live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add aggressive and non-aggressive lesion patterns, chondroid tumour differentiation, pathological fracture, multimodality characterisation and local plus pulmonary staging.
The Pittsburgh Knee Rules page now carries six reviewed images. Three live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add Segond fracture with lipohaemarthrosis, the modified Meyers–McKeever tibial-spine avulsion spectrum and bilateral patellar sleeve fractures.
The Ottawa Knee Rules page retains three reviewed teaching images after a fresh section-targeted search: the five-criterion diagram, a vertical patellar fracture and a subtle lateral tibial plateau fracture. Both web-sourced radiographs were live-resolved to their exact Wikimedia records and permissive licences.
The inflammation and cytokines page now carries eight reviewed images. Five live-licence-verified CC-licensed figures add the immune-cell timeline of fracture healing, wear-debris osteolysis, bacterial osteoimmunology, JAK–STAT inhibitor selectivity and RANKL blockade with denosumab.
The Böhler angle page now carries six reviewed images. Three live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add acute calcaneal-fracture morphology, the effect of projection and positioning on measurement, and postoperative Böhler and Gissane landmark lines.
The paediatric imaging principles page now carries eleven reviewed images. Eight live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add childhood CT dose-response evidence, wrist maturation, osteomyelitis and Ewing sarcoma MRI, growth-plate ossification, inflicted-injury patterns and pathway, and computed-radiography artefact recognition.
The obturator nerve anatomy page now carries seven reviewed images. Four live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add anterior-versus-posterior branch ultrasound, a practical motor-conduction setup, tumour-related canal entrapment on MRI and CT, and the two-plane ultrasound-guided block technique.
The musculocutaneous nerve anatomy page now carries eleven reviewed images. Eight live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add proximal and intramuscular ultrasound, biceps and brachialis motor-branch localisation, LACN electrodiagnostic and injury imaging, distal-biceps surgical anatomy and a peripheral-nerve injury algorithm.
The long thoracic nerve anatomy page now carries six reviewed images. Four live-licence-verified figures add thoracic-wall nerve mapping, a static-versus-dynamic winging algorithm, CT and specimen correlation for scapular osteochondroma, and labelled long-thoracic-nerve ultrasound; a partially undressed clinical photograph was withdrawn.
The leg compartments anatomy page now carries seven reviewed images. Four live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add anterior and deep-posterior compartment ultrasound, staged fasciotomy wound closure and post-exercise shear-wave elastography for chronic exertional compartment syndrome.
The systematic elbow imaging page now carries eight reviewed images. Five live-licence-verified CC BY figures add ultrasound scanning windows, an occult paediatric transphyseal injury, the capitellar double-arc sign, a Monteggia radiocapitellar dislocation and an olecranon pathological fracture on radiographs and CT.
The brachial plexus anatomy page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven live-licence-verified CC BY figures add level-by-level MRI, interscalene trunk and infraclavicular cord ultrasound, axillary and suprascapular branch anatomy, postganglionic rupture, lower-root avulsion and traumatic MR neurography.
The musculoskeletal ultrasound page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven live-licence-verified CC BY figures add subacromial bursitis, a reproducible median-nerve scan, ultrasound-MRI cuff-tear correlation, in-plane needle guidance, carpal tunnel severity, paediatric distal-radius fracture categories and shear-wave elastography.
The plantar plate insufficiency page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven live-licence-verified figures add the plantar drawer and radiographic correlate, normal and torn dynamic ultrasound, MRI comparison, direct-repair suture tunnels, Weil osteotomy alignment and the floating-toe complication.
The Ottawa ankle and foot rules page now carries eight reviewed images. Five live-licence-verified CC BY figures add an Ottawa-positive lateral malleolar fracture, paediatric occult ankle injury, Tillaux fracture imaging and the radiographic and mechanistic Maisonneuve safety-net; the rules diagram was also corrected by removing a contradictory weight-bearing footer.
The nuclear medicine page now carries eleven reviewed images. Eight live-licence-verified CC BY figures add SPECT-CT equipment, false-negative tumour scintigraphy, osteoid-osteoma localisation, phase comparison, PET-CT and labelled-leucocyte imaging of prosthetic joint infection, marrow comparison and vertebral Paget disease.
The femoral nerve anatomy page now carries nine reviewed images. Six live-licence-verified CC BY figures add inguinal neurovascular ultrasound, femoral-triangle and adductor-canal landmarks, distal saphenous anatomy, iliopsoas-haematoma MRI, femoral block technique and infrapatellar-branch dissection.
The common peroneal nerve anatomy page now carries nine reviewed images. Six live-licence-verified Europe PMC figures add fibular-head ultrasound, nerve-injury MRI, superficial and deep fibular nerve entrapment anatomy, proximal tibiofibular-joint ganglion imaging and a mechanism-based foot-drop treatment algorithm.
The bone-signalling pathways page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven source-verified CC BY figures add osteocyte control of remodelling, integrated osteoblast differentiation, Ihh-PTHrP growth-plate organisation, Notch crosstalk, FGF23 phosphate homeostasis, and the pathway mechanisms of glucocorticoid and oestrogen-deficiency bone loss.
The articular-cartilage structure page now carries eleven reviewed images. Eight source-verified CC BY figures add extracellular-matrix and pericellular architecture, lubricin boundary lubrication, the human osteochondral junction and osteoarthritis tissue, viscoelastic load responses, quantitative MRI grading and arthroscopic marrow-stimulation technique.
The AO/OTA classification page now carries nine reviewed images. Six source-verified CC BY figures add proximal-femur code examples, Heim square segment boundaries, side-by-side 41-B2, 41-B3 and 41-C3 morphology, and multimodal CT/3D planning.
The comprehensive VTE page now carries twelve reviewed images. Nine source-verified CC BY figures add saddle pulmonary embolus, popliteal DVT and V/Q imaging, risk-stratified prophylaxis, IVC-filter placement and fracture, post-thrombotic syndrome, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and HIT-associated thrombosis; the retained clinical photograph was corrected from left-leg to right-leg DVT.
The Torg ratio page now carries ten reviewed images. Eight source-verified CC BY figures add radiographic, CT and MRI ratio measurement, focal and dynamic cord compression, hyperextension injury in a developmentally narrow canal and chronic cord signal change; one anatomically inaccurate synthetic diagram was withdrawn.
The TKA alignment philosophies page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven source-verified CC BY figures add functional-alignment planning and gap assessment, restricted-kinematic workflow, CPAK classification and angle geometry, soft-tissue-guided tibial resection and calipered femoral resurfacing.
The proximal row carpectomy page now carries eleven reviewed images. Nine source-verified CC BY figures add SLAC/SNAC and Kienböck selection, dorsal capsular and scapholunate anatomy, operative interposition and radiocapitate failure imaging; one anatomically inaccurate synthetic schematic was withdrawn.
The physis anatomy page now carries eight reviewed images. Six source-verified CC BY figures add the groove of Ranvier and stem-cell niche, PTHrP-Ihh signalling, endocrine and paracrine control, premature physeal closure, longitudinal limb-length surveillance and MRI diagnosis of periosteal entrapment; a non-human rabbit histology image was withdrawn.
The pelvic discontinuity page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Source-verified CC BY figures add AP, Judet, CT and intraoperative confirmation, Paprosky classification, cup-cage, acetabular distraction, custom triflange planning and implantation, nonunion salvage, infected reconstruction, migration surveillance and a treatment algorithm; three generic or duplicate hip-replacement images were withdrawn.
The Latarjet procedure page now carries nine reviewed images. Seven source-verified CC BY figures add bipolar bone-loss planning, subscapularis splitting, protected coracoid harvest, cadaveric nerve anatomy, fluoroscopic fixation, hardware failure and serial CT graft-position remodelling; an anatomically inaccurate synthetic diagram was removed.
The Herring lateral pillar page now carries nine reviewed images. Seven source-verified CC BY figures add group B and C longitudinal courses, head-at-risk signs, healed-shape assessment, containment osteotomy and dynamic arthrography; an inaccurate synthetic B/C-border diagram was removed and the untreated-course caption was corrected against its source.
The cement-in-cement femoral revision page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven source-verified CC BY figures add occult-fracture CT correlation, cement working phases, mantle fill, polished-stem geometry, offset and leg-length templating, long-term surveillance and serial subsidence measurement.
The cell and molecular biology page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven source-verified open-licence figures add active-osteoblast ultrastructure, G1/S checkpoint control, RNA processing and fate, collagen mutation and crosslink chemistry, intrinsic/extrinsic apoptosis and IL-1 signal transduction.
The suprascapular nerve entrapment page now carries ten reviewed images. Eight source-verified CC BY figures add cadaveric notch and nerve relations, osseous morphology, ganglion and intraosseous cyst MRI, spinoglenoid ultrasound, arthroscopic release and operative safe-zone anatomy; an exposed-back clinical photograph was removed under the decency rule.
The SPECT-CT applications page now carries eleven reviewed images. Eight source-verified CC BY figures add systematic planar-to-fused localisation, heterotopic ossification, spine and tibial infection examples, painful-TKA assessment, standardised tracer zones and quantitative volume-of-interest analysis.
The rhomboids page now carries nine reviewed images. Six source-verified CC BY figures add the C5 and middle-scalene course of the dorsal scapular nerve, rhomboid major/minor dissection, nerve-entry variation, interscapular ultrasound and the deep dorsal scapular neurovascular bundle.
The PRP and orthobiologics page now carries eight reviewed images. Five source-verified open-licence figures add platelet activation electron microscopy, double-spin preparation, ultrasound-guided tendon delivery, serial patellar-tendon MRI and iliac-crest BMAC processing.
The MRI contraindications and implants page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven source-verified open-licence figures add MRI access zones, material-dependent artefact, CT around hardware, gadolinium risk, cardiac and neurostimulator devices, cochlear-implant artefact, retained bullet fragments and field-strength-dependent hip-arthroplasty correction.
The levator scapulae anatomy page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures add dorsal scapular nerve dissection and ultrasound, muscle-activation biomechanics, snapping-scapula MRI and CT, arthroscopic bursectomy and superomedial-angle resection, modified Eden-Lange transfer steps and spinal accessory nerve safety.
The systematic pelvis-and-hip imaging page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Thirteen source-verified open-licence figures add radiographic measurement, multimodality and CT selection, sacral and pelvic-ring assessment, osteonecrosis staging, dysplasia measurements, transient osteoporosis, subchondral fracture and abductor-pathology MRI.
The systematic knee-imaging page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures add meniscal-root signs, osteochondral multimodality assessment, ACL bone-bruising, Merchant-view and trochlear measurements, benign patellar mimics, cartilage injury and practical ultrasound of the meniscus, extensor mechanism, effusion and Baker cyst.
The hip disarticulation and forequarter amputation page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven source-verified CC BY figures add shoulder-girdle tumour extent, brachial-plexus anatomy, femoral-vessel control, forequarter fillet-flap reconstruction, postoperative chest assessment, phantom-pain evidence and powered hip-disarticulation prosthetic control.
The gastrocnemius anatomy page now carries seventeen reviewed images. Fourteen source-verified CC BY figures add accessory-head and popliteal anatomy, aponeurotic and Achilles subtendon architecture, fascicle ultrasound, gait biomechanics, strain imaging, recession-level selection, endoscopic and ultrasound-guided release, complication anatomy and medial-head flap coverage.
The flexor digitorum profundus anatomy page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures add lumbrical and pulley relations, AIN supply, Camper chiasm variants, dual innervation, isolated DIP examination, ultrasound, jersey-finger repair, zone II anatomy and rerupture.
The dermatomes and myotomes page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven source-verified open-licence figures add cervical and lumbar root compression, electrodiagnostic localisation, patellar-reflex reinforcement, transitional anatomy, cauda-equina compression and ISNCSCI classification.
The anconeus anatomy page now carries sixteen reviewed images. Thirteen source-verified open-licence figures add radial-nerve supply, capsular adherence, ultrasound and palpation, anconeus epitrochlearis MRI, Boyd exposure, olecranon osteotomy, posterolateral soft-tissue coverage, interposition arthroplasty and neurovascular preservation.
The surgical-instruments page now carries sixteen reviewed images. Thirteen source-verified open-licence figures add powered drills, hand-held and self-retaining retractors, bone forceps, Mayo scissors, periosteal elevation, the Gigli saw, drilling thermography, plunge control, glove damage and safe sharps transfer.
The rheumatoid hand and wrist page now carries nineteen reviewed images. Sixteen source-verified open-licence figures add staged erosive radiographs, Doppler synovitis, Vaughan-Jackson rupture, thumb fusion, wrist arthrodesis, tendon grafting, silicone MCP arthroplasty and implant complications.
The cartilage MRI page now carries seventeen reviewed images. Fourteen source-verified open-licence figures add multiplanar defect assessment, DESS and quantitative mapping, repair-tissue follow-up, shoulder, elbow and ankle cartilage imaging, and key subchondral mimics.
The fluoroscopy page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Twelve source-verified open-licence figures add staff-position and procedure-specific scatter maps, image-intensifier and flat-panel equipment, detector construction, projection-dependent anatomy, multi-view fixation sequences, low-dose 3D imaging and cone-beam CT overlay navigation.
The epithelioid-sarcoma page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven exact-diagnosis open-licence figures add distal nodules, granuloma-like histology, intra-articular MRI, pulmonary and nodal staging, real INI1 immunohistochemistry, proximal resection, radiotherapy and recurrent disease.
The DXA page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven open-licence figures add positioning, diagnostic sites, vendor follow-up, one-third-radius technique, vertebral fracture assessment, artefact recognition, atypical femoral fracture, jaw osteonecrosis and QCT comparison.
The clinodactyly page now carries twelve reviewed images. Nine open-licence figures add triphalangeal-thumb morphology, Kirner-deformity differentiation, measured delta-phalanx angulation, Vickers physiolysis with fat interposition and long-term correction.
The proximal-hamstring-avulsion page now carries sixteen reviewed images. Thirteen open-licence figures add partial and complete MRI patterns, endoscopic sciatic anatomy, anatomic-zone classification, staged repair, chronic allograft reconstruction and sciatic entrapment.
The localisation page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven open-licence clinical figures add cervical and lumbar root compression, Froment testing, nerve-conduction comparison, extraspinal sciatic entrapment, peripheral-nerve ultrasound and selective root blocks.
The nerve-anatomy page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified open-licence figures add cadaveric nerve course, three-dimensional fascicular organisation, connective-tissue microstructure, myelinated fibres, the node of Ranvier, compression injury and degeneration.
The soft-tissue haemangioma page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified open-licence figures add intramuscular MRI, ultrasound, histology, slow-flow malformation terminology, phleboliths, synovial arthroscopy and aggressive vertebral disease.
The dedifferentiated-chondrosarcoma page now carries twelve reviewed images. Nine source-verified CC BY figures add the defining biphasic junction, high-grade variants, serial bimorphic imaging, metastatic staging, biopsy targeting, wide resection, endoprosthetic reconstruction and recurrence.
The thoracolumbar-fracture page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add A3 and A4/B2 morphology, PLC and conus injury, non-operative selection, minimally invasive and open reduction, corpectomy reconstruction and recurrent kyphosis.
The subaxial cervical-fracture page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add burst and teardrop morphology, locked facets, disco-ligamentous and vertebral-artery injury, traction reduction, anterior reconstruction and posterior salvage.
The stress-fracture overview now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add lumbar-pedicle, pubic, first-rib, tibial, femoral-neck, proximal-fifth-metatarsal and sacral patterns, MRI grading, nonunion and a risk-based management pathway.
The Smith fractures page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add reverse-Barton classification, volar displacement mechanics, reduction measurements, spring-wire and volar buttress fixation, postoperative alignment, Soong grading and flexor-tendon risk.
The pisiform fractures page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add occult standard radiographs, a dedicated semisupination projection, CT confirmation, displaced and comminuted patterns, cast follow-up, pisiformectomy specimens and postoperative imaging.
The osteoid osteoma page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add nidus histology, spinal and intra-articular variants, bone-scan and SPECT localisation, CT-guided radiofrequency ablation, neural protection, recurrence, cryoablation and arthroscopic excision.
The Nora lesion page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add acral BPOP radiographs, CT and MRI, recurrence, marginal excision, long-term follow-up, and direct comparison with osteochondroma, parosteal osteosarcoma, periosteal chondrosarcoma and reactive surface lesions.
The non-ossifying fibroma page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add gross and microscopic pathology, Ritschl progression, physeal migration, the CT Pac-Man fracture-risk sign, aggressive-lesion mimics, multifocal disease, curettage and grafting, and pathological-fracture fixation.
The metastatic spine disease page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures add destructive CT and MRI, real high-grade ESCC, post-radiotherapy collapse, separation surgery, radiolucent fixation, SBRT registration and contours, thermal ablation and vertebral augmentation.
The Maisonneuve fractures page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures add syndesmotic anatomy, pronation–external-rotation progression, full-length and CT diagnosis, direct incisura reduction, fibular length and translation control, postoperative fixation review and CT malreduction assessment.
The hamstring injuries page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures add proximal ultrasound anatomy, BAMIC and tendon-zone classification, multiplanar avulsion MRI, operative positioning, nerve-safe exposure, anchor fixation, footprint reinsertion and criterion-based rehabilitation.
The gymnast's wrist page now carries eight reviewed images. Five source-verified CC BY figures show regional physeal water-signal changes, dorsal and ulnar impingement, paediatric ulnar-variance measurement, progression from distal-radial growth arrest to ulna plus and ulnar-shortening salvage.
The elbow dislocations page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures show the dislocation mechanism, four-column and collateral-ligament anatomy, terrible-triad failure, coronoid classifications, CT planning, examination under anaesthesia, sequential reconstruction, suture-lasso fixation and important complications.
The Baker cyst page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures show the communicating neck and valve mechanism, recurrent refilling, complex and dissecting morphology, rupture, image-guided aspiration, neurovascular compression, open decompression and arthroscopic treatment.
The atlantoaxial instability page now carries nineteen reviewed images. Sixteen source-verified CC BY figures show Fielding-Hawkins rotatory patterns, open-mouth and CT diagnosis, dynamic ADI measurement, closed reduction, congenital and acquired mechanisms, navigated C1-C2 fixation, screw containment, construct selection and postoperative fusion.
The ankylosing spondylitis page now carries eighteen reviewed images. Fifteen source-verified CC BY figures show spinal enthesitis and bone remodelling, sacroiliitis and its mimics, established spinal patterns, psoriatic and DISH differentials, conversion arthroplasty for fused hips, and Andersson-lesion diagnosis and reconstruction.
The adamantinoma page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures show the biphasic epithelial pathology, OFD-like and dedifferentiated variants, classic radiographic and MRI appearances, the OFD differential, failure after curettage, wide-resection reconstruction, and pulmonary and nodal metastasis.
The undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma page now carries five reviewed images. New source-verified CC BY figures contrast a fat-containing pleomorphic liposarcoma on MRI and show wide calf sarcoma excision followed by rotation-flap coverage.
The triquetral fracture page now carries nine reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Six source-verified CC BY figures add volar lunotriquetral ligament anatomy, ulnar-carpus load transmission, the distinction between body and dorsal cortical fractures, the arcs of Gilula, CT of combined dorsal triquetral and hamate injury, and an avulsion accompanying volar lunate dislocation.
The tendon healing page now carries eleven reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eight source-verified CC BY figures add the inflammatory-proliferative-remodelling sequence after tendon-bone injury, the four-zone enthesis, flexor core-suture configurations, rotator cuff host-risk pathways, mechanotransduction and physical-stimulation mechanisms, and Achilles repair imaging and construct comparisons.
The cervical teardrop fracture page now carries eleven reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eight source-verified CC BY figures add the flexion distraction mechanism, hyperextension distraction with prevertebral swelling as the extension counterpart, the teardrop sign with a floating vertebra at C6-C7, an AO SLIC F2 facet fracture, serial ASIA impairment charts at baseline and twelve weeks, the map of concurrent spinal and non-spinal injuries, MRI cord compression with facet dislocation, and combined anterior corpectomy with posterior instrumentation.
The SLAC wrist page now carries fourteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures add the dorsal capsular ligaments as secondary restraints, the scapholunate interval seen intraoperatively, dorsal intercalated segment instability with established arthritis on CT, the arcs of Gilula, the six positions used to provoke scapholunate widening, a four-view instability series, the stage II to III salvage algorithm, the modified dorsal approach with retinaculum Z-plasty, scaphoid excision with capitolunate fusion, three-month postoperative alignment, and a serial series to six months after plate fixation.
The rhabdomyosarcoma page now carries thirteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Ten source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add epithelioid variant histology with its TTF-1 cross-reactivity trap, alveolar architecture, the full haematoxylin and eosin plus myogenic immunohistochemistry panel, parameningeal CT and orbital MRI, a tongue primary on diffusion-weighted MRI, the extremity sarcoma MRI protocol, surgical nodal staging outcomes in 198 extremity cases, and measured muscle growth impairment after paediatric proton therapy.
The pseudo-Jones fracture page now carries thirteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Ten source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the measured peroneus brevis footprint on the tuberosity, the lateral plantar intrinsics anchoring the base, fracture morphology types on three-dimensional CT, the midfoot accessory ossicle map, os vesalianum contrasted directly against an old non-united apophyseal fragment, symptomatic os vesalianum, the paediatric apophysis in Iselin disease, and cast immobilisation with its application sequence.
The elbow posterolateral rotatory instability page now carries sixteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Thirteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the colour-coded lateral collateral complex isolating the LUCL, the stabiliser triangle showing progressive restraint failure, native proximal ulnar varus angles, the O Driscoll anterolateral versus anteromedial coronoid planes, the lateral pivot-shift sequence, a diagnostic algorithm separating microinstability from tendinopathy, MRI of the lateral soft-tissue injury, terrible triad 3D CT including a variant with olecranon fracture, anteromedial coronoid exposure and plating, the age-versus-stability repair ladder, and the anteromedial coronoid facet fracture with ulnar collateral ligament anatomy.
The phantom limb pain page now carries fifteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Twelve source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the multilevel peripheral, spinal, supraspinal and immune model, central sensitisation, Wallerian degeneration with regeneration along Bungner bands, an illustration separating neuroma from residual limb from phantom pain, Tinel mapping of referred phantom sensation, residual limb nerve anatomy against prosthetic stem geometry, neuroma ultrasound with serial measurement, segmented neuroma histology, the TMR versus RPNI versus transposition comparison, the RPNI signal mechanism, a nerve-specific surgical algorithm, and the five stages of virtual reality graded motor imagery.
The patellar height page now carries sixteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Thirteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add patellar tracking determinants and Dejour trochlear depth, Insall-Salvati and Caton-Deschamps measured on radiographs, the effect of patellar tilt on projected articular surface length, pre- and post-operative parameters at differing flexion angles, EOS with sagittal MRI indices, the patellotrochlear index, dynamic MRI through an arc, patella alta presenting with lateral displacement, MPFL graft fixation, tibial tubercle osteotomy nonunion, and patellar height referenced to the new joint line after arthroplasty.
The osteoblast biology page now carries ten reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Seven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add bone functions with the osteostasis balance, the two-lineage cellular hierarchy on a long bone, the three-phase remodelling cycle, osteocyte signalling through sclerostin, DKK1, RANKL, OPG, DMP1 and FGF23, receptor variants shifting the formation-resorption balance, angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling, and a high bone mass gene map separating osteoblast from osteoclast pathways.
The spinal myeloma page now carries twelve reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Nine source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add CD138 marrow immunohistochemistry, whole-body MRI for marrow disease, PET showing a solitary femoral plasmacytoma, a myeloma case initially misdiagnosed as an osteoporotic fracture alongside its serum electrophoresis, kyphoplasty under fluoroscopy with cement distribution patterns, the indications for separation surgery, and Congo red cardiac and soft-tissue amyloid with apple-green birefringence.
The shoulder biomechanics page now carries eleven reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eight source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add glenoid version measurement, standardised CT slice orientation, bony and labral stability ratio measurement, scapulohumeral rhythm with the separation of humeral abduction from scapular upward rotation, the glenohumeral ligament pattern variants, the anterior labral-ligamentous complex on ultrasound, and a retracted supraspinatus tear as coronal force-couple failure.
The isthmic spondylolisthesis page now carries nineteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Sixteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add sagittal parameter definitions, annotated standing spinopelvic alignment, the pars angle comparison and the shear consequence of pelvic incidence and lordosis mismatch, adolescent bilateral spondylolysis against a chronic lysis gap with ossicles, facet subluxation on radiograph and 3D CT, sacral slope and lumbar lordosis measurement, dynamic slip across upright, supine, flexion and extension, MRI grading with the pars defects, pars measurements and fracture-location mapping for direct repair, and pedicle fracture as both a presenting and a postoperative complication.
The internal impingement page now carries fourteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures add glenoid labroligamentous anatomy, infraspinatus stiffness measurement, supine range-of-motion measurement for the internal rotation deficit, labral clock-face and quadrant nomenclature, SLAP type II alongside the sublabral recess comparison and the Oreo cookie sign, MRI and arthroscopy correlation of a superior labral tear, articular-sided cuff tear with tendon thickness measurement, articular-side repair with biceps augmentation, and portal placement in lateral decubitus.
The Freiberg disease page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY figures add the Smillie stage I to V drawings, the stage-driven treatment algorithm, clinical appearance with toe shortening and goniometer measurement of the metatarsophalangeal arc, metatarsal length measurement, radiograph, CT and MRI of the head with subchondral cysts, intraoperative confirmation of dorsal cartilage loss over an intact plantar surface, dorsal exposure and open debridement, dorsiflexion osteotomy with its schematic and a twenty-eight month case sequence, and osteochondral plug reconstruction with knee donor harvest and graft shaping.
The fifth metatarsal stress fracture page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY figures add the zone diagram with fracture-incidence proportions, zone radiographs, a colour-coded three-dimensional model and a cadaveric specimen with the zones marked, gait force vectors and a displacement map showing why the watershed fails, cavus foot examination with the Coleman block test and weightbearing cavovarus radiographs, medullary canal measurement for screw sizing, the screw and cerclage construct, hard-soled and non-weightbearing casts, and non-union salvage alongside a new stress fracture at an over-long screw tip.
The congenital constriction band page now carries nineteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Sixteen source-verified CC BY figures add limb bud signalling for contrast with extrinsic disruption, the oedema-to-arterial-compromise cycle, ainhum and hair tourniquet syndrome as acquired mimics, double bands with lymphoedema and skin loss, a hand with both banding and intrauterine amputation, a band with associated clubfoot, prenatal ultrasound of band constriction and cord entanglement, a hand radiograph showing phalangeal shortening, band excision with Z-plasty closure, the staged release and fat graft sequence, acrosyndactyly separation markings, postoperative limbs after Z-plasty, and oedema resolution at one-year follow-up.
The complex metacarpophalangeal dislocation page now carries eleven reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eight source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add short-axis metacarpal head anatomy with the deep transverse metacarpal ligament, the sagittal band ring, intraoperative volar plate interposition with the repaired plate, the clinical and radiographic appearance of an index MCP dislocation, the volar approach showing the buttonholed metacarpal head, division of the transverse metacarpal ligament, the push-not-pull reduction manoeuvre, and functional recovery at twelve weeks.
The paediatric cavus foot page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add a Charcot-Marie-Tooth pedigree with nerve conduction traces and intrinsic muscle wasting, the Coleman block test alongside calcaneocavus appearance and callosity mapping, the lateral talocalcaneal angle and the four weightbearing radiographic measurements, lateralising calcaneal osteotomy and tibialis posterior transfer with intraoperative fixation, recurrent deformity and subtalar degeneration, and a twenty-four-month outcome.
The capitellum fracture page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add labelled distal humerus anatomy and the lateral collateral complex, MRI effusion with synovitis and the lateral pivot-shift sequence, the Dubberley classification with its posterior comminution subtypes, Hahn-Steinthal radiographs, the preoperative radiograph and 3D CT set with three-plane CT of a type IIIB pattern, the fixation sequence and knotless suture-bridge technique, three-month union CT, and osteonecrosis mapping with two heterotopic ossification cases.
The both-column acetabular fracture page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the cadaveric posterior column, a finite-element comparison of column fixation constructs, the full ten-pattern Letournel set, the floating-acetabulum definition and lateral-fall mechanism, Judet oblique geometry with its blind area, the preoperative radiograph/CT/3D set, percutaneous screw corridor curvature, the illustrated Kocher-Langenbeck approach, staged fix-and-replace and posterior wall fixation, femoral head osteonecrosis, and postoperative CT assessment of reduction quality.
The AIN syndrome page now carries twenty-one reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eighteen source-verified CC BY figures add the cadaveric nerve course and its branching variations, a persistent median artery adherent to the nerve, absent thumb interphalangeal flexion and weak pinch on examination, the ultrasound and MRI denervation pair, the constriction-to-torsion schematic with intraoperative and ultrasound hourglass constrictions, MR neurography, the AIN-as-donor and AIN-to-PIN transfer diagrams, the in-continuity decision pathway, and recovery and tendon-transfer outcome figures.
The angiosarcoma page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the radiation DNA damage pathway, the endothelial marker panel, vascular channel histology with hobnailing, ERG immunostaining, cutaneous limb lesions, Stewart-Treves in a lymphoedematous limb, the diagnostic immunohistochemistry panel, PET showing multifocal disease, resection with flap reconstruction, the reconstructive ladder, a systemic therapy swimmer plot, survival by resection margin and anatomical site, and the post-radiotherapy surveillance algorithm.
The thumb carpometacarpal arthritis page previously carried only teaching schematics and now has eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY figures add trapeziometacarpal ligament anatomy with cadaveric dissection, thenar muscle layers, capsule histology, the Eaton-Littler stages on real radiographs, bilateral disease, the Robert view and three-view series, suspension technique illustrations, ligament reconstruction through a transosseous tunnel, sequential release stages, an implant arthroplasty series, post-trapeziectomy subsidence with thumb length measurement, the superficial radial nerve in the snuffbox and comparative outcome data.
The total hip arthroplasty fixation options page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add wear osteolysis treated by liner exchange, failed and septically loose fixation, the AAOS and Paprosky acetabular classifications, the femoral neck cut, proximal femoral morphological indices and canal flare measurement, broaching technique, subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy, taper-slip B2 revision, periprosthetic fracture revision, cemented versus cementless practice trends with a complication forest plot, a registry cumulative-revision curve and an intraoperative Paprosky defect.
The syndesmotic instability page now carries nineteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Sixteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add cadaveric syndesmotic ligaments, a four-panel ankle ligament atlas, ligament force during external rotation, neutral versus external-rotation CT, the three plain-film measurements, weightbearing comparison, MRI of AITFL rupture, the CT measurement schematic and bilateral alignment technique, a CT indication algorithm, suture-button insertion and device, arthroscopic widening grades, an intraoperative assessment framework, malreduction CT and the early-versus-delayed weightbearing evidence.
The SNAC wrist page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the dorsal carpal ligaments, the arcs of Gilula, scapholunate angle measurement, an arthroscopic view of the scapholunate ligament, the SLAC and SNAC staging diagram, a stage II radiograph, humpback correction, nonunion CT, wrist MRI, four-corner and capitolunate fusion cases at long follow-up, FCR and ECRB midcarpal tenodesis schematics, hardware failure with radiolunate arthritis and circular plate fixation.
The shoulder hemiarthroplasty page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add shoulder sensory innervation, the fracture imaging panel, a fracture-dislocation radiograph, failed fixation converted to arthroplasty, a head-split treated by replacement, the tuberosity fixation construct, primary arthroplasty with a healed tuberosity, a tension-band tuberosity variant, serial tuberosity healing films, the Favard glenoid erosion grades, axial alignment comparison, one-year glenoid remodelling, the staged rehabilitation programme, offset measurement and stress-shielding grades.
The periprosthetic joint infection page now carries nineteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Sixteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add clinical and radiographic presentations, the EBJIS and MSIS criteria table, bone scan with SPECT/CT, MRI of septic loosening, the preoperative diagnostic algorithm, next-generation sequencing performance in culture-negative disease, DAIR effectiveness by timing, spacer hardware with the explanted implant, a two-stage sequence complicated by spacer fracture, one-stage revision, failed DAIR, two-stage outcome pathways and survival curves by DAIR timing and by primary versus revision arthroplasty.
The Pellegrini-Stieda lesion page now carries fifteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures add adductor magnus insertion anatomy, a cadaveric medial-knee dissection, the weight-bearing flexed PA radiograph, bilateral radiograph and ultrasound, a radiograph and MRI pair, ultrasound with colour Doppler, valgus stress radiograph measurement, ultrasound-guided debridement with the post-lavage film, heterotopic ossification grading and outcome by grade.
The metatarsal stress fracture page now carries twelve reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Nine source-verified CC BY figures add gait loading vectors, the fifth metatarsal fracture zones, a high-grade bone stress injury with a cortical fracture line, second metatarsal MRI in a dancer, base-of-second-metatarsal and Lisfranc footprint oedema, the os vesalianum mimic, a non-operative healing series and salvage of a second metatarsal nonunion.
The medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the pathogenesis cycle, RANKL and sclerostin pathways with their drug targets, panoramic and cone beam CT feature atlases, exposed necrotic bone, canal involvement and pathological fracture, sequestrum specimen and CT, PENTO healing outcomes, patient-specific bridging plate, postoperative healing, the denosumab rebound timeline, risk-stratified prescribing and the radiation dose-response curve that separates osteoradionecrosis.
The Little League shoulder page now carries thirteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Ten source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the pitching cycle phases, pelvis and trunk rotation, the effect of stride length on phase timing, endochondral ossification, the windmill softball pitch, goniometric measurement of internal rotation and the neutral starting position, plus medial epicondylar avulsion, olecranon apophysitis and capitellar osteochondritis dissecans for elbow screening.
The soft-tissue leiomyosarcoma page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY figures add H&E with smooth muscle actin, the desmin and h-caldesmon marker panel, grading histology, clinical presentation with wide excision, three-plane staging MRI, propeller flap planning and the reconstructive ladder, en-bloc sciatic nerve resection, resection with flap coverage, recurrence with nodal and pulmonary metastases, serial chest CT response assessment, whole-body MRI follow-up and survival curves by grade.
The Jones fracture page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY figures add HR-pQCT zone anatomy with density mapping, gait loading vectors, a fracture-model strain map, the zones drawn on a radiograph and on a specimen with their frequency distribution, three-view assessment radiographs, the os vesalianum mimic with comparison views, early and delayed weightbearing fixation series, non-operative immobilisation, screw fixation to union and the implant options.
The intradural extramedullary tumour page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add meningioma histology, dumbbell meningioma MRI, an Eden type IV schwannoma, a giant myxopapillary ependymoma, the full MRI sequence panel, nerve-selective sequences, dumbbell resection diagrams, intraoperative dissection, postoperative decompression, ventral meningioma with dural tail, anterior reconstruction, post-facetectomy alignment follow-up, pseudomeningocele, CSF-leak revision and recurrence.
The enchondromatosis (Ollier disease) page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY figures add columnar physeal lesions and their ossification with growth, hand nodules with matching radiographs, the diagnostic hands and forearms pattern, a lesion with cortical fracture, a Maffucci comparison with histology, severe unilateral deformity correction, humeral rail lengthening, the reaming curettage effect, pre- and post-correction femoral radiographs, malignant transformation, deformity with pathological fracture and IDH-associated tumour surveillance.
The enchondroma page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the gross curetted specimen, Maffucci syndrome and multiple-lesion cement filling, two-view phalangeal presentation, calcified-matrix radiograph, CT/MRI comparison with osteochondroma, Lodwick-Madewell margin patterns, the fibrous dysplasia mimic, post-curettage remodelling, cortical-window curettage technique, long-term and pathological-fracture cases, post-curettage fissure and fracture, and MRI surveillance growth.
The congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY figures add the natural history on serial radiographs, hamartomatous periosteum at operation, the molecular pathways, the bowing-to-fracture transition, fibular pseudarthrosis, long-term deformity and limb-length outcome, union cross-sectional measurement, Ilizarov fixation, vascularised fibular transfer, telescoping rod design and results, nail insertion technique and rod migration with refracture.
The congenital patellar dislocation page now carries fifteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Thirteen source-verified CC BY figures add preoperative multimodal imaging, axial and bilateral MRI, skyline and immature-knee radiograph/CT series, clinical assessment and outcome, quadricepsplasty, medial retinaculum plasty, pes anserinus transfer, quadriceps Z-lengthening repair, Galeazzi tenodesis and Roux-Goldthwait transfer. A synthetic pathoanatomy illustration was withdrawn.
The cleft-hand page now carries eleven reviewed images across clinical imaging, classification, clinical presentation, investigations, management, surgical technique and complications. Eight source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add bilateral asymmetric clinical and radiographic central-ray deficiencies, a split-hand phenotype spectrum, tetradactylous ectrodactyly correlation, four-flap Z-plasty and a revision-requiring first-web reconstruction.
The Chauffeur fracture page now carries ten reviewed images across clinical imaging, classification, investigations, management, surgical technique and complications. Seven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add a trans-styloid perilunate three-view series, Fernandez IV CT anatomy, Geissler IV scapholunate arthroscopy, traction and portal setup, radial styloid headless-screw fixation and stage II SLAC.
The biceps femoris short-head page now carries eleven reviewed images across detailed anatomy, neurovascular supply, clinical significance, pathology, investigations and management. Nine source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add isolated and in-situ hamstring specimens, the long-head/short-head interface, the short-head origin, common peroneal nerve relations, fibular-head anatomy, T-junction ultrasound, entrapment imaging and operative nerve release.
The athletic AC joint injury page now carries eleven reviewed images across ligament anatomy, Rockwood classification, investigations, dynamic horizontal-instability assessment, management, surgical technique, complications and postoperative follow-up. Eight source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real AP, true AP, axial and Alexander radiographs, TightRope and hook-plate technique comparisons, tunnel and Endobutton details, loss-of-reduction imaging and serial repair follow-up.
The sartorius-anatomy page now carries twelve reviewed images across overview and surface anatomy, neurovascular relations, clinical assessment, pes anserine pathology and management, and hamstring-harvest technique. Three additional source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures show femoral-triangle topography, the distal sartorius-saphenous neurovascular relationship and adductor-canal ultrasound.
The scapulothoracic-dissociation page now relies on its text decision pathway after visual review found that the prior management flowchart conflated Damschen Type IIA vascular injury with Type IIB neurologic injury and intact vessels. The misleading figure was removed; no fabricated or misleading clinical image remains.
The quadriceps-contusions page now carries six reviewed images across clinical imaging, surgical technique and complications: three source-verified CC BY 4.0 Cureus figures add initial thigh radiograph/MRI, decompressive fasciotomy with staged shoelace closure, and three-month follow-up imaging showing haematoma resorption without myositis ossificans alongside the retained MRI and two original teaching diagrams. Arrow-annotated and non-target candidates were rejected.
The meniscus-tears page now carries 18 reviewed images across zonal anatomy and vascularity, tear classification, clinical assessment, parameniscal cysts, MRI and extrusion measurement, management, arthroscopic repair technique, root-repair tunnel planning and outcomes. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add Cooper zones, micro-CT vascularity, arthroscopic tear patterns, flap ultrasound, cyst and tear MRI, posterior-horn instability, bucket-handle and radial-repair follow-up, horizontal repair, posterior-root suture and tunnel technique, and root-healing MRI.
The malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour page now carries 14 reviewed images across molecular pathogenesis, histopathology and classification, investigations and staging, surgical technique, and management. Eleven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add pelvic and pulmonary CT, gluteal and thigh MRI, histology and immunohistochemistry, sciatic-branch resection planning, and gross resection specimens alongside the retained transformation diagram, management algorithm and Commons MRI.
The liposarcoma page now carries 12 reviewed images across subtype classification, histology and molecular pathology, investigations and staging, management, prognosis and surveillance, and retained clinical imaging. Nine source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add myxoid-pleomorphic and pleomorphic MRI, myxoid histology, dedifferentiated molecular pathology, pleomorphic immunohistochemistry, retroperitoneal CT, pulmonary nodule staging, a resection specimen and postoperative surveillance CT.
The tumour-imaging page now carries 14 reviewed images across clinical imaging, Lodwick classification, periosteal reaction, matrix mineralisation, MRI staging and classic tumour appearances. Eleven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add modified Lodwick-Madewell patterns, radiograph/histology examples, periosteal reaction, osteosarcoma and Ewing staging, chondroid matrix, and MRI examples of chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, osteoid osteoma and osteochondroma alongside the retained Commons radiographs and ABCDS illustration.
The Ilizarov external fixation page now carries 10 reviewed images across overview, management, surgical management, deformity correction and bone transport, and postoperative care. Seven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add tibial bone-transport sequences, Taylor Spatial Frame construction and wire tensioning, and proximal fibular safe-zone anatomy alongside the retained frame photograph, distraction schematic and external-fixation composite.
The heterotopic-ossification page now carries 13 reviewed images across pathophysiology, classification, investigations, management, surgical technique, complications, postoperative care, clinical imaging and outcomes. Ten source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add BMP-2 and neural-immune mechanisms, myositis ossificans MRI/ultrasound, recurrent hip and knee radiographs, iliofemoral CT planning, postoperative radiographs, and elbow CT and range-of-motion examples alongside the retained radiograph and teaching diagrams.
The hip-arthroscopy page now carries nine reviewed images across clinical imaging, surgical management, complications, special considerations and management. Six source-verified CC BY figures add arthroscopic labral assessment and repair, psoas-tunnel anchor perforation, postoperative heterotopic ossification, and combined periacetabular osteotomy/labral-repair radiography alongside the retained cam, fluoroscopy and decision-algorithm images.
The acute compartment syndrome of the leg page now carries 12 reviewed images across overview, anatomy, investigations, surgical technique, complications, postoperative care and outcomes. Nine source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add four-compartment anatomy, a fracture radiograph, an investigational ultrasound adjunct, two-incision fasciotomy, muscle viability and necrosis, staged closure, flap-coverage complication and six-month healing examples.
The cervical myelopathy page now carries 17 reviewed images across pathophysiology, congenital canal stenosis, classification, investigations, management, anterior and posterior techniques, and outcomes. Fourteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add cord compression, Torg-Pavlov and K-line measurements, OPLL planning, ACDF follow-up and posterior decompression imaging.
The adjacent segment disease page now carries 16 reviewed images across clinical imaging, pathophysiology, risk-factor classification, clinical assessment, investigations and surgical technique. Thirteen source-verified CC BY 3.0/4.0 or CC BY-SA 3.0 figures add dynamic instability, adjacent-level progression, facet protection, posterior-tension-band preservation, alignment correction and cervical revision examples.
The Achilles tendinopathy page now carries 13 reviewed images across clinical imaging, clinical assessment, investigations and surgical technique. Ten source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add ultrasound-localisation and Thompson testing, mid-portion, insertional, paratendinopathy and bursal MRI, Haglund measurements, calcaneal reshaping and FHL-transfer fixation.
The ACDF page now carries 15 reviewed images across clinical imaging, surgical anatomy, investigations, management, surgical technique, complications, postoperative care and outcomes. Twelve source-verified CC BY 4.0 or CC BY-SA 4.0 figures add vertebral-artery anatomy, level localisation, fusion and alignment assessment, airway and implant complications, adjacent-segment disease, and arthroplasty or hybrid-surgery comparisons.
The tha-heterotopic-ossification page now carries nine reviewed images across Brooker classification, investigations, management, excision technique and outcomes. Six source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real classification radiographs, severe AP/CT ankylosis, mature long-term follow-up, high-grade implant examples and operative excision views alongside the retained radiograph and decision schematics.
The tha-complications-dislocation page now carries 13 reviewed images across pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigations, posterior soft-tissue repair, complications and prevention. Ten source-verified CC BY 4.0 or Open Access CC BY figures add spinopelvic measurements, navigation, anterior dislocation, posterior repair, intraprosthetic dislocation and offset restoration alongside the retained dislocated-THA radiograph and decision schematics.
The shoulder-arthroplasty-complications page now carries 18 reviewed images across pathophysiology, classification, clinical presentation, investigations, management, surgical technique, implant-specific complications, revision and outcomes. Sixteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add axillary-nerve anatomy, notching, periprosthetic fracture fixation, glenoid revision, infection spacer, CT planning and long-term radiographic follow-up; study charts and answer-spoiling candidates were rejected.
The paediatric-acl-injury page now carries 19 reviewed images across clinical imaging, anatomy, classification, presentation, investigations, management and maturity-specific reconstruction technique. Sixteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add tibial-spine radiographs, Meyers–McKeever classification, ACL and meniscal MRI, open-physis reconstruction schematics and operative sequences alongside the existing maturity and assessment diagrams.
The median-nerve-anatomy page now carries 11 reviewed figures across neurovascular anatomy, clinical assessment, investigations, carpal-tunnel technique and anatomical variants. Nine source-verified CC BY 2.0/4.0 images add labelled forearm and hand nerve maps, bifid-nerve and persistent-artery ultrasound, recurrent-branch anatomy and digital neurovascular relationships.
The lumbosacral-plexus-anatomy page now carries 11 reviewed images across classification, surface anatomy, clinical assessment, differential diagnosis, investigations and surgical technique. Eight source-verified Public Domain or CC BY 2.0/4.0 figures add sacral-zone mapping, pelvic trauma, root decompression, lumbar-plexus MRI, LFCN ultrasound and sacral-plexus PET-CT; generic, low-context, duplicate and indecent candidates were rejected.
The hip-blood-supply page now carries 11 reviewed images across neurovascular anatomy, Garden classification, dislocation assessment, osteonecrosis, surgical technique and prognosis. Eight source-verified public-domain or CC BY 3.0/4.0 figures add circumflex-artery anatomy, Garden I/II fractures, posterior dislocation, post-fracture osteonecrosis, Ganz exposure and long-term follow-up; unversioned-licence, off-topic and low-context candidates were rejected.
The HAGL lesions page now carries six reviewed images across pathophysiology and MRI interpretation. Three source-verified figures add the glenohumeral-ligament insertion model and paired anterior and posterior HAGL MR sequences; the J-sign schematic, Gray anatomy plate and Bankart/Hill-Sachs comparison radiograph were retained after review, while wrong-lesion, study-chart and unrelated candidates were rejected.
The Little League elbow page now carries 14 reviewed images across classification, clinical presentation, investigations, lateral-compartment disease, management and complications. Five source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add medial epicondyle ultrasound morphology and measurements, dynamic stress assessment, structural abnormalities and the moving valgus stress test; existing fracture, OCD, fixation and entrapment figures were repositioned beside the decisions they teach.
The forearm-fractures-pediatric page now carries 12 reviewed images across clinical imaging, classification, investigations, cast quality, surgical technique, complications and Monteggia special considerations. Nine source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add both-bone ESIN, buckle/greenstick, serial displacement and refracture, cast-index measurement, ESIN fluoroscopy, medullary-canal planning and Monteggia radiographs; the staged rater-classification chart and wrong-anatomy candidates were rejected.
The fat-embolism-syndrome page now carries 12 reviewed images across clinical imaging, investigations, cerebral fat embolism and prevention. Nine source-verified CC BY 2.0 or CC BY 4.0 figures add starfield DWI, DWI/ADC correlation, CT-versus-MRI brain imaging, pulmonary CT and radiographs before and after tibial fixation; exposed-torso petechiae photographs, generic hip films, duplicates and unrelated retinal figures were rejected.
The diabetic-neuropathy page now carries nine reviewed images across seven teaching sections. Six source-verified CC BY 2.0 or CC BY 4.0 figures add a protective-footwear comparator, acute-Charcot MRI and follow-up, a CRPS mimic, plantar-pressure analysis and a felt off-loading application; the three retained OrthoVellum/experimental assets were re-reviewed on sight and study charts, mixed nerve-biopsy panels and low-context wound candidates were rejected.
The corrosion-mechanisms page now carries 14 reviewed images across eight teaching sections. Eleven source-verified PMC figures add radiographs, cross-sectional imaging, retrieval photographs, histology, taper contact, corrosion grading and operative cyst exposure; the three existing SEM and OrthoVellum schematic/algorithm assets were re-reviewed and retained.
The chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome page now carries nine reviewed images across clinical imaging, investigations, management and surgical technique. Six source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add dynamic pressure recovery, emerging elastography, limited-incision release steps and ultrasound nerve mapping; the three retained images were re-reviewed on sight.
The cervical-spondylosis page now carries 10 reviewed images across clinical imaging, vertebral-artery anatomy, investigations, surgical technique and postoperative care. Seven source-verified CC BY or CC BY-SA figures add dynamic radiographs, cervical MRI and alignment measurements, operative ACDF steps and postoperative implant review; off-topic DISH figures, a redundant preoperative montage and a mismatched download were rejected.
The supinator-anatomy page now carries 12 reviewed images across clinical imaging, anatomy, surface imaging and proximal-radius surgical approaches. Three source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add supinator elevation, safe retractor placement and nerve-transfer donor anatomy; the 11 retained figures were re-reviewed on sight, PMC licences were re-resolved, and galleries, captions and manifest sections were aligned to the teaching sections.
The pectoralis-major-rupture page now carries seven reviewed images across anatomy, classification and investigations. Three source-verified CC BY 4.0 MRI figures add myotendinous, partial-width and complete humeral-avulsion patterns; the retained source licences were re-resolved, manifest paths were repaired, and the anatomy illustration was reduced to its safe anatomy-only panel.
The ceramic-bearing-surfaces page now carries 12 reviewed images across material science, bearing selection, investigations, management, surgical technique and complications. Nine source figures were verified as CC BY 4.0 against Europe PMC, including bearing classifications, ceramic head and liner fracture radiographs, the femoral neck-bite CT sign, retrieved fragments and revision components; the generic composites chart was rejected as off-topic.
The tourniquet-use page now carries nine reviewed images across equipment, safe application, complications, emergency haemorrhage control and global practice. Three source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the application sequence, tourniquet-system comparison and operative-note proforma; the six retained assets were re-read on sight, their PMC licences were re-resolved, and manifest paths and credits were corrected.
The paediatric tibial-fractures page now carries 11 reviewed images across investigations, proximal-tibial remodelling, management, surgical technique, postoperative care and differential diagnosis. Eight source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add proximal tibia-valga sequences, tibial-spine radiograph/CT and follow-up, arthroscopic preparation, ESIN healing and occult hyperextension patterns; all captions and credits were aligned to the visible teaching point.
The Seymour-fracture page now places two source-verified CC BY 4.0 case-report figures beside clinical presentation and investigations: a 14-year-old preoperative/postoperative/follow-up hand sequence and serial oblique, AP and lateral radiographs. Three previously reviewed OrthoVellum diagrams remain in the anatomy, management and operative sections; unversioned-licence candidates were rejected.
The calcium-homeostasis page now carries 13 retained images beside its physiology, metabolic-bone, vitamin-D and emergency sections. Twelve third-party figures were re-resolved against Europe PMC as CC BY 2.0, CC BY 3.0 or CC BY 4.0; two unversioned-licence figures were withdrawn, and manifest paths, captions and credits were corrected.
The needlestick page now places three reviewed images beside the blood-borne-virus risk, clinical-imaging and operating-theatre prevention sections: a first-party transmission-risk chart, a source-verified indicator-glove perforation figure and a source-verified overfilled sharps-container photograph. The two PMC figures were re-resolved as CC BY 4.0, captions and manifest paths were corrected, and no low-context study charts were added.
The surgical-sieve page now places four reviewed images beside the sections they teach: the category funnel, two Fagan nomograms for pre-test and post-test probability, and a clinical anchoring-bias pathway. PMC licences were re-resolved as CC BY 4.0, CC BY 2.0 and CC BY 4.0; captions, source paths and attribution were corrected, and no low-context study charts were added.
The revision-TKA page now places 10 reviewed images beside classification, investigations, surgical technique, two-stage infection revision and complications: AORI and constraint schematics plus source-verified radiographs of tibial subsidence/loosening, component alignment, antibiotic spacer treatment and periprosthetic distal-femur fracture fixation, with an intraoperative tracker-pin exposure. All seven new PMC figures were re-resolved as CC BY 4.0; captions and visible anatomy were checked, and no identifying patient material was retained.
The paediatric Monteggia page now places 13 reviewed images beside its investigations, management, chronic reconstruction, complications and surgical-technique sections: real radiographs for plastic ulnar deformation and the Støeren line, serial closed-reduction follow-up, chronic CT/MRI, treatment flowchart, operative exposure, fixation and fluoroscopy. The ten new PMC figures were source-verified as CC BY 4.0; captions were checked against the visible anatomy and no identifying patient material was retained.
The lumbar-microdiscectomy page now places 12 reviewed images across its investigations, clinical-imaging and surgical-technique sections: concordant L4–L5 and L5–S1 MRI, postoperative decompression, multilevel planning, labelled nerve-root anatomy, endoscopic operative sequences, fluoroscopic setup and retrieved disc fragments. PMC licences were re-resolved as CC BY 4.0; stenosis-only, duplicate, low-context and study-outcome candidates were rejected.
The lumbar-laminectomy page now places four reviewed figures beside its investigations and clinical-imaging sections: flexion-extension radiographs with sagittal MRI for dynamic stability, axial CT for transverse osseous canal diameter, sagittal MRI for anteroposterior canal diameter and axial MRI for ligamentous interfacet distance. PMC licences were re-resolved as CC BY 4.0 or CC BY 2.0; unrelated, duplicate, low-context and restricted candidates were rejected.
The teriparatide page now carries 13 reviewed images across its mechanism, clinical imaging, indications, fracture-healing and safety sections: vertebral measurement and compression radiographs, MRI, DXA, atypical-femoral-fracture imaging, healing series and a forearm region-of-interest schematic. PMC licences were re-resolved as CC BY 2.0 or CC BY 4.0; captions were corrected to describe visible measurements and alignment rather than unshown scores or implant failure.
The flexible-flatfoot page now adds a fellowship-level examination sequence, measurement and cross-sectional imaging guidance, a symptom-led management ladder, deformity-specific Evans, medial-slide and Cotton technique detail, and conditional equinus correction. Four original teaching schematics, four source-verified accessory-navicular clinical/radiographic figures and three source-verified coalition radiographs/CT figures sit beside the sections they teach; licences, captions and visual relevance were checked before publication.
The BMP page now places five reviewed figures beside its signalling, investigation, clinical-application and management sections: a source-verified osteoclastogenesis diagram, Smad pathway schematic, rhBMP-2 decision algorithm, BMP-2 fracture-callus immunohistochemistry and BMP-2 carrier radiographs. Captions label the animal studies as preclinical rather than clinical efficacy; unrelated chitosan scaffold figures were rejected.
The diabetic-foot page now places seven reviewed images beside clinical imaging, classification, investigations, infection management and amputation sections: a Charcot radiograph, neuropathic-ulcer photograph, Wagner-Armstrong chart, calcaneal osteomyelitis MRI/radiograph, soft-tissue-gas radiograph, necrotic forefoot photograph and management algorithm. Licences and captions were checked against the PMC and Wikimedia records; study outcome charts and duplicate clinical photographs were rejected.
The radial longitudinal deficiency page now places two CC BY 2.0 clinical and radiographic figure panels from Indian Journal of Orthopaedics beside Wrist Reconstruction and Follow-Up and Counselling. The panels show the displaced superficial median nerve during centralisation, immediate correction and maintained one-year alignment; exposed paediatric, unrelated and traumatic candidates were rejected.
The pulmonary-embolism page now places seven source-verified clinical images beside the diagnostic, investigation, risk-stratification, intervention and complication sections: high- and non-high-risk diagnostic algorithms, bilateral emboli on CT, a risk-adjusted management pathway, extracted thrombus after catheter thrombectomy, a pulmonary-artery filling defect and pulmonary infarction. Duplicate, off-topic, low-quality and unversioned-licence candidates were rejected.
The growth-factor page now places three source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures beside the cytokine, VEGF and therapeutic-use sections: early T-cell/IL-17F fracture biology, reduced VEGF signalling in fracture callus and a clearly labelled preclinical BMP2 bone-defect radiograph. Unversioned, non-commercial, near-duplicate and off-topic candidates were rejected.
The screw biomechanics page now places a verified CC BY 4.0 patellar cannulated-screw series beside the cannulation section and a CC BY 3.0 anterior-column acetabular screw radiograph beside the clinical applications section. Both images have source-checked licences, teaching-focused captions and explicit alt text.
The hip biomechanics topic now places its verified force-analysis radiograph, VIMS modelling figure, abductor moment-arm diagram and proximal-femur trabecular radiograph beside the sections they teach. Creative Commons records and captions were corrected against the source articles; unrelated and low-quality candidates were rejected.
The loose-body page now uses an explicitly licensed CC BY 2.0 normal knee radiograph and adds a CC BY 4.0 MRI composite showing lipoma arborescens as a non-calcified mimic. An unversioned arthroscopy image and unrelated elbow/surgical candidates were removed rather than published with weak provenance or misleading anatomy.
The bone tumour radiograph page retains its verified orthogonal shoulder radiographs with explicit CC BY 3.0 PMC records and adds a clean CT/MRI pair to the Next Investigation section. The new panels demonstrate subchondral detail, marrow extent and articular-surface involvement without adding an unverified or misleading scan.
A source-verified CC BY 2.0 close-up now anchors the clinical-assessment section, showing the flexion-and-varus pattern while reminding readers to investigate atypical neurological, skin or skeletal findings.
The anterior vertebral beaking page retains its visually verified Hurler dysostosis-multiplex and attenuated MPS I cervical radiographs, with explicit PMC licence records (CC BY 4.0 and CC BY 2.0). Targeted searches for Morquio, achondroplasia, hypothyroidism, pseudoachondroplasia and limbus-vertebra images found no additional licence-clean candidates, so no misleading radiograph was added.
The superficial peroneal nerve anatomy page now places its verified compartment plates in the Overview and adds a CC BY 2.0 cross-sectional fasciotomy sequence to Clinical Relevance. The retained images are captioned to match the nerve course, compartment variation and operative injury risks; study-outcome charts were excluded.
The posterior tibial tendon dysfunction page retains its visually verified Johnson-Strom staging and stage-driven management illustrations. Image metadata now maps each illustration to the exact teaching section; targeted searches found no licence-clean PTTD MRI, ultrasound or pathological weight-bearing radiograph, so no misleading scan was added.
The fibrous-dysplasia page adds two CC BY-SA 4.0 CT montages: clival ground-glass disease and extensive craniofacial involvement. A watermarked punched-out lytic-lesion radiograph was rejected as the wrong diagnosis; no fabricated scans were retained.
The Haglund syndrome page retains its verified anatomy and radiographic-measurement diagrams. Targeted searches found no licence-clean lateral radiograph, MRI, ultrasound or retrocalcaneal-bursitis figure; no fabricated scan was added.
The ischiofemoral-impingement page retains its verified axial MRI showing quadratus femoris oedema and its anatomy/clinical-sign diagram. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean MRI, radiograph, ultrasound or operative-planning figure.
The levels-of-evidence page retains its evidence pyramid and CC BY 4.0 hypertrophy forest plot. Six staged forest plots were visually reviewed and rejected as off-topic or redundant; no new image was embedded.
The posterior apophyseal ring-fracture page retains its verified limbus-vertebra MRI/radiograph montage and cropped mechanism illustration. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean CT, MRI, radiograph or operative-planning figure.
The Marjolin-ulcer page retains its verified de-identified scalp photograph and cropped clinical illustration. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean chronic-wound photograph, histology or staging figure; no fabricated scan was added.
The metal-on-metal hip-complications page retains its verified ARMD pathophysiology and cup-edge-loading schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean MARS MRI, metallosis radiograph, pseudotumour image or revision figure; no fabricated scan was added.
The mucopolysaccharidoses page retains its CC BY paddle-rib radiograph and verified management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean dysostosis-multiplex, Morquio cervical-spine, odontoid or hand radiograph; no patient photographs or fabricated scans were added.
The multiple-epiphyseal-dysplasia page retains its CC BY-SA radiograph montage and cropped epiphyseal-anatomy illustration. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean hip, knee, ankle or genetic-pathology radiograph; no fabricated scan was added.
The OPLL page retains its verified cervical sagittal and thoracic axial/sagittal CT images. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean double-layer-sign CT, MRI cord-compression, K-line radiograph or operative figure; no fabricated scan was added.
The peroneal-tendon-tears page adds one CC BY-SA 4.0 operative photograph to the surgical-technique section. The image shows a real lateral-ankle reconstruction field without identifying information; the existing anatomy diagram and management algorithm were retained.
The congenital-knee-dislocation page retains its verified pathoanatomy and Tarek-grade schematics. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean newborn radiograph, clinical or serial-casting photograph, classification figure or quadricepsplasty image; the fabricated radiograph remains excluded and no fabricated scan or patient photograph was added.
The CT-imaging-principles page retains its verified CT-acquisition and Hounsfield-unit schematics. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean fracture, window/level, metal-artefact, dose, dual-energy or weight-bearing CT teaching image; previously rejected off-topic/low-value candidates remain excluded and no fabricated scan was added.
The lumbar-instability page retains its verified degenerative-spondylolisthesis CT/radiograph composite and management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean dynamic radiograph, neutral-zone/Panjabi diagram, facet-effusion MRI, pars CT, fluoroscopy or fusion-alignment image; no fabricated scan was added.
The MRI-imaging-principles page retains its verified CC BY STIR MRI and original T1/T2/STIR signal chart. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean sequence, relaxation-physics, k-space, artefact, gadolinium, cartilage/ligament or marrow-oedema image; rejected off-topic material remains excluded and no fabricated scan was added.
The PAES page retains its verified CC BY-SA angiogram and original popliteal-fossa anatomy diagram. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean dynamic CTA/MRA, duplex, Love-Whelan classification, surgical-release or thrombosis/bypass image; no fabricated scan was added.
The adductor-brevis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain medial-thigh anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean obturator-nerve, medial-hip-approach, MCFA, profunda-perforator or ultrasound teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The coccydynia page retains its verified Postacchini coccyx-morphology schematic and CC BY-SA coccyx radiograph. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean dynamic radiograph, sacrococcygeal anatomy, ganglion-impar, coccygectomy, injection-fluoroscopy or chordoma-differential image; the previously rejected fabricated scan remains excluded.
The deltoid page retains its verified CC BY-SA deltoid anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean axillary-nerve safe-zone, deltoid-split, deltopectoral, reverse-arthroplasty tensioning, muscle-flap or nerve-palsy teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The ERAS page retains its verified pathway algorithm and opioid-sparing multimodal-analgesia infographic. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean ERAS pathway, early-mobilisation, carbohydrate-loading, TXA, analgesia or discharge-criteria teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The FCR anatomy page retains its verified public-domain FCR anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean FCR tunnel, volar distal-radius/scaphoid approach, palmar-cutaneous nerve, radial-artery, LRTI harvest or tendinopathy-ultrasound teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The FDL anatomy page retains its verified CC BY/CC BY-SA FDL anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean knot-of-Henry, FDL-transfer, tarsal-tunnel, quadratus-plantae, lumbrical, claw-toe or flexor-tenotomy teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The FDS anatomy page retains its verified public-domain FDS anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean Camper-chiasm, FDS-arcade, zone-II pulley, vinculum, independent-digit, FDS-slip harvest or tendon-repair teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The FPL anatomy page retains its verified public-domain FPL anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean anterior-interosseous-nerve, FPL-rupture, volar-plate, thumb-pulley, Linburg-Comstock, Mannerfelt-lesion or tendon-repair teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The latissimus dorsi anatomy page retains its verified public-domain and CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean thoracodorsal-pedicle, latissimus-transfer, humeral-insertion, nerve, flap, birth-palsy or radial-nerve-harvest teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The lumbrical muscles page retains its verified CC BY and CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean lumbrical-plus, quadriga, lumbrical-canal, deep-transverse-metacarpal-ligament, intrinsic-plus or dual-innervation teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The palmaris longus anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA and public-domain anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean tendon-graft harvest, median-nerve relation, carpal-tunnel incision, agenesis test, Camitz opponensplasty, palmaris profundus or ultrasound teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The pectoralis major anatomy page retains its verified CC BY and public-domain anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean bilaminar rupture, repair footprint, pectoral-nerve, thoracoacromial-pedicle, subscapularis-transfer, musculocutaneous-nerve, Poland-syndrome or flap teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The pectoralis minor anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA and public-domain anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean coracoid-insertion, axillary-artery, pectoralis-minor-syndrome, scapular-dyskinesis, Latarjet-release, medial-pectoral-nerve or aberrant-insertion teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The peroneus longus anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean cuboid-tunnel, os-peroneum, Coleman-block, cavovarus, superficial-peroneal-nerve, tendon-subluxation or peroneus-longus-to-brevis teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The popliteus anatomy page retains its verified public-domain and CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean posterolateral-corner, popliteofibular-ligament, popliteal-hiatus, dial-test, reconstruction or arthroplasty-impingement teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The pronator quadratus anatomy page retains its verified public-domain anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean deep/superficial-head, anterior-interosseous-nerve, volar-Henry, Soong/watershed-line, pronator-quadratus-repair or DRUJ-biomechanics teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The pronator teres anatomy page retains its verified public-domain anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean two-head/median-nerve, pronator-syndrome, tendon-transfer, Henry-approach, ligament-of-Struthers, radial-bow or provocative-test teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The proteoglycans and collagen page now includes a CC0 cartilage-zone histology image and a CC BY-SA 4.0 cartilage extracellular-matrix schematic, alongside its previously verified molecular illustrations. The new images add real cartilage context without fabricated scans or PHI.
The quadratus femoris anatomy page retains its verified public-domain and CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean medial-circumflex-femoral-artery, short-external-rotator, ischiofemoral-impingement MRI, space-measurement, posterior-repair or nerve/articular-branch teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The radiation safety page retains its verified OrthoVellum radiation-protection and double-badge schematics. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean fluoroscopy-scatter, inverse-square-law, ALARA, protective-equipment, dosimetry, radiobiology or dose-limit teaching image; off-topic sterile-field photography remains excluded and no fabricated scan was added.
The serratus anterior page retains its verified CC BY-SA anatomy plates. A targeted search found one additional CC BY-SA 4.0 scapular-winging photograph, but it was rejected and deleted because it showed an exposed patient torso/back; no fabricated or unsafe image was added.
The soleus anatomy page retains its verified public-domain and CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean soleal-arch entrapment, soleus-flap, venous-sinus, Silfverskiold or popliteal-artery teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The teres major anatomy page retains its verified public-domain and CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean teres-major insertion, named-space, lower-subscapular-nerve, radial-nerve or transfer teaching image; no fabricated image was added.
The tibialis-anterior page now retains only its verified tibialis-anterior plate. A pre-existing tibialis-posterior plate with an incorrect caption was removed from the page and deleted; targeted replacement searches found no additional licence-clean teaching image, so no fabricated image was added.
The tibialis-posterior page retains its verified retromalleolar dissection and posterior-compartment plate and now adds a public-domain plantar attachment map showing the navicular and midfoot slips. The candidate was visually reviewed; no fabricated or unsafe image was added.
The vastus-intermedius page retains its verified tensor reconstruction and public-domain origin/insertion plate. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean layered quadriceps tendon, articularis genu, suprapatellar pouch, quadricepsplasty or graft-harvest image; no fabricated or unsafe image was added.
The arthrography-techniques page retains its two verified Hellerhoff CC BY-SA 4.0 CT arthrography studies showing elbow injection technique/result and a knee cartilage defect. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean direct MR arthrography, shoulder labral, glenoid bone-loss, wrist contrast-flow or hip labral image; no fabricated or unsafe image was added.
The four-corner-fusion page retains its verified SLAC staging and surgical-anatomy diagrams, with captions clarified to identify the overview and operative teaching points. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean four-corner fusion, SLAC/SNAC radiograph or fixation image; no fabricated scan or unsafe image was added.
The hand-replantation page retains its verified Wikimedia clinical photograph of a viable replanted finger and removes a generated repair diagram whose prominent flexor-before-extensor sequence contradicted the page BEFANV teaching. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean replantation anatomy, operative, radiographic or monitoring image.
The bending-moment-distribution page retains its verified CC BY-SA beam mechanics diagram and original neutral-axis/tension-band biomechanics schematic. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean working-length, plate-bending, section-modulus or implant-fatigue figure; no fabricated scan or irrelevant chart was added.
The type-I-ii-errors page retains its verified Type I/II decision matrix and alpha-beta-power distribution schematic. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean error matrix, power, multiple-comparison or clinical-decision teaching figure; no fabricated scan or irrelevant chart was added.
The remplissage page retains its verified remplissage anatomy/engagement illustration and CC0 Hill-Sachs/Bankart radiograph. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean MRI, arthroscopy photograph, bipolar-bone-loss radiograph or infraspinatus-tenodesis technique image; fabricated imaging remains excluded and no fabricated scan was added.
The tumoral-calcinosis page retains its verified periarticular anatomy/mechanism illustration and real CC BY-SA hand radiograph. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean hip/shoulder radiograph, CT, MRI or periarticular-calcification image; fabricated imaging panels remain excluded and no fabricated scan was added.
The sternoclavicular-dislocation page retains its verified anatomy/mediastinal-risk illustration and real CC BY-SA axial CT. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean CT, radiograph, reconstruction photograph or anatomy image; the fabricated CT inset remains excluded and no fabricated scan was added.
The sagittal-balance-parameters page adds one CC0 Wikimedia educational composite showing C7/S1 reference points and the millimetre sagittal vertical axis measurement. Existing verified spinopelvic-parameter and management-algorithm illustrations were retained; no fabricated scan was added.
The Paget-sarcoma page retains its verified pagetic-femur radiograph/bone-scan composite and sarcomatous-transformation schematic. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean sarcoma radiograph, MRI, histology or pelvic osteosarcoma image; fabricated scans remain excluded and no fabricated scan was added.
The p-values-confidence-intervals page retains its verified p-value/CI and absolute-versus-relative-effect schematics. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean forest-plot, NNT or medical-statistics teaching image; no fabricated scan was added.
The outcome-measures-proms page retains its verified outcome-measure taxonomy and MCID conceptual diagrams. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean PROM questionnaire, MCID, WOMAC/DASH/SF-36 or patient-reported-outcome infographic; no fabricated scan was added.
The capitellar OCD page retains its verified radiocapitellar anatomy/mechanism and stage I-III schematics. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean capitellar MRI, radiograph, arthroscopy photograph or Panner-disease radiograph; fabricated imaging panels remain excluded and no fabricated scan was added.
The metatarsalgia page retains its verified metatarsal-head overload/pad-placement diagram and management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean weight-bearing radiograph, plantar-plate MRI, Weil-osteotomy photograph or metatarsal-pad image; no fabricated scan was added.
The extensor-pollicis-longus-rupture page retains its verified EPL anatomy/rupture illustration and representative retropulsion clinical illustration. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean MRI, Lister-tubercle radiograph, EIP-to-EPL transfer photograph or retropulsion-test image; no fabricated scan was added.
The cyclops-lesion page retains its verified ACL/cyclops anatomy illustration and genuine sagittal knee MRI. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean cyclops MRI, arthroscopy photograph, radiograph or excision image; no fabricated scan was added.
The contrast-agents-safety page retains its verified NSF clinical photographs and acute contrast-reaction management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean contrast-extravasation, acute-reaction, nephrotoxicity or gadolinium-safety image; no fabricated scan was added.
The Bristow-Latarjet page retains its verified postoperative coracoid-transfer radiograph and labelled technique illustration. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean operative photograph, CT/radiograph, surgical-technique or glenoid-bone-loss diagram; no fabricated scan was added.
The blood-management-strategies page retains its verified labelled blood-bag illustration and patient-blood-management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean cell-salvage, TXA, massive-transfusion or transfusion-safety image; no fabricated scan was added.
The paediatric trigger-thumb page retains its verified thumb-specific pathoanatomy diagram and age-stratified management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean paediatric radiograph, clinical photograph, ultrasound or operative image; no patient photograph or fabricated scan was added.
The TKA-periprosthetic-fractures page retains its verified Lewis-Rorabeck schematic and genuine retrograde-nailing radiograph series. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean distal-femur, tibial, patellar or distal-femoral-replacement fracture image; no fabricated scan was added.
The thoracic-disc-herniation page retains its verified disc-cord anatomy illustration and management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean thoracic-disc MRI, CT, radiograph or operative image; no fabricated scan was added.
The aseptic-loosening page retains its verified Gruen/DeLee-Charnley zone diagram and radiograph. The only staged licence-clean candidate was byte-identical to the embedded radiograph and was removed as a duplicate; no additional image or fabricated scan was added.
The TGCT page retains its verified H&E histology micrograph and labelled TGCT overview illustration. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean PVNS MRI, radiograph, ultrasound or synovectomy image; no fabricated scan was added.
The revision-shoulder-arthroplasty page retains its verified reverse-TSA radiograph and management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean revision-specific glenoid-bone-loss CT, failed-implant radiograph or operative image; no fabricated scan was added.
The plantar-fibromatosis page retains its verified plantar-fascia anatomy illustration and real CC BY-SA 3.0 plantar-nodule photograph. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean Ledderhose photograph, ultrasound, MRI or operative image; no fabricated scan was added.
The facet-dislocations page retains its verified public-domain unilateral facet diagram and perched-versus-locked schematic. Targeted searches found no licence-clean subaxial cervical facet-dislocation radiograph, CT or MRI; no new image was embedded.
The crush-syndrome page retains its pathophysiology and management diagrams and adds one CC0 operative fasciotomy photograph to the lower-leg technique section. The image is explicitly presented as a compartment-syndrome teaching photograph, not a crush-specific case; seven other staged candidates were rejected after visual review.
The Brodie-abscess page retains its verified distal-tibial radiograph and STIR MRI. The staged radiograph was byte-identical to the embedded image; targeted searches found no additional licence-clean penumbra-sign MRI, CT, histology or operative image.
The biceps-tendon-pathology page retains its verified anatomy and management schematic. Targeted searches found no licence-clean long-head biceps MRI, MR arthrogram, ultrasound or tenodesis imaging; no new image was embedded.
The Baxter-neuropathy page retains its verified neuroanatomy and pathology schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean Baxter neuropathy MRI, ultrasound or denervation imaging; no new image was embedded.
The basilar-invagination page retains its verified sagittal MRI and McRae-line CT. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean MRI, CT, radiograph or operative-planning figure; no new image was embedded.
The trapezium-fractures page retains its verified anatomy/fracture-pattern and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean trapezium body or ridge fracture radiograph/CT; no new image was embedded.
The tranexamic-acid-use page retains its verified mechanism and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean TXA mechanism, CRASH-2 infographic or orthopaedic blood-loss evidence figure; no new image was embedded.
The total-elbow-arthroplasty page retains its verified CC BY-SA linked implant photograph and AP/lateral arthroplasty radiographs. Targeted searches found no licence-clean loosening or periprosthetic-fracture radiograph, ulnar-nerve anatomy diagram or approach image; no new image was embedded.
The syringomyelia page retains its verified CC BY sagittal and CC BY-SA axial syrinx MRIs. Targeted searches found no licence-clean Chiari-associated, post-traumatic or syrinx-associated scoliosis MRI, and no Charcot-shoulder radiograph; no new image was embedded.
The synovial-sarcoma page retains its verified CC BY-SA monophasic H&E micrograph and management schematic. Targeted searches found no licence-clean synovial-sarcoma MRI, calcification radiograph/CT, biphasic histology or lung-metastasis imaging candidate; no new image was embedded.
The sternoclavicular-joint-injuries page retains its verified anterior-versus-posterior direction and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean posterior dislocation CT, serendipity-view radiograph or medial clavicular physeal-fracture image; no new image was embedded.
The proximal-junctional-kyphosis page now includes three CC BY clinical imaging figures showing postoperative proximal junctional kyphosis progression and upper-construct implant failure. The existing PJA measurement and management schematics remain; one isolated screw-loosening candidate was rejected as less direct.
The primary-bone-tumors-spine page retains its verified WBB staging and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean chordoma MRI, spinal chondrosarcoma CT, primary spinal osteosarcoma radiograph or Ewing-sarcoma spine image; no new image was embedded.
The plain-radiography-principles page retains its verified X-ray tube schematic and radiation-dose comparison. Targeted searches found no licence-clean radiographic-density, projection-geometry, scatter-grid or systematic-interpretation teaching image; no new image was embedded.
The periosteal-osteosarcoma page now retains only the verified periosteal osteosarcoma MRI. A previously embedded distal-humeral metastasis from gallbladder small-cell carcinoma and three Nora-lesion candidates were rejected after source and visual review.
The muscle-injury-healing page retains its verified healing-phase and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean clinical muscle-strain MRI, ultrasound, contusion radiograph or regeneration figure; no new image was embedded.
The metabolic-bone-imaging page now includes a licence-clean tibia and fibula radiograph demonstrating a distal tibial Looser zone in severe osteomalacia. Four unrelated staged candidates were rejected after visual and source review.
The malunion-delayed-union page now includes three licence-clean clinical figures: medial femoral condyle nonunion radiographs with CT, pelvic sacral and pubic-ramus nonunion imaging, and a distal tibial delayed-union sequence. Off-topic candidates were rejected after visual review.
The lunate-fractures page retains its verified blood-supply and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean lunate fracture radiograph, CT, fracture-dislocation radiograph or MRI image; no new image was embedded.
The coronoid-fractures page retains its verified Regan-Morrey classification and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean coronoid fracture CT, fracture-dislocation radiograph or fixation image; no new image was embedded.
The total-ankle-arthroplasty page retains its verified implant-design and management schematics. Targeted searches staged four off-topic ankle CT/specimen-methodology figures and one total-knee HKA radiograph; all were rejected after visual review and no new image was embedded.
The adult-spinal-deformity page retains its two verified full-length pre/post reconstruction radiographs. Targeted searches found no licence-clean alignment, pelvic-parameter, pedicle-subtraction osteotomy or proximal-junctional-kyphosis candidate; no new image was embedded.
The ulnar-tunnel-syndrome-guyons-canal page retains its verified Guyon's canal anatomy diagram and management algorithm. Targeted searches found no licence-clean canal anatomy, hook-of-hamate CT, ultrasound or surgical-anatomy image; no new image was embedded.
The THA-neurovascular-injury page retains its verified two-track management algorithm and Wasielewski acetabular screw safe-zone diagram. Targeted searches found no licence-clean nerve-injury, vascular-complication, screw or hip-neurovascular image; no new image was embedded.
The THA leg-length-discrepancy page now includes a genuine Wikimedia Commons CC0 annotated AP pelvic radiograph showing acetabular teardrop, transischial and lesser-trochanter reference landmarks, alongside the existing measurement diagram and management algorithm.
The statistical-power-sample-size page retains its verified power-distribution and trial-design confidence-interval schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean external statistical-power or sample-size diagram; no new image was embedded.
The scapholunate-dissociation page retains its verified multimodality diagnostic image and management algorithm. Targeted searches found no licence-clean stress radiograph, arthroscopy, Watson-test or SLAC-wrist candidate; no new image was embedded.
The Osgood-Schlatter page now includes a genuine Wikimedia Commons lateral knee radiograph showing tibial-tubercle apophyseal fragmentation and a small ossicle, alongside the existing verified radiograph and traction-apophysitis schematic.
The navicular-stress-fracture page retains its verified anatomy/mechanism and Saxena classification diagrams. A targeted search found no licence-clean tarsal MRI, Saxena CT, athlete radiograph or screw-fixation image; no new image was embedded.
The navicular-fractures page retains its verified navicular-body CT and management algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean navicular radiograph, stress-fracture MRI, Sangeorzan CT or avulsion image; no new image was embedded.
The MTSS page retains its verified coronal STIR MRI and management algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean MTSS MRI, Fredericson-grade, tibial-stress-radiograph or ultrasound image; no new image was embedded.
The lateral-compression page retains its verified pelvic-force diagram and LC management algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean LC pelvic-ring radiograph, Young-Burgess CT, crescent-fracture or LC-III image; no new image was embedded.
The adult forearm-fracture page retains its verified two-bone anatomy and ORIF-plating schematics. A targeted search found no licence-clean adult forearm radiograph, plated radius-ulna fracture, radial-bow or surgical-approach image; no new image was embedded.
The chondromyxoid-fibroma page retains its verified Enneking staging schematic and CMF management algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean CMF radiograph, MRI, lobular-histology or curettage-follow-up image; no new image was embedded.
The biopsy-principles page retains its verified tract-placement diagram and biopsy algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean image-guided core-biopsy, biopsy-tract radiograph, CT-guided bone-biopsy or sarcoma-biopsy image; no new image was embedded.
The turf-toe page retains its verified plantar-plate mechanism diagram and Anderson-grade management algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean turf-toe radiograph, sesamoid-migration, plantar-plate MRI or repair image; no new image was embedded.
The torticollis page retains its verified clinical/anatomy diagram and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean CMT ultrasound, clinical, cervical-radiograph or stretching image; no new image was embedded.
The total shoulder arthroplasty page retains its verified glenohumeral OA radiograph and anatomic-versus-reverse implant diagram. A targeted search found no licence-clean arthroplasty radiograph, Walch CT or loosening image; no new image was embedded.
The tka-stiffness page retains its verified annotated component-position radiograph and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean arthrofibrosis, manipulation or revision-malposition image; no new image was embedded.
The tibial-tubercle-fractures page retains its verified Ogden classification schematic and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean avulsion radiograph, CT or fixation image; no new image was embedded.
The tha-wear-osteolysis page retains its verified particle-disease cascade and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean osteolysis radiograph, CT or liner-exchange image; no new image was embedded.
The tha-dual-mobility page retains its verified dual-mobility bearing cross-section and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean implant, intraprosthetic-dislocation, revision-instability or fracture-arthroplasty image; no new image was embedded.
The tha-bearing-surfaces page retains its verified bearing-couple comparison and selection algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean bearing-couple radiograph, dual-mobility implant or metal-on-metal complication image; no new image was embedded.
The spinopelvic-parameters page retains its verified parameter diagram and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean standing radiograph, pelvic-incidence measurement, sagittal-vertical-axis or Roussouly classification image; no new image was embedded.
The proximal-humerus-fractures page retains its verified valgus-impacted fixation CT and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean Neer classification, traumatic fracture, fracture-dislocation or fixation candidate; no new image was embedded.
The open-book-pelvis page retains its verified AP diastasis radiograph and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean complementary APC radiograph, symphysis-plating, binder or pelvic-ring external-fixation image; no new image was embedded.
The lateral-epicondylitis page keeps its verified lateral-elbow anatomy schematic and management algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean complementary ultrasound, radiographic/MRI or surgical-release image; no new image was embedded.
The genu-valgum-varum page retains its verified public-domain deformity illustration and mechanical-axis schematic. A fresh search returned three licence-clean paediatric ankle-valgus figures rather than knee angular-deformity images; all were rejected after visual review to avoid misleading the page.
The vertebroplasty-kyphoplasty page retains its verified before-and-after kyphoplasty radiograph and management algorithm and now adds a CC BY 2.0 radiograph/CT figure showing epidural cement leakage through a violated medial pedicle wall. Generic fluoroscopy equipment, redundant leak films, off-target fixation images and an unlabelled malignant-metastasis MRI were rejected after visual review.
The TKA neurovascular injury page retains its verified popliteal-fossa dissection and emergency management algorithm and now adds a CC BY 4.0 sciatic-nerve/paraneural-sheath schematic. A Chinese-labelled duplicate and a redundant English-labelled dissection were rejected after visual review; no PHI or fabricated scans were retained.
The open-tibial-fractures page retains its verified fracture radiograph and management algorithm and now adds a focused CC BY pinless-external-fixator sequence for the surgical-technique section. Visual review rejected the remaining staged candidates as low-resolution, generic, multi-case or paediatric; no PHI or fabricated scans were retained.
The scaphoid-nonunion page retains its verified waist-nonunion radiograph and management flowchart and now adds a CC BY 2.0 Schernberg location-classification schematic. Three Ilizarov duplicates, a redundant low-resolution radiograph and an SLAC (not SNAC) schematic were rejected after visual review.
The multidirectional-instability page retains its two original OrthoVellum diagrams; visual review confirms the inferior humeral-head translation, sulcus grading and Stanmore-to-rehabilitation-to-stabilisation pathway. Heading overlap was corrected in the sulcus schematic, the management branch now names structural Type I/II disease without conflating the subtypes, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary MDI image.
The lunate-dislocations page retains its verified CC BY perilunate-dislocation radiograph and OrthoVellum management flowchart; visual review confirms the Mayfield III anatomy, urgent-reduction pathway and repair-to-salvage timing branches. The acute flowchart label and synchronised captions now read under 2 weeks, best within 7-14 days, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary lunate/perilunate image.
The flexor-pollicis-brevis-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA labelled thenar dissection; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary recurrent-motor-branch or dual-innervation image.
The gracilis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain origin-to-pes diagram; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary pedicle, pes-anserinus dissection or free-transfer image.
The iliacus-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY 3.0 posterior pelvic illustration; its source description now matches the labelled image, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary femoral-nerve, haematoma or approach image.
The mri-sequences-orthopaedics page retains its clearly labelled MRI signal reference table; fresh licence-clean searches found no suitable complementary orthopaedic sequence panels or teaching scans.
The common-pathogens-orthopedics page retains its CC BY 4.0 Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm SEM and original infection-management algorithm; visual review confirms the organism annotations, culture/source-control flow, empiric and pathogen-directed branches, PJI ladder and monitoring, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary pathogen image.
The polyethylene-uhmwpe-xlpe page retains its two original schematics; visual review confirms the XLPE manufacturing pathway, cross-linking and stabilisation trade-offs, liner-thickness rule, bearing-selection branches, osteolysis surveillance and revision triggers, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary polyethylene image.
The tribology-wear page retains its two original OrthoVellum schematics; visual review confirms the adhesive, abrasive, third-body and fatigue mechanisms, low-wear bearing and positioning branches, third-body protection, radiographic wear/osteolysis surveillance, escalation imaging and revision pathway, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary tribology image.
The common-statistical-tests page retains its two original OrthoVellum schematics; visual review confirms the five test-selection columns, non-parametric and time-to-event mappings, diagnostic TP/FP/FN/TN placement, sensitivity/specificity/PPV/NPV and likelihood-ratio formulas, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary statistical-methods diagram.
The osseointegration page retains its two original OrthoVellum schematics; visual review confirms the ongrowth-versus-ingrowth distinction, direct bone-contact definition, primary-stability gate, surface and press-fit optimisation, loading branches, surveillance and loosening/infection work-up, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary bone-implant interface image.
The unicompartmental-knee-arthroplasty page retains its public-domain medial UKA AP/lateral radiographs and original compartment schematic; visual review confirms implant laterality, preserved native compartments, UKA-versus-TKA resurfacing and the fibular orientation marker, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary UKA image.
The clinical-practice-guidelines page retains its CC BY 4.0 evidence-hierarchy diagram and original guideline-use flowchart; visual review confirms the 6S and study-design ladders, GRADE/AGREE II appraisal, strong-versus-conditional recommendation branches, shared decision-making, implementation support and updating, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary guideline image.
The forearm-compartment-syndrome page retains its public-domain Gray’s Anatomy cross-section and original management flowchart; visual review confirms the flexor, extensor and mobile-wad anatomy, neurovascular structures, pressure decision branch, urgent volar/carpal-tunnel release, dorsal release when indicated and second-look pathway, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary forearm-compartment image.
The study-design-types page retains its two original OrthoVellum diagrams; visual review confirms the experimental-versus-observational classification, prospective/retrospective cohort branch, case-control and cross-sectional definitions, and therapeutic Levels I-V evidence pyramid, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary study-design image.
The thumb-hypoplasia page retains its CC BY-SA 3.0 hand-only Blauth clinical series and original management flowchart; visual review confirms Types II-V, the IIIA-versus-IIIB CMC-stability pivot, reconstruction versus index pollicization and timing, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary thumb-hypoplasia image.
The tka-implant-design page retains its two original OrthoVellum raster schematics; visual review confirms the CR/PS/CCK/hinge constraint spectrum, PCL and post-cam mechanisms, collateral and bone-loss branches, HXLPE/fixation decisions and bone-stress trade-off, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary TKA implant-design image.
The intercondylar-fractures page retains its two original OrthoVellum distal-humerus schematics; visual review confirms the medial/lateral columns, trochlea, capitellum, T fracture and parallel versus orthogonal dual-plating constructs, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary fracture or plating image.
The bone-remodeling page retains its verified CC BY-SA cellular-cycle diagram and original RANK/RANKL/OPG schematic; visual review confirms the labelled resorption/reversal/formation sequence, osteoclast pathway and denosumab relationship, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary bone-remodelling image.
The surgical-site-infection-prevention-periop page retains its two original OrthoVellum raster infographics; visual review confirms the prevention bundle, depth/implant management branches, DAIR criteria and safety footer, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary SSI algorithm or bundle image.
The moment-arms-levers page retains its two original OrthoVellum raster diagrams; visual review confirms the lever-class order, orthopaedic examples, management branches and failure surveillance, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary biomechanics diagram.
The stippled-epiphyses page retains its verified CC BY upper-limb radiograph; visual review confirms the markedly short humerus, the caption now avoids overclaiming low-resolution stippling, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary chondrodysplasia-punctata image.
The soft-tissue-calcification-versus-ossification page retains its verified CC BY paired knee radiographs; visual review confirms the patellar lucency and effusion as an explicitly labelled negative comparison, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary mineralisation or heterotopic-ossification image.
The predicting-bone-tumour-by-age page retains its verified CC BY proximal-femur radiograph and coronal T2 MRI; visual review confirms the giant-cell-tumour panel and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary age-stratified bone-tumour imaging.
The lytic-lesion-with-a-sclerotic-rim page retains its verified CC BY fifth-metatarsal radiograph; visual review confirms the eccentric lucency and surrounding sclerosis, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary rimmed-lucency or benign bone-lesion differential image.
The frayed-metaphysis page retains its verified CC BY knee and ankle radiographs; visual review confirms the arrowed distal-femur and proximal-tibia metaphyseal changes, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary rickets, dysplasia or injury radiograph.
The bone-in-bone-vertebra page retains its verified CC BY spine, pelvis and knee radiograph montage; visual review confirms the source-legend findings and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary vertebral, metaphyseal-band or osteopetrosis image.
The perioperative-antibiotics page retains its original labelled OrthoVellum decision flowchart; visual review confirms the timing, selection, redosing, duration and open-fracture branches, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary prophylaxis algorithm or dosing image.
The multimodal-analgesia page retains its original labelled OrthoVellum pain-pathway illustration; visual review confirms the surgical nociceptor, regional block, neuraxial/dorsal-horn, descending-inhibition and non-opioid panels, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary analgesic-ladder or perioperative pain-pathway image.
The surgical-hip-dislocation-ganz page retains its original labelled OrthoVellum illustration; visual review confirms the depicted trochanteric flip, capsulotomy, posterior sleeve and MFCA/retinacular-vessel legend, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary surgical-dislocation or intra-operative image.
The superior-gluteal-nerve-anatomy page is now intentionally text-based after visual review found that its prior photograph showed a posterior sacral dissection rather than the superior gluteal nerve or hip abductor anatomy; fresh licence-clean searches found no suitable replacement.
The superficial-radial-nerve-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain anterior forearm dissection; the caption now limits claims to the visible muscles, tendons and radial-sided vessels, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary superficial-radial-nerve, Wartenberg or first-compartment image.
The posterior-interosseous-nerve-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA radial-nerve schematic; the caption now limits claims to the visible root, forearm branch and extensor-supply course, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary radial-tunnel, arcade-of-Frohse or operative image.
The vastus-medialis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain outline plate; the caption now limits claims to the visible medial course and distal attachment area, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary VMO, medial-approach or saphenous-nerve image.
The vastus-lateralis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain outline plate; the caption now limits claims to the visible red-shaded attachment areas and shaft course, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary lateral-approach, perforator or ALT-flap image.
The triceps-brachii-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA render; the caption now limits claims to the visible bilateral three-head arrangement, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary radial-nerve, posterior-approach or distal-triceps image.
The teres-minor-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA render; the caption now limits claims to the visible muscle course and relations, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary axillary-nerve, quadrangular-space or MRI image.
The superior-gemellus-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA dissection; the caption now describes the visible short-external-rotator and nerve landmarks precisely, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary ischial-spine or conjoint-tendon image.
The semitendinosus-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain outline plate; the caption now limits claims to the visible course and pes insertion, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary harvest or nerve image.
The semimembranosus-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain outline plate; its caption no longer falsely describes routine graft harvest and now identifies the distal expansion region, while a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary posteromedial image.
The scalene-muscles page retains its verified CC BY-SA anterior-scalene render; the caption now limits claims to the visible muscle course, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary labelled triangle, cervical-rib or block image.
The rectus-femoris-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain outline plate; the caption now identifies the visible direct and reflected origin regions precisely, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary MRI, avulsion or transfer image.
The quadratus-plantae-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain attachment plate; the caption now distinguishes the visible calcaneal origin from the text-described tendon and Baxter-nerve relations, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary image.
The psoas-major page retains its verified CC BY 3.0 OpenStax muscle illustration; its caption now limits claims to the visible anatomy, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary plexus, abscess or transpsoas image.
The posterior-shoulder-spaces-intervals page retains its verified CC BY-SA posterior dissection; the caption now describes the visible landmarks precisely, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary labelled space or portal image.
The plantar-interossei page is now intentionally text-based after visual review found that its only plate depicted dorsal interossei rather than the target plantar muscles; no safe licence-clean plantar-interossei replacement was found.
The peroneus-brevis-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA anatomical render; its attribution wording now matches the source, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary fracture, split-tear or retinacular image.
The pectineus-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain origin-to-insertion diagram; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary dual-innervation, femoral-triangle, MCFA or Ludloff-approach image.
The palmaris-brevis-anatomy page is now intentionally text-based after visual review found that its superficial dissection did not identify palmaris brevis or the Guyon canal structures; no safe licence-clean replacement was found.
The palmar-interossei page retains its verified public-domain numbered volar hand diagram; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary ulnar-nerve, claw-hand or anti-claw reconstruction image.
The opponens-pollicis-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA labelled palmar dissection; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary recurrent-motor-branch, Lanz-variant or opponensplasty image.
The opponens-digiti-minimi-anatomy page is now intentionally text-based after visual review found that its superficial dissection did not identify the deep muscle or Guyon canal anatomy; no safe licence-clean replacement was found.
The flexor-hallucis-longus-anatomy page is now intentionally text-based after visual review found that its only image depicted flexor digitorum longus; no safe licence-clean FHL replacement was found.
The flexor-hallucis-brevis-anatomy page retains its verified CC0 annotated foot radiograph; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary turf-toe, sesamoid-fracture or operative image.
The flexor-digitorum-brevis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain plantar attachment diagram; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary plantar-fascia, Baxter-nerve or operative image.
The flexor-digiti-minimi-brevis page retains its verified CC BY-SA labelled hypothenar dissection; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary deep-motor-branch or decompression image.
The flexor-carpi-ulnaris-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain ulnar-sided attachment plate; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary cubital-tunnel, Guyon-canal or operative image.
The dorsal-interossei page is now intentionally text-based after visual review found that its only public-domain image depicted palmar, not dorsal, interossei; no safe licence-clean replacement was found.
The coracobrachialis-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA bilateral muscle illustration; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary musculocutaneous-nerve, Latarjet or operative image.
The brachioradialis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain forearm plate after removal of a rectangular annotation spill outside the highlighted muscle.
The brachialis-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA anterior-arm illustration; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary dual-innervation, heterotopic-ossification or operative image.
The adductor-pollicis-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA deep-palmar illustration; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary operative or Stener-lesion image.
The adductor-magnus-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain attachment plate; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary hiatus, vascular or operative image.
The adductor-longus-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain attachment plate; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary MRI, avulsion or operative image.
The adductor-hallucis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain plantar anatomy plate; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary operative or modern imaging image.
The valgus-extension-overload-elbow page retains its cleaned, scan-free mechanism illustration; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean elbow radiograph, CT or operative image.
The oligodactyly page retains its verified CC BY-SA ectrodactyly photograph; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary radiograph or operative image.
The limb-salvage-surgery-principles page retains its verified five-panel CC BY workflow; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary reconstruction image, so no padding was added.
The desmoplastic-fibroma page now uses a scan-free labelled long-bone illustration; the unsupported radiograph and histology inset panels were removed after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe topic-specific image.
The trochanteric-bursitis page retains its verified greater-trochanter anatomy illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe GTPS-specific MRI, ultrasound or operative image.
The systemic-lupus-erythematosus-msk page retains its verified three-panel illustration; the clipped femoral-head osteonecrosis label was repaired after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe SLE-specific radiograph or operative image.
The subungual-melanoma page retains its verified nail-unit clinical and anatomy illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe topic-specific clinical or operative image.
The spastic-equinovarus-foot page retains its verified paediatric deformity and muscle-imbalance illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe spastic-CP radiograph or operative image.
The rheumatoid-foot-ankle page retains its verified clinical and mechanism illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe rheumatoid-foot-specific radiograph or operative image.
The pseudarthrosis-spine page retains its verified CT-to-revision management flowchart after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe pseudarthrosis-specific scan or operative image.
The posteromedial-corner-knee-injury page retains its verified medial-knee anatomy diagram after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe topic-specific MRI or operative image.
The malignant-hyperthermia page is intentionally text-only after visual review rejected a composite depicting a partially undressed adult patient; no licence-clean replacement was found.
The Kingella-kingae-osteoarticular-infection page retains its verified hip pathoanatomy, bacteraemic-seeding and clinical-sign illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe topic-specific MRI or clinical image.
The glomus-tumour-hand page retains its verified subungual anatomy, mechanism and Love-test illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe clinical or operative replacement.
The diastrophic-dysplasia page is intentionally text-only after visual review rejected a composite that depicted a partially undressed child and used a scan-styled panel; no licence-clean replacement was found.
The Cozen-fracture page retains its verified metaphyseal-fracture, open-physis and valgus-drift diagram after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe age-appropriate radiograph or operative image.
The conus-medullaris-syndrome page retains its verified labelled conus, cauda-equino and saddle-sensory-loss diagram after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe MRI or anatomy replacement.
The blast-injuries-extremity page retains its verified three-panel mechanism, wound-zone and limb-threat illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe blast radiograph or operative image.
The athletic-pubalgia page retains its verified anterior-pelvis anatomy illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe MRI or clinical replacement; the fabricated scan remains excluded.
The TKA-alignment-options page retains its verified mechanical-versus-kinematic decision flowchart; fresh licence-clean searches found no safe CPAK or alignment-axis figure, so exact geometric teaching is kept in text and tables rather than padded with unreliable imagery.
The multi-ligament-knee-injuries page retains its verified vascular-triage and reconstruction flowchart; fresh licence-clean searches found no safe topic-specific anatomy or operative figures, so no unrelated or misleading image was added.
The discoid-meniscus page retains its verified normal-versus-discoid lateral-meniscus schematic; fresh licence-clean searches found no topic-specific MRI or arthroscopy figures, so the page is not padded with wrong-meniscus imagery.
The ATLS primary-survey page removes a rendered-patient illustration that failed the absolute decency rule on visual re-review; no licence-clean, topic-specific replacement was found, so the process-heavy page remains intentionally image-sparse.
The Sinding-Larsen-Johansson page retains its verified extensor-mechanism diagram; fresh licence-clean searches found no topic-specific clinical images, so the paediatric page is not padded with Osgood-Schlatter or mislabelled radiographs.
The scapulothoracic-dissociation page retains its verified life-before-limb management algorithm; a fresh licence-clean clinical image search found no topic-specific radiographs or operative figures, so no misleading padding was added.
The hip-pointer page now places a verified mechanism illustration, comparative ultrasound, adolescent avulsion imaging, late calcification follow-up and exceptional fixation CT beside the decisions they teach; unrelated and unsafe candidates were rejected.
The C. acnes shoulder-infection page retains its verified biofilm and indolent-presentation diagram while documenting why a wrong-organism radiograph and study-process charts were rejected.
The curly-toes page keeps its verified management algorithm and records why unrelated or anatomically unsafe candidates were rejected rather than padding a paediatric deformity topic with misleading imagery.
The capitate-fracture page now shows the scaphocapitate pattern, CT and MRI findings, fixation, non-union, avascular-necrosis surveillance and salvage reconstruction alongside the decisions they teach.
We are going through the library topic by topic and adding the images each section actually needs - radiographs beside the imaging text, the measurement drawn on the film beside the paragraph that tells you to measure it, the growth-plate diagram beside the pathophysiology. Every picture is checked by hand against its source before it goes up, and anything mislabelled, off-topic or not decent to publish is thrown away rather than tidied up.
Forty-five pages that start where a viva starts - with the finding in front of you rather than the diagnosis. Twenty radiographic signs (Erlenmeyer flask, wormian bones, ivory vertebra, vertebra plana, acro-osteolysis, periosteal reaction patterns, stippled epiphyses and the rest), twelve approaches to describing and narrowing a bone lesion by zone of transition, matrix, site and age, and thirteen clinical presentations - the loose body in the knee, the mass behind the knee, the painful total knee replacement, ulnar-sided and radial-sided wrist pain, the palmar lump, the child with multiple fractures. Each one carries the discriminator for every cause rather than a bare list, the order the questions are asked in, and a short block of the phrasing to use out loud.
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / pediatrics
Added / radiology
Added / foot-ankle
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / pediatrics
Added / pediatrics
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / sports-medicine
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / sports-medicine
Added / radiology
Added / pediatrics
Added / pediatrics
Added / hand
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / hand
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / pediatrics
Added / radiology
Added / radiology
Added / foot-ankle
Added / pediatrics
Added / adult-reconstruction
Added / pediatrics
Added / hand
Added / radiology
Added / pediatrics
Seventy-seven new topics completing the single-structure anatomy layer and closing the last of the rare-pathology gaps. Sixty-eight muscle, nerve and interval pages each give the attachments, innervation with root values, vascular pedicle, relations, surface anatomy and the isolation test, then the part that decides the exam - the safe zones in centimetres from a named landmark, the interval each structure bounds, its use as a tendon transfer, graft or flap donor, and the iatrogenic injury that matters. The nerve pages add the compression points in sequence. Alongside the atlas: the nine-compartment foot anatomy, the quadrangular and triangular spaces and interval, oligodactyly within the Oberg-Manske-Tonkin classification, calcifying aponeurotic fibroma, Goldenhar syndrome with its cervical-spine screening, and domestic and elder abuse for the fracture clinic. Every citation was verified against PubMed before publication, and the classical origin-and-insertion plates and dissections are reproduced from public-domain and Creative Commons sources.
Added / lower-limb
Added / foot-ankle
Added / lower-limb
Added / lower-limb
Added / hand
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / tumors
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / lower-limb
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / trauma
Added / hand
Added / hand
Added / hand
Added / hand
Added / foot-ankle
Added / foot-ankle
Added / hand
Added / hand
Added / foot-ankle
Added / foot-ankle
Added / hand
Added / hand
Added / lower-limb
Added / paediatrics
Added / lower-limb
Added / lower-limb
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / hand
Added / hand
Added / hand
Added / hand
Added / hand
Added / hand
Added / hand
Added / lower-limb
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / foot-ankle
Added / foot-ankle
Added / foot-ankle
Added / foot-ankle
Added / lower-limb
Added / lower-limb
Added / upper-limb
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / hand
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / lower-limb
Added / lower-limb
Added / foot-ankle
Added / lower-limb
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / lower-limb
Added / lower-limb
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / foot-ankle
Added / foot-ankle
Added / hand
Added / lower-limb
Added / lower-limb
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / foot-ankle
Added / foot-ankle
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / shoulder-elbow
Added / lower-limb
Added / lower-limb
Added / lower-limb
Until today the revision cluster at the end of each topic — the viva scenarios, the exam-day cheat sheet and the landmark-evidence panel — needed a subscription. That gate is gone. The whole reference library, every section of every topic, is now free for everyone, signed in or not. Subscriptions now cover only the practice layer that sits alongside the library: the adaptive question banks, image and clinical cases, timed mock exams, live viva practice with Aster and readiness tracking.
Thirty-two new topics covering the operations and diagnoses that were previously only mentioned in passing. The revision hip run is now complete end to end: pelvic discontinuity separated into the acute injury you can compress and heal and the chronic non-union you must bridge, the Paprosky acetabular and femoral grades with the reconstruction matched to each grade, and the exposures and salvage that go with them - extended trochanteric osteotomy, impaction grafting, cement-in-cement revision, custom triflanges, megaprostheses and total femoral replacement. Limb reconstruction covers the Masquelet induced membrane, hexapod frames, free vascularised fibula and allograft-prosthetic composites; pelvic and sacral oncology covers sacrectomy by level of root sacrifice, internal hemipelvectomy by Enneking zone, and the proximal amputations. The rare end of the list is here too: the chondrosarcoma variants that behave nothing like the conventional tumour, the two surface osteosarcomas, tumour-induced osteomalacia, and the diagnoses that get mistaken for infection or malignancy - SAPHO, hydatid disease of bone, mycetoma and sclerosing osteomyelitis. Every topic carries new decision diagrams: reconstruction ladders, classification grids, staged operative sequences and structures-at-risk panels, drawn to be read rather than decoded.
Added / adult-reconstruction
Added / tumors
Added / spine
Added / adult-reconstruction
Added / tumors
Added / adult-reconstruction
Added / adult-reconstruction
Added / tumors
Added / adult-reconstruction
Added / adult-reconstruction
Added / adult-reconstruction
Added / tumors
Added / general-ortho
Added / spine
Added / trauma
Added / tumors
Added / general-ortho
Added / tumors
Added / adult-reconstruction
Added / tumors
Added / trauma
Added / adult-reconstruction
Added / tumors
Added / foot-ankle
Added / general-ortho
Added / spine
Added / tumors
Added / adult-reconstruction
Added / tumors
Added / tumors
Added / tumors
Added / general-ortho
Added / general-ortho
Added / adult-reconstruction
Added / pediatrics
Some complications are easy to name and hard to answer questions about. Three of those are now covered properly. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty carries the Levy classification of acromial and scapular spine stress fractures, framed by how much deltoid origin is destabilised - which is exactly why the grades predict outcome - together with the finding that the worst type tracks with a more lateralised, less distalised construct, and the meta-analysis showing these patients lose motion and Constant score even when treated conservatively, while their pain scores look reassuringly normal. Femoroacetabular impingement now explains why a cam after a slipped epiphysis is a different lesion rather than a bigger one: the head stays spherical and moves, leaving the metaphysis to strike the rim, which is what produces the Drehmann sign and the much higher alpha angles - plus why you must not osteotomise through the old slip site, and why post-Perthes hips fail extra-articularly instead. And iliopsoas impingement, the groin pain in a hip whose radiographs, bloods and aspirate are all normal, now has the examination finding that makes the diagnosis and the numbers behind the decision that follows: tenotomy carries a 2.3 percent complication rate against 15.7 percent for revising the cup, for about five points of difference in symptom relief - and it works even when the cup overhangs.
We have started a pass over the whole library with a single test in mind: if you are sitting a fellowship exam, does this page answer everything you could be asked about the condition, or would you still have to look somewhere else? Where the answer was "somewhere else", the page is being rebuilt. Adductor groin strain is the first: it now carries the epidemiology and the risk factors that actually predict injury, a full clinical assessment sequence, the grading systems side by side (the traditional I-III alongside the British Athletics MRI classification and the Munich consensus, and why the intratendinous suffix changes the timeline), when and why to image and what a normal scan does not exclude, and the complications - reinjury, progression to chronic adductor-related pain, and the honest position on operating. Two landmark papers have been added with the clinical implication spelled out, including the prevention trial finding that players believe in the exercises but fewer than half actually keep doing them. Allograft-prosthetic composite reconstruction has had the same treatment: how you actually get the graft to unite, the step-by-step operation, how to classify the bone loss that decides the reconstruction, what goes wrong and what each complication means for the patient, and an honest account of why the registries cannot answer this question. More topics follow.
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / basic-science
Expanded / basic-science
Expanded / spine
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / spine
Expanded / shoulder-elbow
Expanded / pediatrics
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / general-ortho
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Plenty of conditions go by more than one name, and which one you meet depends on who taught you and who is examining you. Neuralgic amyotrophy and Parsonage-Turner syndrome are the same thing; so are eosinophilic granuloma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis, radial club hand and radial longitudinal deficiency, tibial plafond and pilon fractures. Until now, searching for the second name found nothing even though the page was sitting there. We have started recording the alternative names — eponyms, abbreviations, older names, and British and American spellings — against each topic, and the A–Z index now lists them as cross-references: look up "neuralgic amyotrophy" and the index points you straight to the page, the way the index at the back of a textbook does. A few titles have also been widened to carry the better-known second name, so "Adhesive Capsulitis" now reads "Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)". This is the first group of topics; the rest of the library follows.
Expanded / hand
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / shoulder-elbow
Expanded / hand
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / hand
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / hand
Expanded / hand
Expanded / hand
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / spine
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / pediatrics
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / spine
Expanded / pediatrics
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / tumors
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / hand
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / hand
Until now the only way to find a topic was to search for it or scroll the subspecialty cards, which works well when you know what you are looking for and much less well when you want to see the shape of a whole subspecialty. There is now a proper contents page. It lays the entire library out the way a textbook does: ten parts, each broken into clinical chapters, with every topic listed underneath — so you can look down Trauma and see all ten regions and every fracture we cover, or read through Basic Science and spot the areas you have not touched yet. There is also an A–Z index for the other way round: one alphabetical run of every entry, with a letter jump, for when you already know the name of the condition and just want the page. A search box narrows both views as you type, and each entry is marked with its exam priority so you can see at a glance where the high-yield reading is. You will find it under Learn, or from the topic library itself.
Ten subspecialty parts divided into clinical chapters, from "Pelvis, Acetabulum & Sacrum" to "Research Method, Statistics & Evidence". Every topic appears exactly once, in the chapter where you would expect to find it.
One alphabetical listing of every entry with a sticky letter jump, each showing which part of the library it belongs to.
Each entry carries its exam priority marking, so a chapter tells you not just what exists but where to start.
A run through the question bank turned up a set of multi-scenario questions where only the first scenario carried a written explanation: you could answer scenarios two and three, but there was nothing to read afterwards. Those explanations are now written — option by option, saying why each statement is true or false and what the underlying principle is, to the same depth as the rest of the bank. Alongside that, forty-one topic pages have been through a line-by-line review: classification criteria checked against their original descriptions, guidance brought up to current recommendations, and the numbers that matter re-verified. Aster has also stopped being rigid about questions that wander off the current station: ask it about something else mid-viva and it will now tell you which topic page covers it and offer to start a session there, instead of simply asking you to stay on topic.
Questions that present two or three linked scenarios now explain all of them. Each option gets its own reasoning rather than a bare true or false, so a question you got wrong still teaches you something.
If you ask about a different condition partway through a viva, Aster now names the topic, tells you there is a page on it, and offers to move there — rather than repeating that you should stay on the current case.
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / pediatrics
Expanded / spine
Expanded / basic-science
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / professionalism
Expanded / pediatrics
Expanded / hip
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / radiology
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / tumors
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / hand
Expanded / tumors
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / tumors
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / upper-limb
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / general-ortho
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / shoulder-elbow
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / shoulder-elbow
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / basic-science
Two things you have asked for. First, every question and case you work through is now recorded against your account and gathered into one place on your dashboard: how much of the bank you have covered, your accuracy, and the subspecialties you are weakest in, drawn from MCQs, ISAWE, CIM and full mock exams together. It follows you between devices, and it keeps working offline — your device saves it and syncs when you reconnect. Second, a practice session is no longer a fixed 50 questions: choose 50, 100, 200, or take on the entire bank for that subspecialty, and pick up only the questions you have not seen before. You can also now browse the whole question bank rather than the first screenful.
Your dashboard now shows questions answered, overall accuracy, ISAWE marks and CIM cases in a single panel — with your weakest subspecialties surfaced once you have done enough questions there for the number to mean something.
Choose 50, 100, 200 or every question in the subspecialty, and switch on unseen-only to skip what you have already answered. Useful for a quick ten minutes and for a full sitting alike.
Single-best-answer papers are now marked the way FRCS, ABOS and EBOT mark them — one mark for the right answer and nothing for a blank — so your mock score reflects the exam you are actually sitting.
Candidates revise from opinion; examiners ask from habit. Our new Exam Frequency Index closes the gap: a public, citable analysis of 88,936 candidate-reported FRACS and FRCS exam items, distilled into the conditions the exams return to most. See the 25 most-reported conditions (developmental dysplasia of the hip leads by a wide margin), the image-scenario top 10, and how your revision hours should weight the subspecialties — paediatrics alone is one report in five. Every condition links straight to its OrthoVellum reference, so you can revise in frequency order. The honest finding: there is no short list — the ten hottest conditions cover barely 6% of what examiners show, and the Index says so plainly.
Counted across seven question formats from real candidate recall collections — DDH, SCFE, periprosthetic joint infection, clubfoot and the supracondylar fracture lead the table, each linked to its full reference page.
Subspecialty shares of all reported image scenarios show where the marks live: paediatrics 19.7%, hand 11.7%, foot & ankle 11.1% — revise in proportion, not by preference.
The Index is free to read, openly licensed (CC BY), and published with its methodology — useful to every candidate, trainee and teaching programme planning a syllabus.
Two teaching diagrams have been refreshed. The immunology topic now carries a clearer two-panel figure comparing MHC class I and class II antigen presentation — class I on any nucleated cell presenting to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and class II on antigen-presenting cells presenting to CD4+ helper T cells — in place of an older text-box graphic that repeated the on-page summary. The hip biomechanics topic has an updated single-leg-stance free-body diagram showing the abductor force, the body-weight and abductor lever arms, and the resulting hip joint reaction force.
We have given the whole platform a considered visual redesign. Every page now shares one calm, cohesive design language — a modern surgical atlas printed on soft paper. Topic and operative pages now read on a single clean sheet, with a refined display serif for headings, elegant hand-drawn anatomical engravings, and museum-style figures for the numbers that matter. Your study consoles, readiness scores and progress bars all speak the same visual language now, so the site feels like one place rather than many. We also added self-marking to the image cases (ISAWE) and the clinical CIM stations: after you reveal a model answer you can grade yourself — Got it, Partial or Missed — and your marks are remembered, so you can see how a case went last time and target what to revise. It is the same trustworthy content you know, presented far more beautifully and consistently.
A single design language across every page — display-serif headings, a warm paper feel, hand-drawn anatomical engravings and one clean reading sheet — so the whole site feels considered and consistent.
ISAWE image cases and CIM stations now let you self-mark against the model answer (Got it / Partial / Missed) and remember your marks, so you can see how you did and focus your revision.
Readiness, analytics and dashboard bars now use one consistent, colour-coded meter — your mastery, coverage and weak spots read at a glance.
We have given the main section pages — Topics, Question bank, ISAWE and CIM cases, Operative procedures, Viva, Mock exams and Revise — a visual refresh. Each now opens with a calm, hand-drawn anatomical or clinical illustration behind its header (bones and joints on the reference library, radiograph plates on the image-based cases, surgical instruments on the operative guides), so the site feels more crafted without ever getting in the way of the content. We have also made it clearer, right where you land, which tools are part of a subscription and where the free preview ends — with a one-tap link to the plans — so there is no more guessing about what unlocks what. And when you choose an exam, the exam page now guides you straight to your next step: practising if you already have access, or the right plan if you do not.
Section pages now open with a subtle anatomical or clinical illustration behind the header — refined, not flashy — so the site feels more considered while staying just as fast and readable.
On the practice sections you can now see at a glance which tools a subscription includes and where the free preview ends, with a direct link to the plans — or a quiet note that it is already included when you are subscribed.
Choosing an exam now leads somewhere useful: straight into practice and readiness tracking if you already have access, or the matching plan if you are getting started.
We have made a round of quality-of-life improvements across the site so studying feels quicker and smoother, especially on your phone. You can now search the whole library — topics, MCQs and cases — straight from the mobile menu. In MCQ practice you can answer entirely from the keyboard (press 1–5 or a–e to choose, Enter to submit and again to move on), and the results screen now shows a review map so you can see at a glance which questions you missed and jump back into any one to re-read its explanation. The live viva examiner now runs the exact number of stations you choose, advancing you from one to the next. When you are signed in, the homepage greets you with a way to pick up where you left off and a shortcut to your dashboard. And side-by-side comparison tables now stack into tidy, readable cards on small screens instead of scrolling sideways.
The search box is now in the mobile menu, so you can jump to any topic, MCQ or case from a phone in one tap — not just on desktop.
Press 1–5 (or a–e) to pick an option and Enter to submit, then Enter again to advance — fast, exam-realistic drilling without reaching for the mouse.
The quiz-complete screen now shows a colour-coded results map of every question; tap any one to jump back and re-read its explanation.
The live examiner now runs the number of stations you select and moves you through them one by one, instead of stopping after a single case.
Signed in, the homepage now surfaces your in-progress topics and a shortcut to your dashboard, so you can get back to studying immediately.
Clinical Investigation & Management stations now play out the way they do on exam day — as a guided walk-through rather than one long page. You start with just the clinical scenario: read the history and examination, and decide your approach before anything else is shown. When you are ready, reveal the investigations and interpret them, then work through the examiner questions and compare with the model answers, and finally the teaching points and follow-ups. A stage tracker in the study console shows where you are and lets you jump back to any stage you have already seen, and you can restart the walk-through to drill a case again. It is a much closer rehearsal of the pressure and pacing of the real CIM viva.
Each station is presented in order — clinical scenario, then investigations, then questions and model answers, then teaching and debrief — so you commit to a plan before the next piece of information appears.
The study console shows every stage, marks the ones you have completed, and lets you jump back to review, with the countdown timer alongside so you can practise to time.
Once you have finished a station you can restart the walk-through in one tap to run it again from the top.
Your AI mentor, Aster, can now answer any orthopaedic question you type. Just ask — “What is the blood supply to the femoral head?”, “How do I classify tibial plateau fractures?”, “Compare cemented and uncemented hip replacement” — and Aster gives a clear, consultant-level answer drawn from OrthoVellum’s verified library, with links straight to the source topics so you can read deeper. The answer now streams in as it is written, so you never wait on a blank screen, and every reply comes with suggested follow-ups and a one-tap way to be examined on the same topic. It stays honest: where Aster adds general knowledge beyond our verified pages it says so plainly, and it always reminds you to confirm clinical decisions with your seniors.
Type any orthopaedic question and Aster answers from OrthoVellum’s own referenced topic library, citing the exact pages it drew on so you can jump in and read the full detail.
Replies now appear progressively, word by word, so the mentor feels fast and responsive instead of leaving you waiting.
Every answer offers suggested follow-ups and a “Practise this” button, so you can move straight from understanding a topic to being examined on it.
The AI Mentor overview and practice screens have a cleaner, more immersive look that leads with the new ask-anything experience alongside tutorials, vivas and MCQ drills.
Dense reference sections across every topic — anatomy, clinical assessment, investigations, management, complications and more — now lay out as clean, colour-coded cards instead of long single-column lists, so they are far quicker to scan and revise from. Where a section follows a natural order, like a clinical examination or post-operative care over time, it now reads as a clear step-by-step timeline.
Long lists of clinical points are grouped into tidy, colour-coded cards that use the full width of the page, so the structure of each section is obvious at a glance.
Genuine sequences — the look, feel, move clinical examination and immediate-to-long-term post-operative care — now display as a connected timeline that mirrors the order you would actually follow.
Every section is titled with a colour-coded label that stays crisp and easy to read in both light and dark mode.
The human bites and fight bites topic now includes a two-panel MCP joint schematic showing how a clenched-fist tooth puncture can enter the extensor tendon and joint capsule, then seal as the hand opens and the tissue layers slide out of alignment.
The pseudogout and CPPD disease topic now includes a two-panel C1-C2 schematic showing axial and coronal views of periodontoid calcification around the dens, highlighting why crowned dens syndrome can mimic meningitis with acute neck pain and fever.
The congenital scoliosis topic now includes a four-panel schematic comparing hemivertebra, benign block vertebra, unilateral unsegmented bar, and bar plus contralateral hemivertebra, with curve direction and prognosis cues in one quick-reference view.
The sciatic nerve anatomy guide now includes a clean Beaton and Anson classification diagram showing how the common peroneal and tibial divisions relate to the piriformis muscle, from the usual inferior course through the less common split and transmuscular variants.
The forearm, wrist and hand surgical approaches guide now includes a clean axial anatomy diagram of the six dorsal wrist extensor compartments, showing the radius, ulna, extensor retinaculum, tendon groups and Listers tubercle in one quick-reference view.
Professionalism and ethics is a real, examinable domain on the boards — and until now you could practise questions on it but had nothing to read. We have added a full 15-topic reference library you can study from: core bioethics principles, informed consent and shared decision-making (Montgomery), disclosure of complications and the duty of candour, decision-making capacity and end-of-life, the impaired or disruptive colleague, conflicts of interest and industry relationships, medicolegal principles and negligence (Bolam/Bolitho), patient safety and wrong-site surgery prevention (the WHO checklist), medical error and root-cause analysis, systems-based practice and safety culture, value-based care and stewardship, research ethics and integrity, communication and teamwork, safe handover, and professional boundaries and social media. Each reads like a proper exam topic — the framework an examiner wants, worked viva scenarios, pearls and traps — and every reference was checked by hand against its original source. They sit alongside the existing professionalism question bank and the "safe surgeon" oral scenarios, so you can now both study the domain and test yourself on it.
The ABOS Part II Oral defends your own clinical decisions, so we have grown the oral library from a handful of cases into a comprehensive set of more than 200 — covering every domain you can be examined on: Trauma, Adult Reconstruction, Sports, Spine, Hand, Foot & Ankle, Shoulder & Elbow, Paediatrics and Orthopaedic Oncology, plus the "safe surgeon" professionalism and ethics station. Each case opens with a realistic scenario and imaging, then plays out as a structured case defence — the diagnosis and applied knowledge, your initial work-up, the operative options and how you choose between them, the key surgical steps, the post-operative plan and the complications to anticipate — with five examiner pointers on exactly what earns the mark. The cases go beyond the bread-and-butter into the harder calls examiners love: floating knee, exchange nailing for non-union, periprosthetic fracture and infection work-up, pelvic discontinuity, posterolateral-corner reconstruction, congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia, limb-salvage for sarcoma, metastatic spinal disease and more. Every case was reviewed individually for accuracy. We have also continued to grow the image-based question bank — the OITE and Part I lean heavily on films — so more of your single-best-answer practice now shows a real radiograph (bone tumours, implants and constructs, fractures and classic findings) and asks what you see or what you would do next, with every image checked by hand. Rehearse the orals domain by domain in the ABOS Part II oral hub.
We have evened out the FRCS (Tr&Orth) Section 1 written bank so no topic feels light. The arthroplasty, knee and sports, and foot and ankle areas have a fresh set of single-best-answer questions on the subtopics that previously had only one or two — so every blueprint topic now has a solid floor of questions to drill, and a full mock pulls evenly across them. The new questions are deliberately spread across diagnosis, definitive management, complications and operative decision-making, each written in the UK single-best-answer style (NICE, BOA / BOAST and registry framing) at fellowship depth, with a worked explanation of why the best answer wins and why each distractor falls short. Every question was reviewed individually for accuracy before going live. Practise them in the FRCS qbank, by subspecialty, or inside a full timed mock.
We have rebuilt the entire viva and orals bank so each case plays out like a real examiner table. Instead of one long model answer, every scenario now opens with the diagnosis and then escalates the way a real examiner does — through the anatomy and classification, interpreting the investigations, defending your management, talking through the operative steps, and then the curveballs: an intra-operative complication thrown at you mid-procedure, and the patient who comes back at three months with a problem. Across the whole bank that is roughly 850 cases, each with seven to nine progressive examiner prompts, and every prompt carries its own model answer, the key points to hit, and a one-line insight on what the examiner is actually rewarding. The questions probe operative and technical depth — distinct from the clinical-judgement vivas — so FRACS, FRCS, ABOS and EBOT candidates can rehearse the back-and-forth of the oral, not just read a textbook answer. Every fact has been checked against the source content.
Each case starts broad and gets harder — name the classification, read the film, defend the plan, then handle the complication. You practise thinking on your feet, not reciting.
Cases throw the kind of thing that actually happens in theatre — brisk bleeding, a fracture during implant removal, a screw that has gone too far — and ask what you do next.
Every prompt reveals not just the model answer and key points, but a short note on what earns the mark at that exact moment.
You can now take out a single-exam subscription for the US Boards (ABOS / OITE) or the European Board (EBOT / FEBOT) on its own — exactly like FRACS and FRCS — instead of needing All Access. Each track is a complete preparation package: its own single-best-answer question bank, image interpretation, clinical investigation & management cases, timed mocks, readiness tracking and viva practice, with the live AI Mentor available as well. Pick your exam and pay only for the one you are sitting (Exam Access from A$29/month, or Exam + AI Mentor from A$49/month), or choose All Access if you want every track together. The pricing page now lets you choose any of the four exams directly.
The real ABOS Part I and the AAOS OITE are heavily image-based and love to show you a film and ask what you would do next, so we have added a large set of new image-stem single-best-answer questions in exactly that style. Each one presents a realistic radiograph, MRI, CT or clinical photo and asks for the most appropriate management, spanning trauma, adult hip and knee reconstruction, spine, sports medicine, hand, paediatrics and orthopaedic oncology — from a displaced hip fracture, open tibia, cauda equina and an unstable ankle to a pilon fracture, periprosthetic fracture, rotator cuff tear, scaphoid and Achilles injuries, a paediatric supracondylar fracture, and the safe work-up of a suspected bone tumour. Every image is checked by hand and every answer is referenced to current evidence. We have also tuned the ABOS question bank so these image questions appear more often, making your practice feel much more like the real exam.
The FRACS written paper includes short-answer questions on the generic, non-clinical competencies every surgeon needs, and we have added a dedicated set to the Essays library to cover them. There are seven new short-answer questions, each with a worked first-person model answer, mapped to the RACS competencies: communicating with an angry family after a complication, providing culturally safe care for an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patient, safe clinical handover and a near-miss, leading the theatre team through an intraoperative crisis, advocating for a patient facing access and equity barriers, supervising a trainee who will operate, and professionalism online and in public. You will find them under the new "Generic Competency" filter in Essays.
We have added four detailed surgical-approach guides that candidates ask for again and again: the anterolateral (anterior, brachialis-splitting) approach to the humerus, the anterolateral approach to the distal humerus, the direct approach to the ulnar shaft along its subcutaneous border, and the volar (Russe) approach to the scaphoid. Each one walks through positioning and landmarks, the internervous plane, the step-by-step dissection, the structures genuinely at risk and how to protect them, a clear comparison with the alternative approaches, model viva answers and an exam cheat-sheet — with verified anatomy and radiograph images and the supporting evidence gathered at the end. They round out the operative surgery library so the upper-limb approaches you are most likely to be examined on are all covered. Operative Surgery is now split into two clearly separate sections — Operative Procedures and Operative Approaches — so you can browse exposures on their own; find the new guides under Operative Approaches.
The humeral approaches make the brachialis split and the radial nerve crossing from the spiral groove to the front explicit — exactly the points examiners probe.
Each guide sets its approach side by side with the alternatives (for example anterolateral versus posterior for the distal humerus, and volar versus dorsal for the scaphoid) so you can justify your choice.
Every approach ends with model viva answers, the classic traps, and a focused cheat-sheet for last-minute revision.
Operative Surgery is now two clearly separate sections — Operative Procedures and Operative Approaches — each with its own page, so you can browse surgical exposures on their own.
Our whole operative surgery library has been rebuilt to be cleaner and faster to learn from, and every single one of its 459 procedures and approaches now carries a relevant clinical image. Each page now follows one simple, consistent flow — a snapshot, the imaging, indications, the operation (or the approach) step by step, complications, aftercare, and a focused viva-and-exam section — with all the supporting evidence and references gathered neatly at the end rather than scattered through the page. We have also reorganised the library so procedures sit under the right region: knee, shoulder, hand, foot and ankle and the rest are now grouped correctly, so browsing by area gets you where you expect. And to make every technique easier to picture, we have added a verified image to each one — post-operative radiographs, intra-operative exposures, arthroscopic views and clear anatomy — every image checked structure by structure for accuracy before it went live and labelled as an educational illustration. Browse it all from the Operative Surgery section.
Every procedure and approach now reads the same simple way — snapshot, imaging, indications, the operation step by step, complications, aftercare and a focused viva section — with references gathered at the end.
All 459 operative topics now carry a relevant radiograph, intra-operative photo, arthroscopic view or anatomy image, each verified in detail before going live.
Procedures and approaches now sit under the correct subspecialty — knee, shoulder, hand, foot & ankle and more — so browsing by area lands where you expect.
Choosing which exam you are sitting is now front and centre. The homepage leads with a "Choose your exam" picker, and each of the four exams — FRCS (Tr & Orth), FRACS, ABOS / US Boards and EBOT / FEBOT — is a single click into its own tailored hub: a blueprint-weighted question bank, coverage map, readiness score and oral practice. Your choice is remembered and shown in the top bar, so the regional guidelines, registries and terminology on topic pages line up with the exam you are preparing for. EBOT / FEBOT now sits alongside the others in that selector, pointing European candidates to EFORT and the national European joint registries.
The homepage hero and a dedicated picker let you jump straight into FRCS, FRACS, ABOS or EBOT / FEBOT preparation — no more hunting through menus.
The exam you pick is saved and shown in the top bar, and topic pages tailor their regional guidelines, registries and drug terminology to it.
European candidates can now set their context too, with pointers to EFORT and the national European arthroplasty registers.
OrthoVellum now has a dedicated track for the European Board of Orthopaedics & Traumatology (EBOT / FEBOT), sitting alongside FRACS, FRCS and the US Boards. It is mapped to the real exam: Section 1 is a best-of-five single-best-answer paper across the five European sections — Upper Limb, Lower Limb, Spine, Paediatrics and Basic Science — and Section 2 is five structured 30-minute orals. The new track home gives you a blueprint-weighted adaptive question bank that draws on our best-of-five question pool (so you can sit a full 100-question mock shaped exactly like the real written paper), a coverage map of every subspecialty, a live readiness score, and a Section 2 orals hub that lets you rehearse each of the five oral sessions on clinical and imaging cases with model answers. Open it from the Exam Tracks page and pick EBOT / FEBOT.
Section 1 best-of-five written across Upper Limb, Lower Limb, Spine, Paediatrics and Basic Science, plus the five Section 2 orals — structured the way the EBOT / FEBOT actually runs.
A blueprint-weighted adaptive question bank that builds a full 100-question best-of-five mock in the real section proportions, surfacing your weakest areas first.
Five oral sessions — Upper Limb, Lower Limb, Spine, Paediatrics and Basic Sciences — each rehearsable on clinical and imaging cases with model answers, traps and follow-ups.
The ABOS and OITE question bank now looks far more like the real thing. The in-training and board exams are heavily image-based, so we have added a clean, exam-style film to more than fifty of the high-yield image-diagnosis questions — the kind where you interpret the picture and then choose your answer. You will now see the actual radiograph, MRI or clinical photograph at the top of these questions: fracture films (tibial plateau, femoral and tibial shaft, distal humerus, bimalleolar ankle, pelvic and acetabular injuries, scaphoid waist, paediatric femur), classic deformities and arthroplasty films (adult and early-onset scoliosis, hip and knee replacements and their revisions, megaprosthesis, dislocations and loosening), tumour and metabolic films (osteosarcoma, Ewing, giant-cell tumour, chondrosarcoma, metastasis, vertebra plana, healing callus), paediatric hips (DDH, Perthes, SCFE, cerebral-palsy hip surveillance, clubfoot), and soft-tissue MRI and clinical photos (ACL, PCL, meniscus, multi-ligament knee, lumbar disc herniation and stenosis, cervical disc, Achilles rupture, soft-tissue sarcoma, Dupuytren, trigger finger, distal-biceps rupture, diabetic foot, hallux rigidus, Lisfranc). Every single image was checked, structure by structure, against what it is meant to show before it went live, and each is labelled as an educational illustration. Practise them from the ABOS question bank and the full-length OITE-style mock.
More than fifty high-yield ABOS/OITE diagnosis questions now open with the radiograph, MRI or clinical photo you interpret — matching the image-heavy real exam.
Trauma, adult reconstruction, sports, spine, hand, foot & ankle, paediatrics, oncology and basic science all gained exam-style images on their classic visual diagnoses.
Each picture was verified in detail against the finding it is meant to show before going live, and is clearly labelled as an educational illustration.
The FRCS Section 2 oral practice bank has grown again — now over 700 examiner-style cases — with a wave of the more advanced, frequently-tested viva topics that separate a pass from a strong pass. New cases include the applied basic-science questions examiners love (perioperative anticoagulation and reversal, nerve conduction studies and DEXA, statistics and critical appraisal, nuclear bone imaging, orthobiologics and graft substitutes, and implant-wear science), spinal cord injury physiology and metastatic-spine decision-making, deeper trauma principles, adult reconstruction and revision arthroplasty, small-joint hand arthritis and the vascular hand, knee reconstruction technique, sports-medicine special topics, musculoskeletal-oncology adjuncts, and shoulder arthroscopy with the rarer instability patterns. Every case is balanced across the four orals and the operative viva, and each one was checked individually for accuracy before it went live. Practise them from the Section 2 orals hub, by station, or inside the full timed Section 2 mock.
Your dashboard has been rebuilt from the ground up into a single study cockpit. It now opens with a personalised greeting and a clear strip of your key numbers — your day streak, topics studied, MCQs answered, accuracy and hours logged — followed by a "Jump back in" row that takes you straight back to the topics you have in progress (or, if you are just starting, a few good first steps). A new "Your library at a glance" section shows everything available to you across every format — topics, MCQs, image-and-short-answer scenarios, viva practice, operative surgery, clinical investigation and management, clinical exams and essays — each one a single click away. Below that you will find your daily challenge, exam readiness and focus areas, your performance trends, recent activity and viva history, and all your study tools (schedule, exam countdown, focus timer and progress export) in one tidy place. The whole page has been redesigned to be cleaner and easier to read, with consistent cards and a layout that adapts neatly to phone, tablet and desktop, and everything you do is saved automatically so it is there when you come back.
A live snapshot of your streak, topics studied, MCQs answered, accuracy and study hours the moment you arrive.
Resume the topics you have in progress in one click — or get clear first steps if you are just getting started.
Every study format — topics, MCQs, ISAWE, viva, operative surgery, CIM, clinical exams and essays — surfaced with live counts and direct links.
A redesigned, easier-to-read layout with tidy cards that adapts smoothly across phone, tablet and desktop.
We have rewritten the entire Essays library so each one reads the way you would actually answer in the exam. The question is now broken into clear numbered parts, just as an examiner would ask it, and the model answer is written in the first person and in plain, straightforward language — the way a candidate would talk through a case. For a clinical scenario it walks through it in order: an opening line on what the problem is and the plan, then the history I would take, how I would examine the patient, the investigations I would request and what I am looking for with each, the differential, and finally the management options with the reasons for the choice, ending in a short summary. Ethics and basic-science essays follow the same first-person style with a structure that suits them. All 183 essays across every subspecialty have been updated, with the clinical facts, classifications and references kept intact.
Flashcards have been rebuilt from the ground up. You now open to a study hub that shows your overall mastery, how many cards you have studied, and what is due today, with a clear progress bar for every subspecialty. Choose how to study — work through cards that are due, start fresh with new cards, drill your weak spots, or browse the whole deck — and filter by type (Topics, Approaches, Operative) and level (Core, Intermediate, Advanced). Each card flips to reveal a concise, exam-pitched answer with a pearl, and you rate how well you recalled it; spaced repetition then schedules each card for the ideal moment, showing you the next review interval as you rate. Your progress is saved automatically, so if you stop part-way the hub greets you with a "Resume — X of Y done" so you can carry straight on. The deck itself is fully curated and individually reviewed for the FRCS, FRACS and ABOS exams and has grown to over 2,900 cards. It now includes a complete operative-surgery library — indications, key steps and complications for the full range of procedures — alongside a comprehensive surgical-approach atlas covering the internervous plane, landmarks and structures-at-risk for every classic approach across the limbs, spine and pelvis. The same deck powers the mobile app, so your revision is consistent wherever you study.
We have substantially expanded the Essays library with fifty-seven new long-answer model essays covering many of the most frequently examined topics in the written fellowship papers, now including a full set of musculoskeletal oncology essays (Ewing sarcoma, metastatic bone disease from an unknown primary, osteochondroma and hereditary multiple exostoses, aneurysmal bone cyst, fibrous dysplasia, plasmacytoma and myeloma bone disease, and simple bone cyst). Each is a full, structured answer — introduction, classification, assessment, management and a synthesising conclusion — with a marking scheme, key references, common pitfalls and examiner tips, so you can see exactly how a top-scoring response is built. The new essays span trauma (Monteggia, pilon, tibial plateau, acetabular, femoral and tibial shaft, subtrochanteric and intertrochanteric hip, Galeazzi, olecranon and patella fractures), foot and ankle (talar neck, ankle and syndesmosis, tarsal coalition, fifth-metatarsal/Jones, Morton’s neuroma, navicular stress fracture, subtalar dislocation, turf toe, Freiberg and lesser-toe deformities), upper limb (clavicle, scaphoid, Kienböck, radial head, capitellum, Dupuytren and rotator cuff disease), the cervical spine (odontoid, Jefferson, facet dislocation, os odontoideum, atlantoaxial instability, craniocervical dissociation and cervical radiculopathy), paediatrics (lateral condyle and radial neck fractures, Blount disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, cerebral palsy, limb deficiencies, juvenile osteochondritis dissecans, discoid meniscus and tibial eminence fractures) and basic science (osteoporosis, Paget disease, heterotopic ossification and the spectrum of spondylolisthesis). Find them all under Essays, filterable by subspecialty.
We have started adding genuine, openly-licensed clinical images — real radiographs, MRI and clinical photographs rather than illustrations — to topics that were light on imagery. Every image is checked by eye before it goes up (so the caption matches exactly what the film shows) and is from a properly licensed, commercially-usable source with the credit shown. First topics in this wave include Charcot neuroarthropathy, Blount disease, Brodie abscess, boutonnière deformity, Köhler disease, scaphoid nonunion and more, with the wave ongoing.
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / hand
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / hand
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / spine
Expanded / spine
Expanded / hand
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / spine
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / spine
Expanded / spine
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / hand
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / shoulder-elbow
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / hand
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / spine
Expanded / spine
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / hand
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / spine
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / spine
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / spine
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / spine
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / hand
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / spine
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / foot-ankle
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / shoulder-elbow
Expanded / hand
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / spine
Expanded / hand
Expanded / hand
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / spine
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / hand
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / hand
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / paediatric
Expanded / sports-medicine
Expanded / anatomy
Expanded / trauma
Expanded / adult-reconstruction
Expanded / spine
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / oncology
Expanded / oncology
When you open a topic, you will now see the landmark trials that matter for that condition — the result and the one-line exam take-home — right at the bottom of the page, each linked to PubMed. So on the distal radius page you get DRAFFT and the elderly-wrist evidence; on the ACL page you get KANON, MOON, STABILITY and MARS; on the ankle fracture page you get AIM. It is drawn from our growing library of verified landmark trials and shows only where a trial genuinely applies.
No need to leave the topic — the trials that examiners expect you to cite are summarised in place, with a link to browse the full library by domain.
A big upgrade to the ABOS / US Boards (and OITE) lane. There is a new High-Yield Evidence library — the landmark trials the boards love to test, what each actually showed and the one-line exam take-home, organised by blueprint domain and linked straight to PubMed. There is a full-length (~275-question) mock that mirrors a real OITE / Part I sitting across all ten domains, with a live timer and a per-domain score at the end. And there is now a dedicated Part II Oral hub to rehearse case-defence orals domain by domain, including the “safe surgeon” ethics station. The evidence library and oral hub are free to browse.
Fifty landmark trials and scoring systems across all eleven blueprint domains — SPRINT, FLOW, CRASH-2, PREVENT CLOT, HIP ATTACK, HEALTH, FAITH, TOPKAT, WHiTE 5, KANON, MOON, STABILITY, MARS, DRAFFT, SWIFFT, carpal tunnel, PROFHER, UKUFF, CSAW, shoulder-instability, Achilles, AIM, TARVA, Lisfranc, CRISTAL, the WHO checklist, Mirels, OVIVA, INFORM, the cervical-myelopathy, vertebroplasty, meniscectomy, cartilage-repair and spondylolisthesis evidence and more — each with its design, result and exam take-home, grouped by blueprint domain with a jump-to-domain nav and linked to PubMed. Free to browse.
Sit a ~275-question paper drawn across all ten domains in blueprint proportions — the closest thing to the real all-day OITE / Part I sitting — alongside the quicker 75-question blueprint mock.
Practice sets and mocks now show a running clock while you work and report your total time and seconds-per-question at the end, so you can pace yourself for the real exam.
Rehearse the Part II Oral Certifying exam domain by domain — Trauma, Adult Reconstruction, Sports, Spine, Hand, Foot & Ankle, Shoulder & Elbow, Paediatrics, Oncology — plus a “safe surgeon” professionalism and ethics station, each opening a focused case-defence session with model answers.
The ABOS / US Boards lane just got a big upgrade. There is a brand-new Professionalism & Ethics domain — the part of the boards that tests informed consent, disclosing complications, patient safety, conflicts of interest and the “safe surgeon” judgement — covered both as single-best-answer questions and as Part II oral scenarios with model answers. You can now drill any ABOS blueprint domain on its own, sit a full blueprint-weighted mock, and get a per-domain score at the end so you know exactly where to focus.
Informed consent, disclosing complications, patient safety and wrong-site prevention, impaired colleagues, conflicts of interest, decision-making capacity and end-of-life, research ethics and more — as practice questions plus Part II “safe surgeon” oral scenarios with model answers and examiner tips.
Pick any single blueprint domain — Trauma, Adult Spine, Adult Reconstruction, Sports, Hand, Foot & Ankle, Shoulder & Elbow, Paediatrics, Oncology, General Principles or Professionalism — and practise just that area.
Sit a timed paper drawn across all domains in blueprint proportions, then see how you scored in each domain at the end — a clear, focused study to-do list.
You can now run the whole FRCS (Tr&Orth) Section 2 oral exam end to end in one sitting. The new mock walks you through all four oral stations plus the operative viva in exam order, each timed as on the day, and finishes with a per-station readiness breakdown so you know exactly where you stand. Start it from the Section 2 orals hub.
Adult & Spine, Trauma, Children’s & Hand, Applied Basic Sciences and the operative viva, presented in exam order with a live countdown for each station — a realistic exam-day rehearsal rather than isolated questions.
Read each stem, commit to your answer out loud, reveal the model answer and examiner tips, and mark each question ready or needing work.
At the end you get a per-station breakdown of how many questions you felt ready on and which to revisit — a clear study to-do list. A fresh set of cases is drawn each time you run it.
The FRCS Section 2 oral practice has more than doubled — from around 200 to 450 examiner-style cases — and is now balanced across all five stations, with every case checked individually for accuracy. Trauma, Applied Basic Sciences and the operative viva saw the biggest growth, and the four orals plus the operative viva are evenly resourced so no station feels thin.
The trauma oral now spans the whole syllabus — pelvic and acetabular patterns, hip and femoral fractures, knee and tibial injuries, foot and ankle trauma, upper-limb fractures, spinal trauma and the trauma principles (open fractures, compartment syndrome, fat embolism, non-union and the mangled limb).
The UK exam’s most demanding oral now reaches across imaging physics, biomaterials and biomechanics, bone pharmacology, tissue and cell biology, skeletal genetics and embryology, and statistics — the breadth examiners actually probe.
The operative viva now walks through reconstruction and complex cases — revision hip and knee replacement, periacetabular osteotomy, complex spine, shoulder and elbow reconstruction, and tumour and limb reconstruction — with the approach, steps and structures at risk laid out.
Every new case was reviewed one by one for accuracy, and older duplicate cases were merged so each topic appears once, in its best home.
We verified every citation across the topic library against PubMed and CrossRef — more than five thousand unique references, each confirmed to be a real, findable paper. Where a citation pointed to the wrong record it has been corrected. When you follow a reference from OrthoVellum to read the source, it will be there.
Every PubMed ID attached to the evidence cards across the library was checked against PubMed itself, and the few citations without a PubMed ID (clinical guidelines and classic papers) were confirmed in CrossRef. Every reference resolves to a genuine source.
A handful of citations that named the right paper but linked to the wrong record — or carried an incomplete author line — have been fixed so the title, authors, year and identifier all agree.
This verification is now part of how the library is maintained, so the references stay trustworthy as content continues to grow.
The FRCS oral practice is now organised exactly as the real exam: a dedicated Section 2 hub presents the four oral stations — Adult & Spine, Trauma, Children’s & Hand, and Applied Basic Sciences — plus the operative vivas, each opening a focused examiner table drawn only from that station’s cases. The Applied Basic Sciences oral, the one UK candidates most often under-prepare, is highlighted with its own set so you can drill it on its own.
Pick a single oral and you get a focused rehearsal set of just that station’s cases — read the stem like a candidate, answer aloud, then reveal the model answer, the examiner’s traps and the follow-ups, and mark each as ready or needing more work.
Oral 4 — biomechanics, biomaterials, tissue healing, microbiology and critical appraisal — now has its own clearly-signposted station, so the most demanding UK viva is no longer buried among the others.
The four 30-minute orals and the operative vivas are laid out in exam order from the FRCS track page, so it is obvious what to practise and where you stand across the whole oral exam.
Every image across the topic library has been reviewed one by one for quality, accuracy and licensing — third-party watermarks and any patient-identifying photographs have been removed, and the whole image library tidied so pages stay clean, load quickly, and sit firmly within copyright.
Every radiograph, scan, clinical photograph and diagram across the topic library has been checked individually for quality, accuracy and proper licensing. Anything that did not meet the standard was replaced or removed, so you can trust what you see on every page.
Every clinical image now comes from an openly-licensed source appropriate for a subscription resource and is free of third-party watermarks, so the pages read cleanly and the reference library stays comfortably within copyright.
Any image that could identify a patient has been retired in favour of clearer, consent-safe alternatives.
Several hundred unused image files were pruned behind the scenes, keeping the site light and quick to load.
The image-based short-answer practice library has grown to close to a thousand timed scenarios across every subspecialty, and its images have been carefully upgraded: many are now genuine, openly-licensed radiographs, each one reviewed so the questions and model answers describe exactly what is on the film.
The ISAWE library now spans almost a thousand timed, single-image cases across trauma, paediatrics, hand, foot and ankle, hip, knee, shoulder, spine, oncology, infection and basic science — so there is a relevant scenario to practise for almost any radiograph you might meet on the day.
Many scenario images have been upgraded to genuine, openly-licensed radiographs from recognised teaching collections, each carrying clear source attribution — so what you study looks like what you will be shown in the exam.
Each scenario image has been reviewed individually so the questions and model answers describe exactly what is on the film — the projection, the side, and the findings. Where an image and its answers did not line up, the case was corrected so your practice is never misleading.
Every ISAWE card now shows its clinical stem at a glance, so you can choose the scenario you want to drill without opening each one first.
The osteomyelitis pathophysiology topic now includes an updated Cierny-Mader classification diagram to make host status, anatomic type and management implications easier to review.
We have added a comprehensive gold-standard operative surgery page on corrective osteotomy for symptomatic distal radius malunion. The page covers the full pre-operative workup (radiographic parameters, three-dimensional CT planning and patient-specific instrumentation), both the volar opening-wedge and dorsal closing-wedge techniques with structural bone grafting, intra-articular step correction in young patients, concurrent management of the DRUJ (ulnar shortening, wafer resection and the Sauvé–Kapandji procedure), implant and fixation choices, the full spectrum of complications (FPL and EPL tendon rupture, under- and over-correction, nonunion, persistent DRUJ symptoms) and a graded post-operative rehabilitation protocol. Aimed at FRACS, FRCS, EBOT, ABOS and DNB/MS candidates and at any surgeon preparing for an upper-limb oral.
The osteopetrosis topic now includes a clearer clinical management flowchart covering ARO transplant assessment, supportive care, ADO surveillance, fracture pathways and antiresorptive cautions.
The juvenile idiopathic arthritis topic now includes a clearer management flowchart linking medical escalation, rehabilitation, contracture care, leg length management and rare end-stage reconstruction decisions.
Every part of OrthoVellum has been rebuilt around how you actually study: a cleaner, full-width reading layout, memory aids placed beside the exact text they reinforce, smarter image handling, a teaching-focused question experience, and rebuilt exam simulators — all with a refreshed light-first design and a full dark mode that stays consistent across the entire site.
Topic pages now use the full width of your screen with a modular layout. The clinical narrative reads first, with a study panel — reading time, your progress, and related topics — kept alongside. It stays comfortable whether you read on a laptop, a wide monitor, or your phone.
Mnemonics, key numbers, and quick reminders now appear next to the exact paragraph they reinforce, so you take in the fact and its aid together. Each classification is shown once, in full, where it belongs — no more reading the same ladder three times.
Radiographs and clinical photographs now size themselves sensibly instead of dominating the page, sit side-by-side where that saves space, and carry their captions cleanly. Films rest on a calm dark mount; photographs and diagrams sit frameless. Any image can be opened larger with a click.
Every table across the site now shares a single clean style, comparison and reference tables read the same way, and grouped sections — like sport-specific or stepwise tabs — now read as one tidy unit under their heading.
In MCQ practice, the explanation for each option now opens directly beneath it, so the reasoning is exactly where your eye already is — making it faster to learn from both the correct answer and the distractors.
ISAWE and CIM cases now run as a focused exam workspace: a prominent image you can enlarge, a built-in timer, laboratory results presented as a clean report with abnormal values flagged, and model answers that reveal in place beneath each question so you can mark your own attempt.
Procedures and examination routines now read as a clear, illustrated sequence — each step shown with its figure alongside, the examiner’s focus highlighted, and references within reach.
The viva library and the AI examiner now share one clean question-and-model-answer experience built for oral-exam rehearsal.
The dashboard brings your daily challenge, exam readiness, weak areas, recent activity, and study tools together into one tidy, responsive overview.
A refreshed light-first design with a complete dark mode, applied consistently to every section of the site, with accessibility and reduced-motion preferences respected throughout.
A new oncology topic covers non-ossifying fibroma and fibrous cortical defect recognition, fracture-risk thresholds, fibrous dysplasia differentiation, Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome and pathological fracture management.
A new paediatric classification tool explains Milch I and II lateral condyle fracture patterns, Jakob displacement stages, operative thresholds and common examination pitfalls.
Topic pages now lead with the teaching content. The opening imaging gallery is tucked into a collapsible panel, the reading column is narrower for comfortable line length, sections are cleaner, and the writing across the site has been simplified for faster studying.
Several hand, trauma, sports medicine, paediatric and radiology chapters have been maintained so tabbed sections display reliably and recent imaging-topic updates are recorded in the site update history.
Expanded / Hand
Expanded / Trauma
Expanded / Foot and Ankle
Expanded / Trauma
Expanded / Hand
Expanded / Hand
Expanded / Trauma
Expanded / Radiology
Expanded / Radiology
Expanded / Radiology
Expanded / Radiology
Expanded / Basic Science
Expanded / Sports Medicine
Expanded / Radiology
Expanded / Paediatrics
The Achilles tendon rupture, achondroplasia, ACL injuries, adamantinoma and adjacent segment disease chapters have been refreshed with section-level visual summaries and updated image-attribution records to make assessment, imaging, management and complications easier to review.
A new research and statistics topic covers major orthopaedic trials across trauma, sports/knee, arthroplasty, paediatrics and spine, including DRAFFT, PROFHER, FLOW, FAITH, HEALTH, FORCE, KANON, METEOR, FIDELITY, MOON, CRISTAL, EPCAT II and SPORT, with emphasis on practice signals, limitations and safe clinical application.
A new adult reconstruction topic covers revision TKA bone-loss assessment, AORI classification, zonal fixation, cement and screws, metal augments, metaphyseal cones, sleeves, stems, constraint selection, operative sequence, complications and evidence signals.
The scaphoid fractures chapter has been refined with a clearer complications section covering nonunion, proximal pole avascular necrosis, humpback malunion and scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse, alongside the existing imaging and operative decision material.
A new paediatric shoulder topic covers congenital elevated scapula, omovertebral bone, associated anomaly screening, Cavendish and Rigault classification, imaging, non-operative care, Woodward and Green procedures, nerve-risk planning, complications and follow-up.
A new hand trauma topic covers recognition of high-pressure injection injury, material-specific risk, imaging, emergency management, operative debridement, complications, rehabilitation and practical decision points for paint, grease, solvent, water and gas injuries.
New advanced approach guides cover cervical, thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbar spine corridors plus anterior ankle, posterolateral ankle, medial ankle, sinus tarsi, extensile lateral calcaneus, dorsal midfoot and first-ray exposures. The pages emphasise approach choice, safe intervals, danger structures, wound planning, closure and practical operative steps.
A new advanced topic group covering operative approaches, wrist instability, paediatric trauma, revision arthroplasty, sarcoma referral, critical appraisal, ballistic trauma, vascular trauma, compartment syndrome, acetabular fracture imaging, and cervical spine surgery. The pages include decision pathways, reviewed images, practical examination points, imaging interpretation, operative planning, and management frameworks.
Added / Trauma
Expanded / Trauma
Added / Trauma
Added / Trauma
Expanded / Spine
Added / Surgical Approaches
Added / Surgical Approaches and Hand
Added / Hand and Wrist
Expanded / Hand and Trauma
Added / Paediatrics and Trauma
Added / Paediatrics and Trauma
Added / Adult Reconstruction
Added / Adult Reconstruction
Added / Oncology
Added / Research and Statistics
A major paediatric orthopaedics expansion covering gait, hip surveillance, paediatric trauma, congenital limb differences, infection, deformity correction, and common high-yield clinical presentations.
Added / Paediatrics
Added / Paediatrics
Added / Hand and Paediatrics
Added / Paediatrics
Added / Paediatrics
Added / Paediatrics
Added / Paediatrics
Added / Oncology and Paediatrics
Added / Sports Medicine and Paediatrics
Added / Paediatrics
Added / Trauma and Paediatrics
Added / Trauma and Paediatrics
Added / Trauma and Paediatrics
Added / Trauma and Paediatrics
Added / Paediatrics
Added / Hand and Paediatrics
Added / Hand, Trauma and Paediatrics
