Site updates

What is new in OrthoVellum.

Follow new topic additions and major reference updates as the reference library expands. Each entry links directly to the pages that changed.

Latest update
13 October 2026
Topics listed
207
Update type
Reference library
Platform

Self-study stations now keep your progress and completion dates

Viva Self-study now shows unique completed and remaining stations, partial attempts and stations needing review. Choose a specific station instead of relying on a random session, resume after refreshing, and review completed stations by date. The headline station count remains the available bank, not your remaining workload.

What changed
  • Completion is automatic

    Reveal each model answer and advance past the last prompt with Next or Finish. Ready and Needs work remain optional self-ratings; unrated prompts are not treated as failed or ready.

  • Plan and revisit

    Search station titles and filter by Remaining, Unstudied, In progress, Completed or Needs review. Completion history groups up to 1,000 recent records by date; repeats do not inflate unique completion counts.

  • Compact, account-owned progress

    Only station identifiers, dates and progress markers are saved, not copies of model answers or conversations. Signed-in progress syncs to your account; signed-out progress stays on the device. Earlier sessions that were never saved cannot be recovered.

Platform

Exam Access is now OrthoVellum Pro

Many of you told us you were not sitting an exam, so a plan called Exam Access did not look meant for you. It always was: the operative procedure and surgical approach guides, clinical examination with 3D lessons, the 3D anatomy atlas, image and clinical-management cases and flashcards are the same on every plan, whichever exam you choose. The plans are now Pro, Pro + AI Mentor and All Access. Nothing about what you get or what you pay has changed; the exam you pick only decides which question bank is included, and if you are not sitting one you can pick any.

Platform

Back to our original prices, held for at least a year

Thank you to everyone who studies with OrthoVellum: far more of you are using it than a few months ago. After the September price rise, many of you, particularly trainees in countries where an Australian-dollar subscription is a large share of a salary, told us it had put the platform out of reach. OrthoVellum was built for trainees, so from today we are back to the original prices: Exam Access A$29 a month or A$249 a year, Exam + AI Mentor A$49 or A$429, and All Access A$89 or A$749. There will be no price increase before 1 October 2027.

What changed
  • Current subscribers: nothing to do

    The increase announced on 6 September is cancelled. Your next renewal and every one after it bills the original price, including any renewal we had already scheduled at the higher amount.

  • Paid the higher price since 6 September?

    The difference has been refunded to your card, so nobody pays more than the original price.

  • Nothing is taken away

    Every feature added since the rise, including the flashcards and the 3D examination lessons, stays in the plans at the original prices. The AI Mentor add-on is A$20 a month or A$180 a year, so Exam Access plus the add-on still costs exactly the same as Exam + AI Mentor.

Platform

All 1,307 topics rewritten, 54,017 flashcards, and new 3D examination lessons

The topic rewrite that began with scaphoid fractures is complete: all 1,307 topic pages now teach in short structured paragraphs, with each fact stated once and the numbers worth recalling in bold. Every page was checked fact by fact against its previous version, and figure captions now describe only what the image shows. The same release adds a flashcard library and a large batch of new 3D clinical examination lessons.

What changed
  • Every topic page

    Repeated boxes and padded mnemonics are gone, internal contradictions found during the rewrite were corrected from the page’s own evidence, and each figure sits beside the paragraph it illustrates.

  • Flashcards

    54,017 cards across 1,914 chapters, built from the topics, surgical approaches, clinical examination and imaging signs.

  • 3D examination lessons

    Special tests animated on the 3D model across the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, hip, knee and foot, with hand placement and measurement technique shown step by step.

Platform

AI Mentor add-on now costs exactly the difference between Exam Access and Exam + AI Mentor

The AI Mentor add-on is now A$30 a month or A$250 a year, down from A$35 and A$279. Exam Access (A$49 / A$349) plus the add-on now comes to the same A$79 a month or A$599 a year as Exam + AI Mentor, so anyone already on an Exam plan can add Aster viva practice later without paying more than they would have by choosing the bundle at the start. Nobody was on the old add-on price, so no existing subscription changes.

What changed
  • Add it when you need it

    Start with Exam Access, then add AI Mentor from your account when your viva run-up begins. The total is identical to the bundle.

  • The add-on still needs an Exam plan

    Aster examines you on your own exam track, so the add-on sits on top of an active Exam Access subscription on any of the eight tracks. Exam + AI Mentor and All Access include it.

Clinical Topics

Every topic, rewritten to read the way you learn

The topic library is being rewritten page by page so that each section teaches rather than lists. Reasoning is written out in short paragraphs under clear headings, the facts that matter are in bold, lists are kept for the things that really are lists, nothing is said twice, and every figure sits beside the words it illustrates. Every rewritten page is checked line by line against its previous version so that no fact, figure or citation is lost and none is invented. Scaphoid fractures is the first; the rest follow in order of exam weight.

What changed
  • Structured, not dense

    Short paragraphs under run-in headings, with the classification tables, criteria and protocols kept as tables and lists.

  • Said once

    Repeated facts, padded mnemonics and top-of-page galleries are gone; each fact lives in the section that explains it, with the cheat sheet and practice points for recall.

  • Checked against the original

    An independent read-through compares every number, name and citation in the old page with the new one before it is published.

Topics included in this update
Clinical Topics

Five new conditions: overgrowth syndromes, growth restriction, unilateral cerebral palsy and sarcoma principles

Five conditions that previously appeared only as passing mentions inside other pages now have full chapters, each with its own question set, written-paper case and clinical investigation case. Every clinical claim is traceable to indexed literature, and the figures are licence-checked open-access images reviewed individually before use.

What changed
  • Overgrowth and asymmetry, told apart properly

    Proteus syndrome and Klippel-Trénaunay now sit alongside the existing hemihypertrophy material, with the mosaic mechanisms, the distinction from high-flow Parkes-Weber disease, and the thromboembolic and coagulopathy risks that change perioperative planning.

  • Growth restriction is not overgrowth

    The Russell-Silver chapter sets out the imprinting direction explicitly, uses hemihypoplasia rather than hemiatrophy, and states what the evidence actually supports about tumour surveillance, hypoglycaemia risk and limb-length decisions.

  • Gait classification checked against its source

    The hemiplegia chapter quotes the original four gait groups as published, and flags the widely repeated variant that misstates the third group. The existing cerebral palsy page has been corrected to match.

AI Mentor

Aster: better source retrieval, MCQ teaching and attempt tracking

AI Mentor now reads supported summary cards and tables as well as article prose, selects relevant sections throughout a topic, and labels consulted references without promising that generated answers are independently verified. MCQ follow-up questions support hints before reveal and explanations afterward. Interrupted answers and unavailable assessments are explicit; provider outages no longer produce substitute marks.

What changed
  • Each MCQ keeps its own answer

    Multi-question source files are split into separate drill cards. Source-specific identifiers prevent questions with repeated frontmatter IDs from borrowing another file’s answer or explanation.

  • Separate attempts, complete scores

    The final mark is included before an attempt is saved. Repeating a case starts a separate attempt, while completion, end and next cannot save the same attempt twice.

  • Account-scoped local history

    Signed-in practice history uses a separate browser cache for each account. Anonymous history is not imported into the next signed-in account.

  • Clearer limits and privacy information

    Aster identifies missing reference material and incomplete replies. The overview explains AI-provider processing and session-summary storage, and asks learners not to enter patient-identifying information.

Content

The clinical examination library: 110 guides, every one checked against the source

The Clinical Examination section now holds 110 consultant-level guides covering every orthopaedic examination — how to position the patient, where your hands go, what direction the force runs, what counts as positive and what it means. Thirty of them are new, including the whole paediatric set, the trauma surveys, and a gait-pattern atlas with a figure for every gait type. Every accuracy figure in the library was re-read against its source paper, and every guide was re-checked line by line for the mechanics a trainee could get wrong at the bedside.

What changed
  • Every figure re-verified

    Every sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio in the library was re-read against the source abstract or full text, and roughly 250 unsourced or invented figures were removed or corrected.

  • Mechanics checked line by line

    A separate consultant read-through caught the defects a citation audit cannot — inverted tests, reversed laterality, and tests that could not be performed as written — in every guide, including the newest ones.

  • Thirty new guides

    The paediatric library is now complete, joined by the trauma primary and secondary surveys, compartment syndrome, the soft-tissue mass, the amputee and stump, and the GALS and hypermobility screens.

  • A figure-led gait atlas

    Every orthopaedic gait pattern — antalgic to psychogenic — with its mechanism, its look-alikes, and a teaching figure for each type.

Topics included in this update

The gait pattern atlas

Added / special

Non-accidental injury assessment

Added / paediatric

Brachial plexus birth palsy examination

Added / paediatric

Thoracic outlet examination

Added / upper-limb

Hand infection examination

Added / upper-limb

Sacroiliac joint and pelvic girdle examination

Added / spine

Adult spinal deformity examination

Added / spine

Heel pain examination

Added / lower-limb

Platform

Subscription prices updated; current subscribers keep their price until renewal

From today Exam Access is A$49 a month or A$349 a year for one exam track, Exam + AI Mentor is A$79 a month or A$599 a year, the AI Mentor add-on is A$35 a month or A$279 a year, and All Access is A$129 a month or A$999 a year. The paid layer now covers far more than when the previous prices were set: the full operative procedure and surgical approach libraries with step-by-step figures, the clinical examination library, image interpretation and clinical management cases, timed mocks, viva practice with Aster, and the interactive 3D anatomy atlas that is now being built. Anyone already subscribed keeps their current price for the whole of the period they have paid for; the new price applies only from a later renewal, and every subscriber will receive an email before it does. The free topic library does not change.

What changed
  • Nothing changes mid-cycle

    Your current price is honoured for the remainder of the month or year you have already paid for. The new price starts at a later renewal, after you have been told the date.

  • Annual plans keep the larger saving

    Every annual plan costs at least a third less than twelve monthly payments, and the same annual price covers a full exam year of updates.

  • The free library stays free

    Every topic, viva scenario and cheat sheet, and the exam outlines, remain open without a subscription.

Operative surgery

Every operation, illustrated step by step — and 74 new operative guides

The whole operative surgery library has been rebuilt around its imagery. Each of the 607 operative guides — 452 procedures and 155 surgical approaches — now carries a sequence of teaching figures placed inside the step they explain: the positioning and set-up, the incision and internervous plane, the structures at risk, the reduction or repair, the fixation construct and the postoperative film. Procedures carry between five and eight figures and approaches between four and six, more than 3,800 figures in all, every one an intra-operative photograph, radiograph, CT, MRI, arthroscopic view or anatomical illustration from a published, commercially licensed source with its citation beneath it. Alongside the imagery we have added 74 operative guides that were missing from the library — calcaneal fracture fixation, proximal row carpectomy, four-corner fusion, TFCC repair, meniscal root repair, lateral extra-articular tenodesis, preperitoneal pelvic packing, magnetic-nail limb lengthening and posterior stabilisation of the thoracolumbar burst fracture among them — and expanded 22 existing guides where a variant deserved its own steps.

What changed
  • Figures inside the step, not at the end

    Each figure sits beside the step it illustrates — the plane you are about to develop, the nerve you are protecting, the wire you are about to place — so the operation reads as a sequence you could follow in theatre.

  • Approaches you can see

    All 155 surgical approaches now show the skin mark, the interval being opened, the structures at risk in that layer and the exposure achieved, from the Kocher-Langenbeck to the anterior cervical corridor.

  • 74 guides that were missing

    Hand salvage (proximal row carpectomy, four-corner fusion, thumb CMC arthrodesis), knee reconstruction (meniscal root repair, lateral extra-articular tenodesis, PCL avulsion fixation), damage-control trauma (preperitoneal pelvic packing, spanning external fixation), paediatric (DDH closed reduction and spica, syndactyly release) and limb reconstruction (circular-frame correction, magnetic-nail lengthening).

  • Every figure cited and licensed for use

    Each image comes from a published source that permits commercial reuse and carries its citation beneath the figure, so you can go back to the original series.

Content

Heterotopic ossification: the recurrence series is back on the page

The serial hip radiographs following diffuse heterotopic bone after periacetabular osteotomy through excision to gradual recurrence now display in the section they explain, restoring the visual argument that excision does not remove recurrence risk.

Topics included in this update
Content

Diabetic foot: classify the wound, restore perfusion, remove pressure

Fifteen clinical, radiographic, MRI, angiographic, casting and postoperative figures replace one ambiguously non-commercial Charcot radiograph while retaining two exact Commons photographs, three safely licensed teaching figures and the original management algorithm, and now connect Charcot collapse, Wagner–Armstrong staging, osteomyelitis, soft-tissue gas, limb-salvage revascularisation, ray amputation, total-contact casting and wound healing.

Content

Vertical shear pelvis: identify translation, restore the ring, prove the corridor

Thirteen schematic, radiographic, CT, three-dimensional-planning and fluoroscopic figures replace two non-commercial assets while retaining the original management algorithm, and now connect posterior-ring disruption, correct binder level, multiplanar diagnosis, reduction planning, fixation selection, iliosacral technique, corridor confirmation and postoperative alignment.

Content

Tibial stress injury: identify the side, grade the signal, protect the high-risk cortex

Nine illustrated, radiographic and MRI figures replace three non-commercial assets while retaining the original management algorithm, and now connect intrinsic and extrinsic risk, bilateral and posteromedial stress patterns, MRI progression, the anterior dreaded-black-line lesion and bilateral intramedullary-nail healing.

Topics included in this update
Content

Pulmonary risk: screen the substrate, measure the diaphragm, diagnose the postoperative pattern

Seventeen illustrated, radiographic, CT, ultrasound, scintigraphic and angiographic figures replace three non-commercial study graphics while retaining the original management algorithm, and now connect diaphragm function, lung aeration, COPD reserve, atelectasis, pulmonary oedema, infiltrates, phrenic dysfunction, pulmonary embolism and abscess with risk-adapted perioperative care.

Content

HIV musculoskeletal disease: protect bone, recognise infection, image beyond the normal film

Fifteen illustrated, radiographic, CT, MRI and DXA figures replace one non-commercial radiograph and one low-value study chart while retaining the original mechanism plate, and now connect multifocal osteonecrosis, osteoporosis, femoral-neck stress fractures, pyomyositis, septic bursitis and multifocal skeletal tuberculosis with immune status, investigation and fracture surveillance.

Content

Adult distal humerus fractures: classify the level, rebuild both columns, mobilise early

Fifteen anatomical, radiographic, CT, reduction, fixation, union, arthroplasty and complication figures replace three non-commercial assets while retaining the original column diagram, and now connect extra-articular A1 and A2 patterns, three-dimensional planning, bicolumnar reconstruction, total elbow arthroplasty selection, serial union, implant failure, periprosthetic fracture and loosening.

Content

Multiple fractures in a child: map every injury, inspect the background bone, escalate safely

Sixteen skeletal-survey, radiographic, CT, MRI, ultrasound and pathway figures replace three non-commercial assets and now connect inflicted-injury patterns, complex skull trauma, Bruck syndrome, hypophosphatasia, osteopetrosis, scurvy and pycnodysostosis with biochemical, cross-sectional and safeguarding investigation.

Content

Erlenmeyer flask deformity: confirm the contour, read the density, interrogate the marrow

Sixteen skeletal-survey, radiographic, CT, MRI and histological figures replace one non-commercial asset and expand one safely licensed Gaucher source into a pattern atlas connecting Gaucher and Pyle disease, dysosteosclerosis, diaphyseal dysplasias, marrow infiltration, diagnostic cell morphology and the infection-or-tumour mimic of Gaucher bone crisis.

Content

Chronic lateral ankle pain: localise the tenderness, separate instability from pain, choose the scan

Sixteen radiographic, ultrasound, CT, MRI, arthroscopic and coalition figures replace three non-commercial assets and now connect normal alignment, lateral-ligament failure, peroneus-brevis splitting, talar osteochondral injury, plica and osteophyte impingement, C-sign and talar-beak recognition, fibrous versus osseous coalition and modality-specific investigation.

Content

Arthritis radiographs: read the distribution, classify the erosion, follow the bone response

Fifteen radiographic, CT, ultrasound and MRI figures replace two non-commercial or miscaptioned assets and now connect Nørgaard positioning, early and established rheumatoid change, graded osteoarthritis, psoriatic proliferation, erosive osteoarthritis, CPPD, gout, non-erosive Jaccoud deformity, septic monoarthritis and modality-specific next investigations.

Topics included in this update
Content

Deep peroneal nerve: follow the course, localise the foot drop, protect the fibular neck

Eleven cadaver, schematic, CT and MRI figures replace two non-commercial assets and connect anterior tarsal tunnel relations, deep-fibular and dorsalis-pedis variants, fibular-neck landmarks, periosteal entrapment after high fibular fracture, and MRI that separates a common-peroneal lesion from an isolated deep-peroneal palsy.

Content

Domestic and elder abuse: read the pattern without overcalling the fracture

Nine radiographic, CT, MRI and histological figures replace two non-commercial assets and connect defensive ulnar injury with mechanism reconstruction, fragility-fracture mimics, expected healing, interval subdural haemorrhage and the limits of tissue ageing. The imaging supports private history-taking and forensic correlation rather than diagnosing intent in isolation.

Topics included in this update
Content

Goldenhar syndrome: map the face, screen the whole spine, follow growth

Twelve CT, optical-coherence-tomography, radiographic and MRI figures replace one non-commercial, no-derivatives asset and connect mandibular and zygomatic hypoplasia, epibulbar dermoid depth, multilevel cervical fusion and instability, progressive congenital curves, serial whole-spine surveillance, the limits of bracing and growth-friendly reconstruction.

Topics included in this update
Content

Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma: find the stipple, map the fascia, preserve function

Sixteen radiographic, CT, ultrasound, MRI, histological and operative figures replace three non-commercial, no-derivatives assets and now connect characteristic calcification with fascial and tendon extent, chondroid nodules, marginal excision, functional preservation and surveillance without overtreatment.

Content

Scurvy: read the metaphysis, trace the haemorrhage, watch replacement reverse it

Fifteen radiographic, scintigraphic, CT and MRI figures replace six non-commercial or unversioned assets and now connect the Frankel line, Trümmerfeld zone, Wimberger ring and Pelkan spur with early normal radiographs, symmetric marrow signal, subperiosteal and orbital haematoma, rickets and infection differentials, multisite uptake and treatment response.

Content

Coccyx fracture: prove the displacement, test instability, localise the pain pathway

Seventeen radiographic, CT, MRI, neuroanatomical, fluoroscopic and operative figures replace an incorrectly licensed and miscaptioned review graphic plus a generated management card, and now connect acute Cy2 displacement, early callus, serial healing, dynamic instability, morphology, ganglion impar targeting, image-guided localisation and open or minimally invasive coccygectomy.

Topics included in this update
Content

Turner syndrome: read the hand, monitor the spine, protect bone

Fourteen chromosomal, clinical, radiographic, growth and bone-health figures replace one incorrectly licensed asset and now connect 45,X and SHOX haploinsufficiency with body disproportion, Madelung deformity, the short fourth metacarpal and Archibald sign, growth-hormone response, skeletal fragility, rapid scoliosis progression, flexibility assessment and durable postoperative correction.

Content

Osteopoikilosis: recognise the spots, verify the signal, avoid the biopsy

Fifteen radiographic, CT, MRI, scintigraphic and family-comparison figures replace five incorrectly sourced or clinically miscaptioned assets and now connect dominant inheritance, multisite periarticular distribution, cold enostoses, coexisting active pathology, cortical-bone MRI signal and the osteopathia-striata, melorheostosis and metastatic differentials.

Topics included in this update
Content

Köhler disease: recognise collapse, follow reossification, exclude the ossicle

Fifteen anatomical, radiographic, CT and MRI figures now connect navicular compression and wafer-thin sclerosis with serial reconstitution, associated medial-cuneiform change, conservative recovery, accessory-navicular and talar differentials, and the second-metatarsal-head lesion of Freiberg disease.

Content

Cleidocranial dysostosis: follow RUNX2 from open suture to unerupted tooth

Twenty radiographic, CT and regional dental figures replace four unsuitable assets and now connect clavicular aplasia, delayed skull and pubic ossification, hand pseudoepiphyses, the multisite skeletal spectrum, failed tooth eruption, serial craniofacial development, staged rehabilitation and maxillofacial complications.

Content

Ledderhose disease: localise the nodule, read the signal, plan the fascia

Seventeen clinical, anatomical, ultrasound, MRI, radiographic, histological, injection and operative figures replace two resized source derivatives and one non-commercial intervention image, and now connect medial-arch presentation, disease-phase signal, sarcoma exclusion, image-guided adjuncts, fasciectomy and treatment response.

Content

Nail-patella syndrome: read the tetrad, find the septum, protect the kidney

Thirteen radiographic, clinical, MRI, arthroscopic, molecular and ultrastructural figures now connect nail dysplasia, patellar aplasia, radial-head dislocation and iliac horns with LMX1B mechanisms, the obstructing trochlear septum, surgical correction, hypoplastic-patella fracture and diagnostic renal electron microscopy.

Topics included in this update
Content

Rectus femoris injury: follow the tendon, grade the site, watch the healing

Eleven mechanism, anatomical, classification and serial-MRI figures replace three non-commercial operative assets and correct one source record, and now connect kicking and sprinting mechanisms, direct- and indirect-head architecture, central-septal injury, BAMIC grading, MRI healing and treatment selection.

Content

Prader-Willi syndrome: follow growth, protect respiration, plan each correction

Twenty genetic, epidemiological, radiographic, monitoring and respiratory figures now connect the 15q11–q13 imprinting defect, early hip and spine surveillance, casting and bracing response, growth-preserving and definitive reconstruction, growth-hormone monitoring, sleep-disordered breathing and perioperative cardiopulmonary risk.

Content

Symphalangism: recognise the absent crease, trace the fusion, test the hearing

Ten clinical, radiographic, molecular, audiometric and temporal-bone CT figures now connect absent flexion creases, multi-digit and foot fusion, fracture through a fused PIP segment and splint healing, NOG–BMP signalling, elbow restriction, conductive loss, ossicular malformation and the limited durability of surgical hearing improvement.

Topics included in this update
Content

Granular cell tumour: see the granules, grade the danger, plan the margin

Eighteen clinical, ultrasound, CT, MRI, histological, immunohistochemical, endoscopic and operative figures now connect the classic tongue nodule and infiltrative soft-tissue pattern with Fanburg-Smith malignant features, squamous mimicry, the conventional Schwann-cell panel, the non-neural S100-negative variant and margin-aware excision.

Topics included in this update
Content

Chondrodysplasia punctata: follow the stippling from diagnosis to instability

Seventeen skeletal-survey, radiographic, ultrasound, MRI, biochemical and reconstruction figures now connect distal and axial epiphyseal stippling, rhizomelic shortening, the peroxisomal plasmalogen pathway, hip dislocation, CDPX2 scoliosis and craniovertebral narrowing, and dynamic atlantoaxial assessment through occipitocervical fusion.

Content

Melorheostosis: recognise every pattern, map the extension, correct the consequence

Twenty histological, radiographic, CT, MRI and follow-up figures now connect mosaic bone remodelling, rigid deformity, classic and atypical imaging patterns, periarticular extension, three-dimensional surgical planning, gradual correction, focal excision and osteoplasty follow-up.

Topics included in this update
Content

Pyknodysostosis: recognise the dense fragile skeleton, anticipate fixation failure

Sixteen skull, hand, skeletal-survey, CT, dental and fracture-management figures now connect open sutures, acro-osteolysis and generalized osteosclerosis with recurrent lower-limb fractures, difficult canal preparation, iatrogenic fracture, nonunion, implant failure and mandibular osteomyelitis reconstruction.

Topics included in this update
Content

Larsen syndrome: recognise the dislocations, protect the cervical cord, stage reconstruction

Sixteen skeletal-survey, radiographic, CT, MRI, myelographic and operative figures now connect the diagnostic acral and multi-joint pattern, cervical dys-segmentation and cord compression, dynamic instability, staged hip and knee reconstruction, anterior decompression and occipitocervical fixation.

Topics included in this update
Content

Panner disease: read the whole epiphysis, reject focal instability

Four radiographic, cone-beam CT and MRI figures now connect the diffuse childhood osteochondrosis pattern and subchondral vacuum phenomenon with the focal chondral defect, lesion size and instability that identify capitellar osteochondritis dissecans instead.

Content

Deltoid rupture: define the level, expose the defect, rebuild the origin

Seven MRI, operative and schematic figures now connect cuff-related proximal rupture, middle-deltoid origin detachment, distal posterior avulsion, broad suture purchase, transosseous acromial fixation, plate-washer load distribution and combined reconstruction for cuff-tear arthropathy.

Content

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: connect imprinting, surveillance and guided growth

Ten molecular, radiographic, ultrasound, MRI, histological and guided-growth figures now connect 11p15 imprinting and molecular subtypes, lateralised overgrowth, serial renal and AFP surveillance, Wilms tumour and hepatoblastoma targets, and staged tibial and femoral epiphysiodesis.

Content

Windswept deformity: measure both axes, find the cause, tether opposite sides

Fourteen radiographic, metabolic, diagnostic and guided-growth figures now connect the defining valgus–varus pattern, mechanical femorotibial angle, active-rickets signs, vitamin-D pathways, XLH treatment response, cerebral-palsy pelvic obliquity, cohort-specific surgical thresholds, opposite-sided hemiepiphysiodesis and hardware surveillance.

Content

Pterygium syndromes: read the web, trace fetal akinesia, protect the shortened nerve

Eleven prenatal ultrasound, genetic, scoliosis, operative and gradual-correction figures now connect phenotype recognition, neuromuscular-junction pathways, CHRNG splice and variant interpretation, serial curve progression, microsurgical neurovascular lengthening, fibrous-band release and Ilizarov correction.

Content

Performance-enhancing drugs: trace the mechanism, recognise the rupture, assess the whole athlete

Twelve pharmacological, cardiovascular, endocrine, hepatic, tendon, growth-hormone and anti-doping figures now connect androgen-receptor signalling, cardiomyopathy assessment, gynaecomastia and liver injury, bilateral patellar-tendon rupture and reconstruction, the GH–IGF-1 axis, laboratory detection and longitudinal biological-passport interpretation.

Content

Semimembranosus pain: localise the insertion, trace every arm, separate the mimics

Eleven ultrasound, MRI, anatomical, histological and operative figures replace three non-commercial assets and repair one incorrect source record, and now connect insertional echotexture, acute-avulsion exclusion, healing and repair, Baker-cyst and pes-anserine mimics, the reflected arm after knee replacement, and the direct, anterior and oblique-popliteal components of the distal tendon.

Content

Hypochondroplasia: recognise the subtle skeleton, confirm N540K, support function

Eight skeletal-survey, lower-limb, hand, diagnostic, functional, reconstructive and molecular figures replace four non-commercial assets and a resized source derivative, and now connect subtle radiographic diagnosis, short-stature investigation, practical accommodations, exceptional limb lengthening, the N540K sequence change and downstream FGFR3 signalling.

Content

Flexor-pronator injury: map the layers, test dynamic stability, separate the triad

Eleven anatomical, ultrasound, elastography, histological and decision figures replace four non-commercial, third-party or duplicated assets and repair one source record, and now connect the layered common flexor origin, tendinous septa, cubital-tunnel differential, valgus-stress grip assessment, capsular and sublime-tubercle attachment, and the shared dynamic stabilising complex.

Content

Carpal boss: profile the quadrangular joint, prove the pain generator, resect only the prominence

Sixteen clinical, radiographic, CT, MRI, ultrasound and operative figures replace three non-commercial assets and repair two provenance records and now connect second- and third-CMC pseudoarthroses, ganglion and fracture mimics, the symptomatic os styloideum, dorsal ligament and extensor anatomy, limited wedge resection, operative exposure and postoperative motion.

Content

Spinal brucellosis: recognise the corner, map every abscess, reconstruct selectively

Fifteen mechanistic, radiographic, CT, MRI and operative figures replace five non-commercial, generic or clinically miscaptioned assets and now connect multifocal disease, osteoblast and osteoclast injury, cervical cord compression, focal Pedro Pons and diffuse patterns, psoas and epidural extension, anterior and posterior reconstruction, fusion and antimicrobial response.

Topics included in this update
Content

Synovial cysts: distinguish the lining, map the stalk, protect the nerve and vessel

Fifteen histological, MRI, ultrasound and operative figures replace five non-commercial, third-party or miscaptioned assets and now connect pseudocyst pathology, occult wrist and flexor-sheath ganglia, Baker-cyst communication and rupture, posterior-knee neurovascular anatomy, peripheral-nerve compression, volar-wrist risk mapping, digital-mucous and arthroscopic excision, and facet-cyst decompression.

Content

Revision TKA bone loss: map the defect, rebuild each zone, constrain the reconstructed knee

Thirteen radiographic, CT, operative and salvage figures replace nine weak or unsupported assets and now connect serial subsidence, AORI defect mapping, metadiaphyseal mismatch, cone preparation, epiphyseal, metaphyseal and diaphyseal fixation, infection staging, constraint selection and endoprosthetic salvage.

Content

Cervical radiculopathy: localise the root, define the foramen, choose the corridor

Ten anatomical, MRI, CT, electrodiagnostic, operative and complication figures replace five miscaptioned or unsupported assets and a flat management card and now connect lower-cervical root anatomy, soft-disc and osteophyte compression, foraminal MRI interpretation, peripheral entrapment differentiation, anterior and posterior reconstruction, and graded arthroplasty subsidence.

Topics included in this update
Content

Ankle dislocation: define the pattern, reduce the talus, protect the soft tissues

Fifteen radiographic, CT, MRI, reduction, operative and follow-up figures replace non-commercial, misattributed and low-value assets and now connect pure and total talar displacement, the pantalar fracture differential, post-reduction congruity, occult avulsion and impaction injury, the dimple sign, spanning external fixation, selective ligament repair, stress stability and surveillance for osteonecrosis.

Topics included in this update
Content

Dysbaric osteonecrosis: trace decompression injury, separate head from shaft, stage collapse

Twelve pathological, mechanistic, CT, radiographic, MRI and oncological figures now connect marrow gas and microvascular injury, direct dysbaric humeral pathology, juxta-articular and shaft patterns, modality-specific diagnosis, pre-collapse staging, subchondral failure and the rare malignant transformation of a chronic infarct.

Content

Preiser disease: follow perfusion, prove osteonecrosis, match salvage to the joint

Eleven vascular, radiographic, CT, MRI, differential and operative figures replace five non-commercial case images and a text-heavy generated card and now connect retrograde scaphoid perfusion, occult early disease, immature-scaphoid recovery, fracture-related osteonecrosis and SNAC differentiation, proximal row carpectomy and four-corner fusion.

Topics included in this update
Content

Hip flexor injury: localise the muscle, grade the tear, recognise the dangerous mimic

Sixteen anatomical, MRI, ultrasound, CT, classification and operative figures now connect rectus femoris and iliopsoas anatomy, graded muscle disruption, dynamic tendon and bursal assessment, displaced AIIS avulsion fixation, post-arthroplasty cup overhang, and iliacus haematoma with active bleeding and image-guided decompression.

Topics included in this update
Content

Anterior-process fractures: find the fragment, inspect the joint, distinguish the ossicle

Sixteen anatomical, radiographic, CT, MRI, examination, operative, fluoroscopic and union figures replace five unreadable scans and a generated decision card and now connect avulsion and impaction mechanisms, modified Degan staging, focal tenderness, fragment measurement, associated cuboid injury, calcaneus secundarius differentiation, lateral exposure, reduction, plate fixation and postoperative union.

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Segond fracture: see the fleck, map the pivot, treat the instability

Fourteen anatomical, differential, radiographic, CT, MRI, arthroscopic, fluoroscopic and complication figures replace three non-commercial MRIs and two generated graphics and now connect anterolateral-ligament and meniscal anatomy, classic and reverse Segond patterns, the arcuate differential, fragment definition, ACL, MCL and anterolateral injury, deep-notch measurement, ACL confirmation, exceptional screw fixation, modified Lemaire augmentation and rapid chondrolysis.

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Cavovarus foot: expose the driver, test flexibility, correct each level

Fourteen clinical, radiographic, osteotomy-planning, operative and complication figures replace a standalone image dump and repair four incorrect provenance records, and now connect Charcot-Marie-Tooth morphology, the peek-a-boo heel and Coleman tests, Meary, calcaneal-pitch and talocalcaneal measurements, first-ray and midfoot correction, Dwyer, percutaneous and Z calcaneal osteotomies, patient-specific guides, delayed union and maintained two-year alignment.

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Humeral-head osteonecrosis: identify the band, stage collapse, preserve the joint

Fifteen vascular, mechanistic, radiographic, CT, MRI, pathological and arthroplasty figures replace two miscaptioned images, a timeline incorrectly labelled as MRI and a generated algorithm and now connect circumflex arterial supply, steroid, sickle-cell, dysbaric and post-traumatic mechanisms, Cruess staging, crescent and band signs, lesion location, medial-hinge perfusion, destructive-arthropathy differentiation and long-term resurfacing.

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Paediatric elbow trauma: follow the line, find the fragment, escalate reduction

Fifteen radiographic, classification, fluoroscopic, operative and complication figures replace four clinically miscaptioned images and two generated cards and now connect radiocapitellar alignment, radial-neck angulation and Judet grading, Monteggia-equivalent injury, medial-epicondyle entrapment and ulnar-nerve protection, olecranon fixation, the Metaizeau and percutaneous reduction ladder, avascular necrosis and implant migration.

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Toe interphalangeal arthritis: identify the cause, profile the joint, set the fusion

Twelve clinical, radiographic, ultrasound, MRI, operative-planning and fixation figures replace four hand images and an unsupported algorithm and now connect hallux interphalangeal alignment, psoriatic and gouty disease, post-traumatic fracture and dislocation, dedicated lateral imaging, articular reduction, Kirschner-wire stabilisation and fusion-position control.

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Elastofibroma dorsi: recognise the stripes, prove benignity, treat symptoms

Ten CT, MRI, histological, operative and image-guided treatment figures now connect the characteristic subscapular fat-and-fibrous pattern, bilateral disease, lipoma and atypical lipomatous tumour differentials, tissue diagnosis, marginal excision, dead-space drainage and emerging cryoablation technique.

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Lesser-toe deformity: identify the joint, test stability, match the correction

Twelve clinical, weight-bearing radiographic, MRI, computed-tomographic and follow-up figures replace four unrelated images, one duplicated photograph and an unsupported algorithm and now connect mallet-toe recognition, open and minimally invasive hammer-toe correction, plantar-plate degeneration and complete rupture, implant penetration, flexor tenotomy and maintained long-term alignment.

Topics included in this update
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Thumb-base fractures: classify the pattern, profile the joint, control the fragment

Sixteen anatomical, classification, paediatric, radiographic, CT, reduction and operative figures replace five non-commercial figures, one misattributed radiograph and two generated assets and now connect Bennett deforming forces, Rolando comminution, physeal injury, dedicated lateral imaging, associated trapezium fracture, closed reduction, K-wire trajectories, radial-nerve protection and reconstructable plate fixation.

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Knee osteoarthritis: grade the joint, measure the axis, match the reconstruction

Sixteen radiographic, MRI, arthroscopic, histological and biomechanical figures replace eight inaccurate, unsuitable or generated assets and now connect whole-joint degeneration, the complete Kellgren–Lawrence spectrum, alignment and cartilage assessment, knee loading and brace mechanics, high tibial osteotomy, unicompartmental replacement and total knee arthroplasty.

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Metacarpal fractures: detect rotation, define the joint, stabilise the ray

Sixteen reviewed clinical, radiographic, CT and operative figures replace four non-commercial images and two generated cards and now connect rotational displacement, the Jahss manoeuvre, boxer and shaft patterns, occult base injury, intramedullary and plate fixation, metacarpal-head splits, multiple CMC fracture-dislocations and K-wire migration.

Topics included in this update
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Posterior axillary rupture: grade the tear, map the nerves, mobilise safely

Nine MRI, classification, cadaveric and operative figures replace non-commercial and unsuitable assets and now connect tear morphology and retraction, the separate latissimus and teres major pedicles, conjoint-tendon anatomy, the radial and axillary nerve danger zones, restrictive aponeurotic bands, posterior axillary tendon retrieval and humeral-footprint fixation.

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Hamate fractures: expose the hidden injury, define the fragment, protect the ulnar side

Ten radiographic, CT, fluoroscopic, classification, fixation and functional-recovery figures replace seven misleading, non-commercial or generated assets and now connect missed body fractures, the diagnostic oblique view, coronal-body patterns, CMC reconstruction, hook nonunion, ulnar motor-branch protection, percutaneous screw fixation, confirmed union and objective return-to-grip assessment.

Topics included in this update
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Fungal osteomyelitis: biopsy the lesion, identify the organism, plan source control

Twenty reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI, histological and operative figures replace a synthetic CT and now connect Candida, Cryptococcus, Coccidioides, Aspergillus and Mucorales with marrow disease, osteolysis, abscess, organism-specific biopsy morphology, debridement and reconstruction; Aspergillus guidance now separates early surgical review from pathology-driven source control, decompression and stabilisation.

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Return to sport: test every domain, expose asymmetry, progress deliberately

Eleven reviewed MRI, hop, landing, dynamometry and upper-limb functional-testing figures replace a typo-bearing generated checklist and now connect graft maturation, the four-hop battery, two-dimensional landing quality, drop-jump mechanics, isokinetic knee and shoulder strength, isometric rotation, external-rotation endurance, seated shot-put power and upper-quarter reach.

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Atypical mycobacteria: culture deliberately, map every compartment, clear deep disease

Sixteen reviewed microbiological, clinical, histological, radiographic, CT, MRI and operative figures now connect rapid-grower colony morphology, acid-fast microscopy, lymphocutaneous M. marinum, rice-body tenosynovitis, olecranon bursitis, hip osteomyelitis, periprosthetic infection, flexor and extensor synovectomy, treatment response, tendon rupture and implant osteolysis.

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Wheelchair seating: stabilise the pelvis, redistribute load, manage the whole day

Nineteen reviewed wheelchair, postural-support, pressure-mapping, biomechanical, radiographic and supported-standing figures now connect segmented back support, pressure and shear, deep-tissue deformation, objective posture assessment, interface mapping, custom cushions, pelvic support, hip surveillance, functional scoliosis imaging, spinal fusion, tilt and recline, and 24-hour positioning.

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Prosthetic components: fit the interface, control the joint, align the system

Nineteen reviewed component, interface, mechanical, anatomical, control-system, alignment and complication figures now connect socket geometry, PTB and TSB rectification, pin suspension, modular and powered knees, adaptive and running feet, body-powered and myoelectric upper-limb systems, load-line adjustment, osseointegration, neuroma and implant infection.

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Caffey disease: identify the diaphysis, exclude injury, trust remodelling

Thirteen reviewed radiographic, MRI, histological and serial follow-up figures replace an anatomically unreliable illustration and now connect periosteal inflammation, diaphyseal hyperostosis with metaphyseal sparing, mandibular and scapular disease, multifocal skeletal involvement, complete remodelling, and the severe prenatal phenotype from birth through two-year recovery.

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Cervical fractures: identify instability, protect the cord, control every column

Twenty reviewed anatomical, classification, radiographic, CT, MRI, CT-angiographic, reduction, fixation and complication figures replace a generated algorithm and an overused hangman-fracture image, and now connect craniocervical and subaxial ligament failure, Jefferson and odontoid injury, Levine–Edwards staging, facet translation, teardrop and burst morphology, vertebral-artery screening, traumatic disc and cord compression, monitored reduction, odontoid screws, Harms fixation, corpectomy reconstruction and oesophageal perforation.

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Crystalline hand disease: identify the crystal, map the tendon, protect function

Fifteen reviewed clinical, histological, polarized-microscopy, radiographic, MRI, DECT, dynamic-ultrasound and operative figures replace two third-party courtesy figures and a generated algorithm, and now connect MSU and CPPD tissue reactions, severe tophaceous disease, crystal identification, progressive wrist damage, tendon-compartment infiltration, carpal-tunnel compression and decompression, tophus excision, and the rheumatoid and osteoarthritis differential.

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Wrist ligament instability: measure alignment, stage the tear, match the salvage

Sixteen reviewed anatomical, MR arthrographic, radiographic, MRI, arthrographic, arthroscopic, reconstruction and fusion figures now connect the scapholunate and lunotriquetral stabilisers, rotational carpal collapse, Geissler staging, static and stress alignment, cross-sectional imaging, portal and traction setup, reduction and pinning, ligament reconstruction and cartilage-driven salvage.

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Paediatric ankle fractures: define the physis, reconstruct the joint, watch growth

Eleven reviewed classification, radiographic, CT, MRI, fluoroscopic, operative and surveillance figures now connect Salter–Harris patterns, subtle Tillaux radiographs, CT-defined transitional geometry, periosteal interposition, reduction setup, clamp and K-wire fixation, postoperative SH-II and SH-IV constructs, and late distal tibial varus.

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McCune–Albright syndrome: map the mosaic, protect the limb, preserve function

Fourteen reviewed molecular, histological, radiographic, CT, MRI, scintigraphic, ultrasound and surveillance figures now connect mosaic GNAS signalling, skeletal stem-cell failure, café-au-lait macules, autonomous endocrinopathy, polyostotic disease, pathological fracture, intramedullary reconstruction and craniofacial functional monitoring.

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Lipoma: image the fat, recognise the mimic, protect the nerve

Seventeen reviewed ultrasound, radiographic, CT, MRI, histological and operative figures now connect superficial and intramuscular lipoma, involutional septal change, parosteal bone reaction, chondroid, spindle-cell, pleomorphic and angiolipoma variants, hibernoma, intraneural dissection, giant-lipoma enucleation and Madelung disease.

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Hip fracture-dislocations: reduce urgently, prove congruity, reconstruct the surface

Seventeen reviewed radiographic, CT, arthroscopic, operative and decision figures now connect posterior and anterior fracture-dislocations, Thompson-Epstein and Pipkin patterns, post-reduction CT, incarcerated fragments, labral and capsular blocks, femoral-head fixation, posterior-wall failure, avascular necrosis, arthritis and heterotopic ossification.

Topics included in this update
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Monteggia fractures: restore the ulna, reduce the head, protect the PIN

Eighteen reviewed anatomical, radiographic, operative and reconstruction figures now connect radial-nerve bifurcation, Bado patterns, radiocapitellar alignment, adult posterior injury, restoration of native ulnar bow, fluoroscopic construct checks, chronic osteotomy, radial-head dysplasia, Bell-Tawse reconstruction, advanced salvage and confirmed union.

Topics included in this update
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Soft tissue masses: recognise danger, plan the biopsy, resect the right field

Ten reviewed pathway, MRI, ultrasound, pathology, specimen and reconstruction figures now connect small superficial malignancy, benign and atypical lipomatous patterns, deep-compartment extent, safe biopsy routing, wide margins, reconstructive escalation and diagnostic revision when a presumed lipoma enlarges or recurs.

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Radial tunnel syndrome: map every crossing, prove the lesion, protect the PIN

Twelve reviewed anatomical, ultrasound, MRI, operative and decision figures now connect the five compression sites, arcade of Frohse, positional PIN movement, leash-of-Henry variants, ganglion and osseous compression, complete nerve exposure, mass excision and conservative-first treatment selection.

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TKA patellar failure: preserve bone, measure rotation, restore the extensor chain

Fifteen reviewed radiographic, arthroscopic, operative and measurement figures now connect patellar osteonecrosis, fracture, dislocation, tendon rupture, lateral-facet impingement, anterior compartment stuffing, fibrosynovial debridement, composite allograft reconstruction, autograft augmentation and protected postoperative alignment.

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TFCC injury: localise the tear, test the fovea, restore the stabiliser

Eighteen reviewed anatomical, MRI, arthro-CT, arthroscopic, fluoroscopic and rehabilitation figures now connect the deep and superficial TFCC attachments, partial and complete foveal tears, central degeneration, trampoline and hook tests, peripheral repair, chronic DRUJ reconstruction, ulnar shortening and rotation-protective recovery.

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Paediatric pelvis and hip trauma: respect growth, reduce the hip, preserve the head

Eighteen reviewed anatomical, radiographic, CT, fluoroscopic and operative figures now connect pelvic apophyseal attachments, ASIS, iliac-crest, ischial-tuberosity and lesser-trochanter avulsions, triradiate acetabular injury, Delbet fracture fixation, acetabular reconstruction, transphyseal fracture-dislocation, avascular necrosis, occult hip subluxation and growth surveillance.

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THA templating: calibrate the film, restore mechanics, plan the bailout

Fourteen reviewed radiographic, CT, three-dimensional, calibration, digital-overlay and operative figures now connect marker placement and projection error, cup and stem sizing, leg length, offset, femoral version, complex dysplasia and deformity planning, patient-specific models and operative execution.

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ITB syndrome: map the tether, prove compression, lengthen only refractory disease

Seventeen anatomical, biomechanical, examination, MRI, rehabilitation and operative figures now connect the proximal muscle-band unit, distal Kaplan and tibial attachments, the 30-degree compression force, Noble and Ober technique, oedema deep to the ITB, foam-rolling limits, arthroscopic decompression and landmark-guided Z-plasty with lateral collateral ligament protection.

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FHL tendinitis: map every tunnel, prove the block, decompress the right zone

Seventeen reviewed anatomical, radiographic, ultrasound, MRI and operative figures now connect the talar tunnel, sustentacular sheath and knot of Henry, os trigonum and Stieda morphology, dynamic ultrasound technique, tendon thickening, reactive marrow change, post-traumatic stenosis, posterior endoscopic anatomy, safe portal roles and repair of a salvageable FHL rupture.

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Supracondylar fracture: read displacement, protect perfusion, control every wire

Eighteen reviewed radiographic, ultrasound, operative and schematic figures now connect Gartland displacement, age-aware reduction measurements, brachial artery compromise, pink pulseless perfusion, lateral and crossed pin constructs, wire-assisted reduction, dynamic ulnar nerve risk, medial-pin injury and triplanar cubitus varus correction.

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Cuff tear arthropathy: define failure, plan the glenoid, protect the deltoid

Fourteen reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI, biomechanical and operative figures now connect superior migration, compensatory scapular rotation, massive cuff and muscle failure, AC-joint cyst formation, Favard glenoid erosion, medialized and lateralized reverse designs, baseplate fixation, component positioning, operative sequence, acromial stress fracture, scapular notching, loosening and infection salvage.

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Rickets: read the physis, correct the chemistry, then align the limb

Ten reviewed anatomical, clinical, radiographic and operative figures now connect disordered physeal mineralisation, FGF23-driven phosphate loss, wrist and knee diagnosis, age-dependent valgus, biochemical healing, guided growth, multisegment osteotomy and implant surveillance.

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Mangled extremity: restore flow, judge viability, reconstruct function

Nine reviewed clinical, radiographic, operative and decision figures now connect near-amputation assessment, MESS limits, type IIIC staged salvage, temporary vascular priorities, recipient-vessel selection, free-flap reconstruction, realistic counselling and durable coverage.

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Polytrauma: resuscitate first, map every injury, stage every construct

Thirteen reviewed algorithmic, ultrasound, CT, angiographic, radiographic and operative figures now connect damage-control triage, temporary stabilisation, eFAST safety and tamponade, whole-body injury mapping, splenic and pelvic trauma, combined embolisation and external fixation, staged definitive fixation and venous fat embolism.

Topics included in this update
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Critical appraisal: expose the bias, test the estimate, judge the fit

Thirteen reviewed appraisal, risk-of-bias, covariate-balance, non-inferiority, treatment-switching, diagnostic-probability, transportability, power, heterogeneity, funnel-plot and evidence-selection figures now connect study design to the decisions that determine whether a result is credible, clinically important and applicable.

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Weight-bearing CT: load the limb, map the deformity, quantify correction

Fifteen reviewed acquisition, radiographic, multiplanar and three-dimensional figures now connect documented stance loading, systematic joint review, Foot and Ankle Offset, syndesmotic translation and volume, peritalar collapse, subtalar compensation, hallux pronation, Lisfranc instability, ankle and midfoot arthritis, and postoperative replacement alignment.

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MARS MRI: correct the distortion, then interpret the residual signal

Fifteen reviewed experimental and clinical figures now connect signal pile-up, field strength, receiver bandwidth, spectral encoding, VAT, SEMAC and MAVRIC with normal arthroplasty imaging, infection, metallosis, osteolysis, implant failure and correction-specific pitfalls.

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Triceps rupture: read the layer, measure the gap, restore the footprint

Thirteen reviewed anatomical, radiographic, ultrasound, MRI and operative figures now connect the bilaminar olecranon insertion, superficial and deep tear patterns, the fleck sign, measured partial and complete defects, tendon retraction, footprint preparation, transosseous repair, cortical-button fixation and chronic reconstruction planning.

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TKA instability: diagnose the gap, measure the cause, constrain only what remains

Thirteen reviewed operative, radiographic, CT, biomechanical and decision figures now connect distal-femoral rotational landmarks, posterolateral and iliotibial-band release, measured flexion laxity, posterior offset, joint-line position, tibial slope, component rotation, neuromuscular recurvatum and rotating-hinge revision limits.

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Hyperparathyroidism: read the bone, localise the gland, anticipate calcium flux

Eleven reviewed radiographic, CT, ultrasound, scintigraphic, histological and mechanistic figures now connect glandular progression, brown tumours, salt-and-pepper skull, subperiosteal hand resorption, rugger-jersey spine, adenoma localisation and hungry bone syndrome.

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Snapping scapula: localise the interface, define the block, resect selectively

Thirteen reviewed three-dimensional CT, radiographic, MRI, arthroscopic and histological figures now connect costal-surface morphology, osteochondroma and bursal friction, elastofibroma dorsi, projection-film limitations, cartilage-cap assessment, scapulothoracic bursectomy, limited superomedial-angle resection and complete exostosis removal.

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Lumbar stenosis: localise the narrowing, prove motion, decompress without destabilising

Seventeen reviewed examination, radiographic, MRI, fluoroscopic, schematic and operative figures now connect central, lateral-recess and foraminal compression, Schizas grading, dural-sac measurement, dynamic translation, epidural routes, facet-preserving laminectomy, foraminal decompression, interspinous devices and recurrent postoperative narrowing.

Topics included in this update
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Landmark trials: read the design, compare the strategy, apply the limits

Seventeen reviewed original, CONSORT, radiographic, MRI, trial-outcome and risk-of-bias figures now connect participant flow, confounding, intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis, DRAFFT fixation, PROFHER care, HEALTH implants, KANON, FIDELITY, arthroplasty thromboprophylaxis and SPORT applicability.

Topics included in this update
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Foot extensor tendon injuries: trace each tendon, measure the gap, restore excursion

Fifteen reviewed anatomical, clinical, radiographic, MRI and operative figures now connect retinacular and variant tendon anatomy, functional EHL testing, occult laceration, measured tendon defects, local EHL augmentation, tibialis anterior insertion and fixation, reconstruction outcomes and protected hallux immobilisation.

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Distraction osteogenesis: preserve biology, control the vector, read the regenerate

Fourteen reviewed anatomical, schematic, clinical and serial radiographic figures now connect circular-frame mechanics, corticotomy technique, the fibrous interzone, double-level planning, active distraction, consolidation, motorised nail lengthening, acute shortening, transport over nail, poor regenerate, transport-segment angulation and docking-site nonunion.

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Chondrocyte metabolism: follow the load, matrix and failing cell

Ten reviewed ultrastructural and schematic figures now connect cartilage zonal architecture, the osteochondral unit, protein-synthetic ultrastructure, mitochondrial fission–fusion failure, lubricin structure, NF-kappaB catabolism, pericellular mechanosensing, pathological hypertrophy, the endochondral quasi-programme and the clinical management pathway.

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Accessory soleus: recognise the contraction, trace the tendon, protect the tunnel

Eight reviewed anatomical, cadaveric, clinical, radiographic, ultrasound, MRI, CT and operative figures now connect deep-posterior-compartment anatomy, a related soleus differentiation variant, the contraction sign, Kager-fat-pad obliteration, normal-signal muscle, incidental medial-calcaneal insertion, complete excision and combined tarsal-tunnel decompression.

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Synovial chondromatosis: map every body, stage the synovium, recognise invasion

Sixteen reviewed gross, histological, radiographic, CT, MRI, arthroscopic and operative figures now connect chondroid metaplasia, mature loose bodies, hand and popliteal extra-articular disease, occult non-mineralised nodules, multicompartment mapping, arthroscopic clearance, posterior open excision and destructive secondary synovial chondrosarcoma.

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Suprascapular neuropathy: localise the notch, read the muscle, release safely

Fourteen reviewed anatomical, MRI, ultrasound, classification, arthroscopic and open-operative figures now connect notch morphology, sensory territory, cuff-traction neuropathy, cyst and haematoma mimics, denervation oedema, fixed fatty atrophy, aspiration response, ligament-release danger zones and spinoglenoid cyst decompression.

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Talar osteochondral lesions: measure the defect, preserve viable cartilage, correct the load

Fifteen reviewed classification, CT, MRI, CT-arthrographic, radiographic, arthroscopic and operative figures now connect fragment morphology, cartilage and cyst assessment, malalignment correction, marrow stimulation, autograft transfer, retrograde grafting, fragment fixation, scaffold augmentation, structural healing and area-based procedure selection.

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Knee osteochondral defects: define the shoulder, restore both layers, correct every load

Twelve reviewed arthroscopic, radiographic, MRI and operative figures now connect Outerbridge grade IV morphology, loose fragments, alignment and subchondral assessment, microfracture, MACI with bone grafting, contained and uncontained shoulders, patellar allograft, OATS and scaffold-augmented marrow stimulation through ten-year follow-up.

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Milwaukee shoulder: find the quiet effusion, prove the crystal, distinguish the mimic

Fourteen reviewed crystal, histological, micro-CT, radiographic, MRI, CT and operative figures now connect BCP deposits and macrophage response, alizarin red detection, the calcific-tendinitis spectrum, Hamada-pattern cuff failure, axillary-recess mineralisation, rapid destructive mimics, Charcot arthropathy and reverse shoulder reconstruction.

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Flexor tenosynovitis: recognise sheath pressure, image selectively, drain every extension

Seventeen reviewed clinical, radiographic, ultrasound, MRI, operative, histological and schematic figures now connect vincular ischaemia, Kanavel-pattern swelling, penetrating inoculation, retained foreign bodies, circumferential sheath fluid, limited catheter irrigation, proximal carpal-tunnel spread, mycobacterial rice bodies and granulomas, herpetic whitlow, calcific periarthritis and gouty flexor tophi.

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Radial head arthroplasty: restore length, repair instability, protect the capitellum

Eighteen reviewed anatomical, examination, radiographic, CT, arthroscopic and operative figures replace a text-heavy generated algorithm and now connect lateral ligament and interosseous membrane anatomy, pivot-shift testing, Mason and terrible-triad patterns, Essex-Lopresti wrist injury, reconstructability, modular trials, sizing, overlengthening, stress shielding, capitellar erosion and heterotopic ossification.

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CNO and CRMO: map the skeleton, exclude the mimic, protect the spine

Sixteen reviewed radiographic, CT, whole-body MRI, histological and follow-up figures replace three text-heavy generated cards and now connect cellular evolution, clavicular and metaphyseal disease, silent multifocal lesions, MRI protocol, normal early radiographs, diagnostic histology, biopsy limits, adult SAPHO, serial treatment response, vertebral fracture, scoliosis and structural collapse.

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Bosworth fracture-dislocation: identify the lock, prove reduction, act once

Eighteen reviewed anatomical, radiographic, CT, fluoroscopic, operative and complication figures replace a generated management card and now connect the fibula-incisura lock, posterior-malleolar entrapment, deceptive AP films, serial failed reductions, directed closed manipulation, CT-confirmed fibular seating, definitive fixation, compartment syndrome and chronic salvage.

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Hallux rigidus: grade the joint, inspect cartilage, choose motion or fusion

Nineteen reviewed anatomical, radiographic, MRI, fluoroscopic and operative figures replace two generated cards and now connect capsuloligamentous anatomy, Hattrup-Johnson progression, multimodal imaging, cartilage-based conversion decisions, cheilectomy, capsular interposition, fusion alignment and fixation, Moberg osteotomy, silastic replacement, hydrogel implantation, osteolysis, hardware prominence and nonunion.

Topics included in this update
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Atlantoaxial arthritis: measure instability, identify the artery, protect the cord

Seventeen reviewed anatomical, radiographic, CT, MRI, angiographic, operative and intraoperative-navigation figures replace two generated cards and now connect C1-C2 anatomy, degenerative osteophytes, rheumatoid synovitis and vertical settling, crowned dens calcification, dynamic ADI measurement, vertebral-artery variants, fixation corridors, screw assessment and postoperative alignment.

Topics included in this update
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Hemipelvectomy: map the zone, control the vessels, reconstruct deliberately

Nineteen reviewed anatomical, radiographic, CT, MRI, angiographic, operative and reconstruction figures now connect Enneking-Dunham zones, iliac and sacral vascular anatomy, resection-level planning, preoperative embolisation, Type II and III resection, custom endoprosthetic and allograft reconstruction, external flap coverage, proximal vessel control, sacral-root preservation and prosthetic dislocation.

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Claw toes: identify every joint, test flexibility, balance the ray

Fourteen reviewed anatomical, clinical, radiographic, ultrasound, MRI, operative and schematic figures replace a rigid generated algorithm and now connect intrinsic muscle imbalance, cavovarus drivers, plantar-plate failure, joint-specific deformity, flexor tenodesis, PIP resection, metatarsal shortening, plantar-plate repair, floating-toe transfer lesions and percutaneous flexor tenotomy.

Topics included in this update
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Chopart injuries: trace the cyma line, map both columns, restore length

Sixteen reviewed radiographic, CT, anatomical, reconstruction and fixation figures replace a typo-bearing generated algorithm and now connect cyma-line disruption, bifurcate and dorsal ligament anatomy, occult anterior-process avulsion, combined medial- and lateral-column injury, cuboid comminution, temporary K-wire fixation, bridge plating and standing alignment after implant removal.

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Lesser tuberosity fractures: find the hidden fragment, follow the subscapularis, protect the biceps

Sixteen reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI, arthroscopic, operative and fluoroscopic figures replace a misspelled specimen image, a low-resolution posterior-dislocation composite and a rigid generated algorithm, and now connect subtle frontal-film findings, bilateral avulsion, posterior dislocation, subscapularis attachment, biceps displacement, CT-defined comminution, arthroscopic screw fixation, delayed anchor repair and modified McLaughlin reconstruction.

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Juvenile scoliosis: find the neural lesion, quantify flexibility, preserve growth

Fifteen reviewed radiographic, CT and MRI figures replace an exposed-patient composite and a rigid generated algorithm, and now connect Chiari and syrinx pathology, low-dose standing imaging, vertebral rotation and wedging, traction and bending flexibility, brace and cast response, failed casting, MCGR distraction, growth-rod conversion, vertebral tethering, thoracic insufficiency and overcorrection.

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Down syndrome orthopaedics: protect the cord, preserve function, tailor reconstruction

Fourteen reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI, operative and reconstruction figures replace three nonspecific or low-resolution images and now connect dynamic atlantoaxial instability, cord compression, os odontoideum, vertebral-artery-aware fixation, hip containment, syndromic scoliosis, patellar tilt, Roux-Goldthwait realignment and physeal-sparing medial reconstruction.

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Stress and strain: read the curve, test the construct, predict load transfer

Eighteen reviewed mechanical, tissue, testing, finite-element and radiographic figures replace a generated algorithm and now connect ductile and tendon stress-strain behaviour, cartilage and cancellous-bone mechanics, compression, torsion, nanoindentation, construct stiffness, fatigue, implant boundary conditions and proximal femoral stress shielding.

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Finger dislocations: identify the direction, restore congruity, protect motion

Eleven radiographic, CT, MRI, splinting and operative figures now connect open dorsal and double-joint dislocations, volar-plate avulsion morphology, unstable volar-lip fractures, PIP extension splinting, hemi-hamate reconstruction, central-slip failure and complex DIP fracture-dislocations.

Topics included in this update
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Open fractures: define the injury zone, stabilise deliberately, cover with living tissue

Thirteen reviewed classification, clinical, angiographic, fixation, flap, bone-reconstruction and infection figures replace three text-heavy generated cards and now connect initial wound assessment, Gustilo IIIC vascular injury, temporary fixation and NPWT, circular fixation, local and free-flap coverage, recipient-vessel planning, induced-membrane reconstruction, bone transport, fracture-related infection and local antibiotic dead-space management.

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Distal tibial physeal injuries: read the closing plate, map every fragment, restore the plafond

Fourteen reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI, arthroscopic and fixation figures replace two generated graphics and now connect the central-to-lateral closure sequence, Tillaux and triplane geometry, standard Salter-Harris II injury, periosteal entrapment, CT planning, smooth-wire and epiphyseal-screw fixation, arthroscopic reduction, union and early physeal-bar surveillance.

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DISH: recognise the flowing bridge, find the occult fracture, protect the airway

Sixteen reviewed radiographic, CT, barium-swallow, histological, fluoroscopic and operative figures replace an unversioned-source film and generated algorithm, and now connect Resnick morphology, the differential from ankylosing spondylitis and degeneration, peripheral enthesopathy, cervical airway and oesophageal compression, OPLL, unstable extension fractures, long-segment fixation, osteophytectomy and heterotopic-ossification risk.

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Abductor digiti minimi: follow the pisiform origin, test the fifth ray, localise the deep branch

Fourteen reviewed anatomical, cadaveric, ultrasound, MRI, operative and functional figures now connect the layered hypothenar compartment, pisiform-to-fifth-ray attachments, the deep ulnar motor branch, Guyon canal zones, accessory ADM variants, normal and abnormal muscle ultrasound, neurovascular protection during release and Huber opposition transfer.

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Physeal injuries: identify the plane, respect the germinal layer, detect the bar early

Fifteen reviewed anatomical, radiographic, CT, MRI, arthrographic and operative figures replace a redundant generated algorithm and now connect endochondral ossification, Salter-Harris patterns, infant distal-humeral injury, periosteal entrapment, triplane CT mapping, smooth-wire and epiphyseal-screw fixation, physeal-bar detection, deformity measurement, three-dimensional mapping and tunnel-guided bar excision.

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Medial ankle instability: separate the deltoid layers, load the mortise, correct every deforming force

Twelve reviewed anatomical, clinical, radiographic, MRI, arthroscopic and operative figures replace two unversioned-source approach photographs and a generated algorithm, and now connect superficial and deep deltoid anatomy, tibiospring and syndesmotic injury, medial clear-space technique, stress-dependent mortise behaviour, arthroscopic open-book instability, layer-specific anchor repair and combined deltoid-spring-flatfoot reconstruction.

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Plantar keratosis: map the load, distinguish the wart, correct the overloaded ray

Eleven reviewed clinical, dermoscopic, thermographic, ultrasound, plantar-pressure and operative figures replace an anatomically misleading generated IPK diagram and now connect focal and diffuse callus, deep keratosis over an ossicle or sesamoid, verruca capillary patterns, diabetic callus-to-ulcer progression, strain redistribution, metatarsal-head elevation and pressure reduction after osteotomy.

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Raynaud hand: recognise reversible spasm, prove structural disease, rescue the threatened digit

Fourteen reviewed clinical, capillaroscopic, thermographic, hyperspectral, duplex, CT-angiographic and operative figures replace a generated capillary diagram and now connect triphasic vasospasm, systemic-sclerosis ulcers, normal-to-late microangiopathy, fixed arterial occlusion, hypothenar injury, botulinum injection, periarterial sympathectomy and surgical correction of an ulnar-aneurysm embolic source.

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Upper-limb periprosthetic fractures: locate the break, test the stem, rebuild the bone stock

Seventeen reviewed radiographic, CT, operative and classification figures now connect stem-tip and comminuted humeral patterns, conservative selection, failed short fixation, fibular strut augmentation, long-stem revision, union, ulnar component fracture, loose total-elbow components, allograft-prosthesis composite reconstruction and acromial, glenoid and intra-operative shoulder complications.

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Ingrown toenail: stage the fold, separate the edge, destroy the correct matrix horn

Seventeen reviewed anatomical, clinical, conservative-treatment and operative figures now connect early and advanced onychocryptosis, granulation-tissue overgrowth, cotton packing, orthonyxia, taping, gutter splinting, partial nail-strip excision, phenol application, wedge and sulcus reconstruction, long-term Winograd healing and the visual differential from onychogryphosis, onychomycosis and periungual tumour.

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Ligament healing: organise the collagen, preserve the bridge, mature the interface

Fourteen reviewed anatomical, histological, immunohistochemical, mechanical and interface figures replace a generated management flowchart and now connect collagen hierarchy and cross-linking, inflammatory-to-remodelling phases, MCL and ACL vascular envelopes, healing-cell populations, scar organisation, tendon-bone maturation and the difference between stable incorporation and failed graft integration.

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Spinal nerve sheath tumours: define every compartment, preserve the root, choose the corridor

Fifteen reviewed histological, ultrasound, MRI, CT, PET and operative figures replace two generated assets and now connect schwannoma and MPNST pathology, target-sign neurofibroma, cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral dumbbell anatomy, unilateral hemilaminectomy, two-field thoracic exposure, muscle-splitting paravertebral resection and bone-preserving sacral surgery.

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Intervertebral disc biology: see the lamellae, follow the fluid, understand failure

Thirteen reviewed anatomical, histological, multiphoton, optical-coherence, biomechanical and MRI figures replace an ovine mapping panel and low-resolution clinical maps, and now connect annular fibre crimp and recruitment, regional matrix architecture, endplate vascular buds, loading and swelling recovery, asymmetric failure, molecular degeneration, radial tears and human Pfirrmann grading.

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Clostridial myonecrosis: recognise the tempo, map the gas, obtain source control

Eight reviewed clinical, radiographic, CT, microbiological, haematological and operative figures replace a misattributed Aeromonas CT, an exposed-torso photograph and a generated algorithm, and now connect early wound progression, bullae, boxcar bacilli, toxin-mediated haemolysis, skip lesions, minute-to-minute CT progression, upper-limb muscle gas and life-saving guillotine amputation.

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Digital mucous cysts: follow the stalk, protect the nail, recognise the infected joint

Eight reviewed clinical, histological, anatomical, ultrasound and surgical figures now connect the classic translucent dome, pseudocyst histology, collateral-interval stalk anatomy, dumbbell extension, matrix compression, ultrasound diagnosis, dorsal flap planning and the discharging DIP-joint sinus.

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Knee arthrofibrosis: map the scar, measure the block, release only what is tethered

Twelve reviewed MRI, radiographic, histological, examination, arthroscopic and operative figures replace two unversioned-source images and now connect diffuse and localised fibrosis, cyclops syndrome, reproducible motion measurement, patella baja, infrapatellar fat-pad scarring, cartilage injury from forceful rehabilitation, staged arthrolysis and Judet quadricepsplasty.

Topics included in this update
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Persistent pain after spine surgery: identify the generator before treating the syndrome

Six reviewed radiographic, MRI, CT and fluoroscopic figures replace two generated assets and now connect recurrent disc herniation, adjacent-segment stenosis, adhesive arachnoiditis, pseudarthrosis with peri-implant osteolysis, instrumented fusion assessment and spinal cord stimulation.

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Os acromiale: obtain the axial view, prove activity, preserve the deltoid

Seventeen reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI, anatomical, arthroscopic and fixation figures replace the generated classification schematic and now connect AP invisibility, axial diagnosis, bilateral disease, pre/meso/meta classification, step-off deformity, marrow oedema, the double-density sign, deltoid origin, fragment compression, double-button fixation, CT-confirmed union and open plating.

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Neurofibroma: define the type, follow the nerve, target transformation

Seventeen reviewed MRI, ultrasound, PET, histological and operative figures replace the generated management card and now connect localized, diffuse and plexiform disease, target-sign imaging, fascicle-engulfing surgery, digital and sciatic lesions, bag-of-worms histology, wavy nuclei, whole-body tumour mapping, and molecular-imaging guidance for suspected MPNST.

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Iselin disease: find the apophysis, read the line, exclude the fracture

Fourteen reviewed radiographic, CT and anatomical figures now connect the fifth-metatarsal osteochondrosis site, true Iselin fragmentation, normal fracture zones, transverse avulsion and Jones fractures, os vesalianum cortication and articulation, bilateral comparison views, and the limits of using symmetry alone.

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Growing prostheses: plan the length, understand the mechanism, follow every failure mode

Eighteen reviewed radiographic, MRI, implant, mechanical-testing and operative figures now connect paediatric distal-femoral reconstruction, REPIPHYSIS and Xpand elongation, electromagnetic actuation, modular versus extendable components, serial limb-length correction, stem migration and varus, infection, aseptic loosening, fracture healing and the stem-collar interface.

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Cam FAI: profile the bump, prove joint damage, restore the offset

Seventeen reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI, arthroscopic and three-dimensional planning figures replace the generated management card and now connect adolescent epiphyseal extension, bilateral athletic morphology, projection-dependent alpha-angle measurement, combined FAI and osteoarthritis, labrochondral separation, bubble-sign delamination, labral repair, dynamic examination and calibrated osteochondroplasty.

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Bone island: recognise the brush border, separate the mimics, stop the work-up

Eight reviewed radiographic, CT and MRI figures replace the generated management card and now connect homogeneous intramedullary sclerosis, radiating trabeculae, cortical-bone MRI signal, appendicular and vertebral examples, osteopoikilosis, bone-infarct and melorheostosis patterns, and the distinction from myeloma and prostate metastases.

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Patellar tendon rupture: recognise alta, define the tear, rebuild the extensor mechanism

Seventeen reviewed radiographic, ultrasound, MRI, operative and reconstruction figures replace the generated management card and now connect patella alta and Insall–Salvati measurement, proximal, midsubstance and distal avulsion patterns, antecedent tendinopathy, anchor fixation, Krackow preparation, Achilles augmentation, hamstring reconstruction and hardware failure.

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Neuralgic amyotrophy: follow the pain, map the fascicle, image the constriction

Sixteen reviewed MRI, MR-neurography, ultrasound, examination and operative figures replace two exposed-torso photographs and now connect suprascapular, C5, radial, PIN and AIN patterns, patchy muscle denervation, hourglass evolution, intraneural localisation, phrenic palsy, surgical neurolysis and the distinction from distal entrapment.

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Osteoblastoma: localise the nidus, map the vessels, control the margin

Sixteen reviewed CT, MRI, histological, endoscopic, operative and reconstruction figures replace two generated assets and now connect posterior-element and rib disease, osteoid-forming histology, canal and soft-tissue assessment, vertebral-artery displacement, targeted endoscopic excision, anterior cervical resection, hemivertebral reconstruction, postoperative clearance and early recurrence.

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Perilunate injuries: define the direction, restore the ring, protect the nerve

Fifteen reviewed radiographic, CT, arthroscopic, fluoroscopic and operative figures replace an unversioned-source film and now connect the spilled-teacup sign, dorsal and palmar displacement, greater- and lesser-arc patterns, median-nerve compression, post-reduction CT, ligament assessment, joystick reduction, capsulotomy, scaphoid fixation and maintained postoperative alignment.

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LCH: recognise the lesion, prove the lineage, stage every organ

Seventeen reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI, PET and histological figures replace two generated assets and now connect vertebra plana, destructive long-bone and jaw lesions, floating teeth, multisystem staging, CD1a and Langerin diagnosis, pulmonary cysts, pituitary disease, metabolic response and skeletal regeneration.

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Fibrosarcoma of bone: prove bone origin, exclude matrix, name the modern differential

Ten reviewed histological, MRI, CT and radiographic figures replace a generated radiograph and management card and now connect classic spindle-cell fascicles, fusion-defined infantile disease, Paget and bone-infarct risk substrates, radiation-induced sarcoma, osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma matrix exclusion, and the critical separation of adult extraskeletal fibrosarcoma from true primary bone disease.

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Deep hand infections: know the space, recognise sheath pressure, drain every communicating compartment

Seventeen reviewed anatomical, clinical, ultrasound, drainage and irrigation figures replace two generated cards and now connect thenar and midpalmar spaces, collar-button anatomy, retained foreign bodies, Kanavel-pattern flexor tenosynovitis, sheath fluid, vincular ischaemia, proximal spread, dual-incision drainage, carpal-tunnel debridement and limited catheter irrigation.

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Cervical spondylolisthesis: measure the slip, recognise the facet, preserve global alignment

Fourteen reviewed dynamic radiographic, CT, MRI, measurement and reconstruction figures replace two generated cards and now connect C7–T1 degenerative motion, graded traumatic translation, bow-tie and naked-facet signs, retrolisthesis, cord injury, White–Panjabi and global sagittal measurements, anterior fusion, post-laminectomy kyphosis, dropped-head failure and circumferential realignment.

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Brown tumour: recognise the metabolic pattern, find the gland, protect the failing bone

Sixteen reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI, histological and fixation figures now connect osteitis-fibrosa-cystica hand signs, multifocal skeletal disease, giant-cell histology, parathyroid adenoma localisation, femoral pathological fracture, mandibular and forearm lesions, spinal compression, salt-and-pepper and rugger-jersey patterns, endocrine-first treatment, remineralisation and fracture union.

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Nonunion management: classify the failure, prove infection status, rebuild the diamond

Fourteen reviewed radiographic, operative, graft and reconstruction figures replace two generated cards and now connect hypertrophic and atrophic patterns, objective cortical scoring, red-pepper debridement, exchange nailing, compression plating, dynamisation, staged infection treatment, induced membrane reconstruction, bone transport, vascularised fibula, RIA complications and Ilizarov consolidation.

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Meralgia paraesthetica: map the patch, find the variant, preserve or sacrifice sensation

Thirteen reviewed anatomical, ultrasound, sensory-mapping and operative figures replace three unversioned-source images and now connect LFCN roots and branches, pelvic-exit variation, sartorius/posterior/fan patterns, direct-anterior hip risk, normal and entrapped nerve ultrasound, variable hypoesthesia, sensory-territory localisation, neurolysis and neuroma-directed neurectomy.

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Lesser MTP arthritis: test purchase, stage the plate, preserve the parabola

Sixteen reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI, ultrasound, examination, arthroscopic and operative figures replace the generated management card and now connect plantar-plate grading, dynamic instability, inflammatory synovitis, metatarsal-head collapse, Freiberg-pattern degeneration, toe-purchase testing, metatarsal-length planning, debridement, dorsiflexion osteotomy, arthroscopic shrinkage, triple Weil correction and floating-toe failure.

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Isolated radial shaft fractures: restore the bow, prove both joints, protect the nerve

Fourteen reviewed radiographic, MRI, operative and examination figures replace two generated cards and now connect radial-bow measurement, full-length injury imaging, Galeazzi exclusion, Henry and Thompson approaches, posterior interosseous nerve protection, comminuted proximal-radius fixation, DRUJ reassessment, FPL/AIN-pattern weakness, synostosis surveillance and durable union.

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Intersection syndrome: find the crossing, distinguish the level, protect the nerve

Fourteen reviewed clinical, cadaveric, ultrasound, MRI, injection-planning and operative figures replace an inaccurate generated schematic and now connect proximal APL–EPB over ECRL–ECRB anatomy, distal EPL crossing, symptom localisation, dynamic ultrasound, superficial-radial-nerve safe zones, treatment targeting, second-compartment decompression and imaging-confirmed recovery.

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Hammer toes: test flexibility, localise the driver, balance every joint

Fifteen reviewed clinical, anatomical, radiographic, CT, MRI, ultrasound and operative figures replace two generated cards and now connect PIP and MTP pathomechanics, plantar-plate instability, dorsal callus, rigid-deformity imaging, flexor transfer, Weil osteotomy, PIP arthrodesis, direct plantar-plate repair, percutaneous correction, intramedullary fixation, floating toe and hardware erosion.

Topics included in this update
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Ganglion cysts: find the stalk, map the artery, recognise every location

Fifteen reviewed clinical, histological, ultrasound, MRI, CT and operative figures replace the generated management card and now connect pseudocyst histology, dorsal and volar wrist disease, flexor-sheath and A1-pulley ganglia, DIP mucous cysts, occult and intraosseous variants, TFCC aspiration planning, capsular-stalk excision, arthroscopy and median-nerve compression.

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Floating shoulder: identify every SSSC break, measure displacement, restore the ring

Sixteen reviewed radiographic, CT, anatomical, reduction and fixation figures replace two generated cards and now connect glenopolar-angle technique, scapular medialisation, coracoid and acromion variants, clavicle–AC disruption, polytrauma plexus assessment, lateral-border reduction, plate selection and selective dual fixation.

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Dupuytren disease: map the cord, measure each joint, protect the displaced nerve

Sixteen reviewed illustration, ultrasound, MRI, clinical and operative figures replace an unversioned-source image and two generated cards and now connect nodule-to-cord progression, digital-cord branching, neurovascular displacement, Tubiana staging, tabletop and goniometric assessment, needle aponeurotomy, safe incision planning, limited-incision fasciectomy and durable correction.

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Calcaneal tuberosity fractures: save the skin, neutralise Achilles pull, spread fixation

Sixteen reviewed anatomy, radiographic, CT, MRI, operative and follow-up figures replace the generated management card and now connect posterior-skin impingement, shell and beak morphology, insufficiency nonunion, emergency reduction, screw and tension-band constructs, hook plating, suture-anchor reconstruction, diabetic wound failure, infection and union.

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Bipartite patella: identify the variant, prove activity, preserve the extensor mechanism

Sixteen reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI and operative figures now connect Saupe I–III morphology, trochlear dysplasia and maltracking, marrow oedema, quadriceps attachment, dorsal patellar defect, traumatic synchondrosis disruption, fragment fixation, tendon and retinacular repair, union and long-term alignment.

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Bertolotti syndrome: identify the transition, prove the pain source, count every level

Sixteen reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI, SPECT, EOS, dynamic and operative figures replace two generated cards and now connect Castellvi morphology, pseudoarticulation activity, above-level motion redistribution, whole-spine numbering, minimally invasive navigation, transverse-process resection and endoscopic decompression of far-out L5 entrapment.

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Trigger finger: release A1, preserve A2, investigate atypical catching

Seventeen reviewed cadaveric, schematic, ultrasound, splint, percutaneous-release and outcome figures replace two generated cards and now connect A1/A2 boundaries, pulley thickening, ganglion and calcific variants, MCP blocking, image-guided fenestration, thread-loop and needle techniques, tendon-abrasion risk, scar trade-offs and the fracture-entrapment mimic.

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Reverse Hill-Sachs lesions: quantify the defect, test engagement, preserve a viable head

Seventeen reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI, arthroscopic and reconstructive figures replace two generated cards and now connect defect width, depth and clockface position, posterior glenoid interaction, lightbulb and axillary signs, posterior Bankart injury, structural grafting, modified McLaughlin transfer, reverse remplissage, fracture ORIF, reverse arthroplasty and postoperative tendon incorporation.

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Quadrilateral space syndrome: localise the nerve, provoke the artery, find the cause

Seventeen reviewed anatomy, MRI, MR-neurography, dynamic angiography, ultrasound, arthroscopic and operative figures now connect TILT borders, teres-minor and deltoid denervation, lipomatous compression, posterior labral cyst generation, PCHA positional attenuation, diagnostic axillary-nerve block, motor retraining and decompression of an hourglass-constricted branch.

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Pilon fractures: respect the envelope, reconstruct the plafond, salvage deliberately

Seventeen reviewed radiographic, CT, soft-tissue, operative and follow-up figures replace two generated cards and now connect explosive plafond comminution, fracture blisters, staged spanning fixation, anterolateral nerve protection, graft-supported elevation, circular fixation, osteochondral reconstruction, nonunion revision and tibiotalar fusion.

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Pathological femur fractures: diagnose before fixation, score the threat, build for survival

Seventeen reviewed radiographic, CT, scintigraphic, angiographic, fluoroscopic and reconstruction figures replace two generated cards and now connect lytic cortical failure, bilateral screening, Mirels and modified Mirels assessment, hypervascular embolisation, long cephalomedullary fixation, distal curettage and grafting, megaprosthetic replacement and vascular mapping.

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Kienböck disease: stage the collapse, test viability, match salvage to cartilage

Seventeen reviewed radiographic, MRI, CT, arthroscopic and operative figures replace two generated cards and now connect Lichtman IIIA versus IIIB alignment, gadolinium perfusion, lunate fragmentation, revascularisation, arthroscopic scaphocapitate fusion, STT fixation, long-term consolidation and proximal-row carpectomy.

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Iliac-wing fractures: prove isolation, map the blade, treat the whole ring

Seventeen reviewed radiographic, CT, operative, fixation and failure figures replace the generated management card and now connect posterior comminution, pubic-ramus and SI extension, fragility patterns, iliac-crest avulsion, penetrating trajectories, plate and skiver-screw fixation, construct breakage, revision and union.

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Hallux varus: identify the tether, centre the joint, preserve motion when possible

Seventeen reviewed clinical, weight-bearing radiographic, CT, operative and follow-up figures replace the generated management card and now connect congenital shortening, iatrogenic overcorrection, articular incongruity, soft-tissue release, valgus osteotomy, lateral-ligament reconstruction, temporary K-wire fixation and first-MTP fusion for rigid disease.

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Gluteal tendon tears: define the footprint, grade the muscle, restore the lever arm

Seventeen reviewed ultrasound, MRI, radiographic, open and endoscopic figures now connect medius/minimus footprint anatomy, partial and full-thickness failure, Goutallier fatty degeneration, Dixon fat fraction, spur and bursal findings, double-row repair, anchor placement and gluteus-maximus transfer for irreparable tears.

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Elbow arthritis: identify the block, preserve the joint, protect the nerve

Seventeen reviewed examination, radiograph, CT, arthroscopic and arthroplasty figures replace the generated management card and now connect primary-osteoarthritis impingement, occult loose bodies, ulnar-nerve mapping, rheumatoid destruction, linked replacement, haemophilic synovitis, gout and synovial chondromatosis.

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Cuboid fractures: restore the lateral column and inspect the whole midfoot

Seventeen reviewed anatomy, radiograph, CT, fixation and follow-up figures replace the generated management card and now connect nutcracker impaction, lateral-column shortening, Lisfranc and Chopart extensions, bridge plating, bone grafting, dual-column reconstruction and peroneus-longus/os-peroneum injury.

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Cubital tunnel syndrome: release every edge without creating a new one

Seventeen reviewed cadaveric, ultrasound, operative and surgical-planning figures replace the generated management card and now connect Osborne-ligament variation, nerve vascularity, MABCN risk, dynamic dislocation, decompression, subcutaneous and submuscular transposition, pivot points and distal motor-branch preservation.

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Cobalt-chrome alloys: control the phase, polish the bearing, monitor the debris

Seventeen reviewed component, XRD, EBSD, microscopy, MARS-MRI, retrieval and revision figures replace two generated UI cards and now connect FCC/HCP balance, carbide precipitates, additive microstructure, wear particles, pseudotumour, taper corrosion, fatigue fracture and revision to a non-metal bearing.

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Chronic ankle instability: quantify laxity and treat every pain generator

Seventeen reviewed anatomy, histology, ultrasound, MRI, stress-imaging and operative figures replace an unresolved-source plate and generated management card, connecting ATFL/CFL failure, syndesmotic and osteochondral lesions, peroneal pathology, open and arthroscopic Broström repair, poor-tissue augmentation and internal-brace technique.

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Calcaneovalgus: prove suppleness and exclude the structural mimics

Eleven reviewed radiograph and region-limited clinical figures replace three generated UI cards and now distinguish vertical talus, flexible and rigid flatfoot, posteromedial versus anterolateral tibial bowing, remodelling, persistent shortening and later reconstruction. The pass is intentionally sparse because the only licensed direct clinical photograph exposed an undressed neonate.

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Bladder exstrophy pelvis: rotate the ring, close without tension, plan the adult hip

Seventeen reviewed pelvic, fetal, spinal, osteotomy and adult-hip figures replace an unsafe-licence IVU and now connect exstrophy-ring anatomy, epispadias and cloacal variants, bayonet osteotomy, caudal spinal anomalies, acetabular retroversion, adult dysplasia and complex arthroplasty planning.

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Tibial spine fractures: clear the notch, reduce the fragment, restore extension

Eighteen reviewed radiograph, CT, MRI and arthroscopic figures replace the generated classification card and now connect displacement, meniscal interposition, fracture-bed preparation, physeal-sparing suture constructs, staple and K-wire fixation, associated plateau injury and radiographic union.

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Tarsal coalition: identify the bridge, quantify the valgus, preserve motion

Eighteen reviewed radiograph, CT, MRI and operative figures replace two non-diagnostic films and the generated management card, connecting fibrous and osseous coalitions, rare mimics, rigid flatfoot, complete resection, interposition, sustentacular preservation and adjunctive hindfoot realignment.

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Shoulder osteoarthritis: measure the glenoid, centre the joint, protect the cuff

Eighteen reviewed radiograph, CT, bone-like MRI, planning and operative figures replace two generated cards and now connect posterior wear and subluxation, Friedman versus vault version, augmented glenoid planning, stemless anatomic arthroplasty, navigation, bone grafting, subscapularis failure and component radiolucency.

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Knee OCD: prove stability, preserve the fragment, restore the surface

Eighteen reviewed radiograph, CT, MRI, arthroscopic and operative figures replace the generated classification card and now connect juvenile healing potential, MRI instability, ROCK-style probing, drilling, fragment fixation, mosaicplasty, allograft reconstruction and imaging-based return to activity.

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DDH treatment: prove concentric reduction, then protect remodelling

Eighteen reviewed ultrasound, radiograph, CT, MRI, arthrogram and operative figures replace two unversioned-licence brace images and now connect Graf severity, brace positioning, closed and open reduction, spica confirmation, pelvic and femoral osteotomy, osteonecrosis, residual dysplasia and adult joint preservation.

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Chordoma: stage the midline tumour, plan the margin, preserve the roots

Eighteen reviewed MRI, CT, radiograph, pathology, operative and molecular figures replace the management card and now connect sacral and clival presentation, biopsy planning, brachyury diagnosis, en-bloc sacrectomy, nerve-root and vascular mapping, particle-therapy response, targeted therapy and SMARCB1-deficient disease.

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Apert syndrome: map every ray before staged reconstruction

Eighteen reviewed clinical, radiographic, prenatal and operative figures replace the generated Upton plate and now connect mitten-hand and foot phenotypes, skeletal synostosis, cranial imaging, prenatal detection, staged first-web and central-digit release, flap selection, web-creep grading and functional outcomes.

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Monteggia and Galeazzi: restore the forearm ring, then test the joint

Nineteen reviewed radiographs, CT, cadaveric and operative figures replace three AI assets and now connect interosseous-membrane anatomy, Bado direction, radiocapitellar alignment, DRUJ widening, radial and ulnar fixation, PIN risk, irreducible annular-ligament interposition and chronic radial-head redislocation.

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Humeral head fracture: define the articular fragment, quantify the defect, protect the tuberosities

Twelve reviewed radiographs, CT and operative figures replace two AI assets and now connect proximal-humerus fragment forces, four-part and dislocated articular patterns, reverse Hill–Sachs engagement, valgus ORIF, modified McLaughlin reconstruction, nonreconstructible head defects, greater-tuberosity fixation and reverse arthroplasty selection.

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Flexor rehab: protect the repair, create glide, never train through a rupture

Ten reviewed dissection, repair, splint and exercise figures now connect FDS/FDP anatomy, core-strand strength, partial laceration, controlled-active and Kleinert/Duran splints, passive extension, place-and-hold and protected IP extension—while rejecting two source-published anatomy diagrams with visible labelling errors.

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Fibular shaft fracture: image the ankle, follow the membrane, restore length before the screw

Ten reviewed radiographs, MRI, fluoroscopy and operative figures replace watermarked and UI-card assets and now connect clean Maisonneuve imaging, discontinuous interosseous-membrane injury, isolated fibular stress fracture, plate fixation and union, syndesmotic measurements and screw trajectory, and the vascularised-fibula donor operation with its stability limits.

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DIP arthritis: separate nodes, erosions and inflammation before you fuse

Ten reviewed clinical, radiographic, ultrasound and operative figures now connect Heberden-pattern OA and mucous cysts, erosive-OA gull wings, psoriatic marginal erosions and Doppler hyperaemia, rheumatoid DIP sparing, joint preparation, grafted revision, screw insertion, fusion consolidation and symptomatic nonunion.

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Coxa vara: measure the physis, correct the shear, preserve the abductor lever

Twelve reviewed radiographs replace the generated measurement diagram and now connect congenital, rachitic and fibrous-dysplasia patterns, true Hilgenreiner-epiphyseal and head–shaft measurement, frog-lateral anatomy, Y/V valgus osteotomy planning, operative steps, fixation, physeal closure and displacement complications, revision correction and proximal-femoral remodelling.

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Caudal regression: define the last vertebra, then define the cord

Ten reviewed radiographs, CT and MRI figures now connect partial and complete sacral agenesis, total lumbosacral absence, scoliosis and hip dysplasia, high truncated versus low tethered conus, diastematomyelia, terminal cystocele and the scimitar-sign/anterior-meningocele pathway—without publishing exposed paediatric clinical photographs.

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Anatomic TSA: restore native geometry, centre the head, watch the glenoid

Thirteen reviewed radiographs, CT, component and planning figures replace three AI assets and now connect Walch B2 wear, glenoid version and posterior subluxation, stemmed and stemless constructs, hybrid glenoid fixation, navigated component placement, native humeral geometry, anterior instability from subscapularis failure and systematic glenoid radiolucency grading.

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Shoulder fracture-dislocation: prove the direction, define the defect, preserve the tuberosities

Eleven reviewed radiographs and CT figures replace two invalid AI assets and now connect proximal-humerus fragment forces, anterior greater-tuberosity displacement, posterior lightbulb and reverse Hill–Sachs signs, bilateral locked injury, ORIF, modified McLaughlin reconstruction, reverse arthroplasty, avascular necrosis and tuberosity nonunion.

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SI joint pain: provoke it, block it, then target the posterior network

Ten reviewed anatomy, MRI, ultrasound and fluoroscopy figures replace two invalid AI assets and now connect inlet/outlet landmarks, inflammatory mimics, image-guided intra-articular injection, the L5–S3 lateral-branch network, radiofrequency probe placement and real minimally invasive fusion corridor preparation, implant insertion and postoperative hardware.

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NF1: read the dysplastic bone, map the tumour, stabilise before it fails

Twelve reviewed radiographs, CT, MRI and PET/CT figures now connect congenital tibial pseudarthrosis, tibiofibular cross-union, sphenoid-wing dysplasia, dystrophic scoliosis with an intraspinal rib head, paraspinal neurofibromas and vertebral erosion, lumbar dural ectasia, hip destruction and dislocation, and the imaging red flags for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour.

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Metatarsal fractures: restore the parabola, classify the fifth, never miss Lisfranc

Thirteen reviewed radiographs, CT and operative figures now connect the Maestro metatarsal parabola, fifth-metatarsal Zones 1–3 and acute Jones morphology, weight-bearing Lisfranc alignment, comminuted first-ray CT, intramedullary screw and K-wire strategies, and the nonunion and transfer-metatarsalgia consequences of failing to restore length and alignment.

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OALL and DISH: see the flowing bridge, protect the airway, fear the fracture

Ten reviewed radiographs, CT and MRI figures now connect right-sided thoracic candle-wax ossification, preserved disc height, cervical OALL versus canal-occupying OPLL, dysphagia from hypopharyngeal compression, pre- and postoperative airway decompression, and the three-column hyperextension fractures that turn an ankylosed spine into a long bone.

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Tibialis anterior rupture: find the missing bowstring, measure the gap, restore the line of pull

Eleven reviewed anatomy, ultrasound, MRI, radiograph, operative and outcome figures now connect the muscle’s origin and medial-cuneiform insertion, anterior-compartment compensation, attritional and fracture-related rupture, three-plane imaging, direct and insertional repair, EHL transfer with distal tenodesis to prevent cock-up hallux, and functional recovery after complex soft-tissue reconstruction.

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Ankle impingement: prove the conflict, then clear the right compartment

Nineteen reviewed radiographs, CT, MRI, ultrasound, arthroscopy and portal-anatomy figures replace three invalid AI assets and now connect the tendon and ligament map, combined anterior/posterior osteophytes, os trigonum and FHL mechanics, dynamic posterior testing, anterior and posterior arthroscopy, distraction-related neurovascular risk, syndesmotic anatomy and the instability that makes isolated debridement fail.

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Distal femoral physis: the fracture heals before the growth plate declares itself

Eleven reviewed radiographs, CT, MRI and SPECT/CT figures now connect Salter-Harris I, II and IV patterns, the multimodality map of an intra-articular fracture, crossed smooth-wire fixation, early physeal closure, peripheral bar mapping, progressive limb-length discrepancy and the flexion deformity that requires full-length measurement.

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Accessory navicular: prove the synchondrosis is painful before you cut it out

Fifteen reviewed radiographs, CT, MRI, ultrasound, anatomy, clinical and operative figures now connect Geist classification, the oedematous type II synchondrosis and PTT tendinosis, AP/oblique and 3D CT definition, ultrasound localisation for diagnostic injection, the broad posterior-tibial insertion, visible medial prominence, modern Kidner reconstruction, uncomplicated resection and the fusion nonunion that forces revision.

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DRUJ arthritis: measure the relationship, repair the radius, then choose the salvage

Twelve reviewed radiographs, MRI, cadaver anatomy, arthroscopy, splinting and operative figures replace three invalid assets and now connect true DRUJ osteoarthritis, TFCC injury and effusion, the DRUJ gap and ulnar-variance measurements, distal-oblique-bundle anatomy, the push-pull stabilising relationship, non-operative rotation control, ulnar osteotomy, classic salvage operations, semiconstrained arthroplasty and implant failure.

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EDL anatomy: four tendons, one variable fifth extensor, and the nerve underneath

Eleven reviewed anatomical plates, MRI, ultrasound and dissection figures now connect the anterior-compartment position, EDL origin and four-tendon division, dorsal surface anatomy, deep-peroneal-nerve course and compression points, fibularis-tertius insertion variants, bilateral accessory EDL patterns, and the safe operative plane for EDL tendon harvest.

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PEEK and composites: see the fusion, read the fibres, respect the interface

Seven reviewed diagrams, CT, implant photographs and microscopy figures now connect modulus matching and stress shielding, aligned-fibre anisotropy, radiolucent PEEK cages on CT and micro-CT, PEEK arthroplasty and CFR-PEEK trauma implants, and the fibre pull-out and debonding that explain composite failure.

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Prepatellar bursitis: map the bursa, prove the joint is clean, then aspirate

Six reviewed photographs, radiographs, CT and MRI now connect the massive unilateral housemaid’s knee, the bursae map of the anterior knee, the horizontal-beam lateral silhouette, prepatellar and infrapatellar fluid on MRI, and the gouty tophus that mimics infection at urate density.

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Paediatric psoas abscess: find the spine, drain the psoas, prove the collapse

Eight reviewed CT and MRI figures now connect the large psoas collection beside a destroyed vertebra, the paediatric pelvic MRI, CT-guided pigtail drainage with interval collapse on follow-up, tuberculous spondylitis as the secondary source, and the iliopsoas track that points in Scarpa’s triangle.

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Kniest dysplasia: coronal clefts on the lateral film, and the spectrum around it

Three reviewed radiographs now connect the coronal vertebral clefts that name the disease, the COL2A1 skeletal-dysplasia spectrum across spine, pelvis, hip and hand, and the SEDC hip with its absent ossification centre for contrast.

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Herpetic whitlow: vesicles you must not incise, confirmed at the bedside with a Tzanck smear

Nine reviewed photographs and microscopy figures now connect the grouped cloudy vesicles, paediatric autoinoculation from gingivostomatitis, the erosion-to-resolution timeline, the paronychia mimic at the nail fold, the multinucleated giant cells of the Tzanck smear, and florid immunocompromised disease that still heals without a knife.

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Ankle-foot orthoses: match the shell to the deficit, then tune the alignment

Seven reviewed diagrams and photographs now connect the four solid AFO designs, plantar-flexion-stop and hinged and patellar-tendon-bearing variants, an energy-storing carbon AFO in use, the untuned-versus-tuned alignment framework and the posterior leaf spring whose trim lines are the prescription.

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Dorsal wrist compartments: two crossings, two syndromes, and the screw that threatens the EPL

Seven reviewed diagrams, ultrasound, MRI and radiographs now connect Gray’s dorsal wrist plate and the six-compartment axial map, the forearm swelling and side-by-side ultrasound of intersection syndrome, the crossing-site diagram for palpation, the volar-plate screw that breaches the dorsal cortex, and an extensor indicis variant carrying muscle into the fourth compartment.

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Congenital clavicular pseudarthrosis: graft the gap, and check the skull before you blame the bone

Eight reviewed radiographs and CT now connect the pencil-point pseudarthrosis, plate-and-graft and ESIN-and-graft reconstruction with union, and the cleidocranial-dysplasia differential across skull, hands, pelvis and the bilaterally clavicle-less chest.

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Apoptosis: the module diagram, and the cell filmed as it dismantles itself

Seven reviewed diagrams and microscopy figures now connect the DISC and mitochondrial apoptosome modules converging on caspase-3, phase-contrast blebbing, the Annexin V phosphatidylserine readout with Hoechst, a time-lapse mosaic of a cell fragmenting into apoptotic bodies, and triple TUNEL/caspase-3/DAPI labelling in tissue.

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Tethered cord: the filum that will not fall, the conus that need not rise

Twelve reviewed ultrasound, MRI and clinical figures now connect infant spinal ultrasound, the tight fatty filum on T1 and T2, the prone-position test, lipomyelomeningocele, split-cord malformation and its bony spur, the dermal-sinus hair tuft, the traction syrinx, the post-section MRI where the conus stays low, and the borderline conus that needs no operation.

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Systemic sclerosis: the hand that cannot close, the vessels that are already closed

Eleven reviewed photographs, radiographs, angiography and CT now connect CREST sclerodactyly and calcinosis, the wrist-crossing sclerosis that defines diffuse disease, acro-osteolysis scored 0 to 4, digital necrosis to autoamputation, the obliterated palmar arch on angiography, infected calcinosis universalis, the nailfold capillary pattern and serial CT of progressive lung fibrosis.

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Spinal cord blood supply: one anterior artery, one great feeder, and the watershed in between

Ten reviewed angiograms, MRI, diagrams and dissections now connect the longitudinal channels and segmental reinforcement, the artery of Adamkiewicz on DSA with its hairpin turn and cadaveric anatomy, the owl’s-eyes anterior cord infarct, venous congestive myelopathy from an epidural fistula, and the segmental branching that makes ligation a planned act.

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Septic bursitis: the punctum that inoculates, the ultrasound that guides, the wall that must come out

Ten reviewed clinical photographs, radiographs, ultrasound, MRI and intra-operative figures now connect the septic olecranon with its skin entry point, the olecranon spur on plain film, occupational prepatellar swelling, massive haemorrhagic bursitis and its chocolate-old-blood content, tuberculous and cryptococcal mimics, bedside ultrasound of both bursae, and the bursectomy endpoint.

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Reliability and validity: the taxonomy, the agreement heatmap, and the ICC model choice

Six reviewed diagrams, plots and radiographs now connect the validity-reliability taxonomy, a real five-evaluator agreement heatmap and DRUJ measurement radiograph from an orthopaedic classification study, the absolute-versus-consistency ICC scatter comparison, the Bland-Altman limits of agreement and the reliable-versus-valid target diagram.

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Nodular fasciitis: alarming imaging, bland histology, and the USP6 family it belongs to

Eleven reviewed MRI, ultrasound, histology, specimen and intra-operative figures now connect the carpal mass mimicking metastasis, the malignant-appearing thigh lesion, SMA-positive myxoid histology, myositis-ossificans zonation, the tissue-culture pattern at low and very high power, the oral variant immunoprofile, and the palmar mass from MRI to excision.

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Gene therapy and tissue engineering: vectors, scaffolds, and the 200-micron wall

Nine reviewed diagrams, electron micrographs, photographs and schematics now connect the viral and non-viral intra-articular delivery routes, the AAV particle and its ITR-flanked genome, printed lattice scaffolds at macro and SEM scale, zonal bioprinted osteochondral constructs, the biopsy-to-implant workflow and the diffusion limit that large constructs must beat.

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FSHD: DUX4 escapes its silencing, and the scapula pays for it

Four reviewed figures now connect the D4Z4 repeat locus and DUX4 open reading frame, the body-map of descending muscle involvement, the rounded-fibre biopsy picture and asymmetric periscapular fatty replacement on muscle MRI.

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Cleft foot: count the rays on the radiograph before you classify the cleft

Nine reviewed clinical photographs, radiographs and surgical figures now connect the bilateral lobster-claw appearance, partial toe absence, absent-ray radiographs, diamond-incision cleft closure with pre- and postoperative comparison, variable split-hand/split-foot expression in families, and the syndromic TP63 cleft with clubfoot.

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Transient osteoporosis of the hip: diffuse oedema that resolves, and the mimics that do not

Ten reviewed radiographs and MRI now connect pregnancy-associated bilateral disease, plain-film osteopenia, the low-T1 high-T2 marrow signature with preserved cartilage, subchondral insufficiency fracture and its low-signal band, the AVN double-line sign, femoral neck stress fracture, and serial films proving spontaneous resolution.

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Pyomyositis: the deep abscess that never fluctuates, and the limping child with a normal hip film

Eight reviewed MRI, CT, ultrasound and microscopy figures now connect the suppurative intramuscular collection, rim enhancement on CT with its ultrasound correlate, necrotizing fasciitis gas along fascia, obturator pyomyositis invisible to ultrasound and radiographs, the multiloculated psoas abscess that needs drainage, and the aspirate Gram stain.

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Myxofibrosarcoma: the lump with tails that gets shelled out as a lipoma

Nine reviewed MRI, ultrasound and histology figures now connect the enhancing-nodule and myxoid pattern, the fascial tail sign, the six-way T2-bright sarcoma differential and intramuscular myxoma, FNCLCC cellularity grading with vascular invasion, and the small subcutaneous tumour that reaches unplanned excision before a core biopsy.

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Luxatio erecta: the arm that will not come down, and what tears when it goes up

Eleven reviewed clinical photographs, radiographs, CT, MRI and mechanism figures now connect the locked overhead arm, bilateral injury, the hyperabduction lever mechanism, greater-tuberosity fracture on radiograph and CT, cuff and SLAP tears on MRI, and the two-step reduction with its pre- and post-reduction films.

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Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: read the nails, then image the chest

Ten reviewed clinical photographs, radiographs and scintigraphy now connect the positive and normal Schamroth window, the appearance of digital clubbing, the scalp changes of pachydermoperiostosis, symmetric periosteal new bone in the legs and hands, and the lung mass that secondary disease points to.

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Gorham-Stout disease: watch bone vanish on serial films, then watch the chest

Eleven reviewed radiographs, MRI, CT, histology and anatomical figures now connect the axial distribution of disease, the intraosseous lymphatic model, progressive osteolysis on serial imaging, the vascular-channel histology, the osteolysis differential, chylothorax and its resolution, and vertebral destruction with lymphatic mapping.

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Glenoid bone loss: measure both bones before choosing Bankart, remplissage or Latarjet

Fourteen reviewed radiographs, 3D CT, MRI and measurement figures now connect bony Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions, en-face width and area quantification, on-track versus off-track Hill-Sachs intervals, and Latarjet or bone-block-plus-remplissage reconstruction.

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Foot biomechanics: lock the arch before you push off

Eleven reviewed skeletal, fascial, gait, radiographic and tendon figures now connect the bony arches and spring ligament, the plantar-fascia windlass, the three rockers of stance, planus/cavus angles, the oblique subtalar axis and peroneus longus locking the first ray.

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FOP: recognise the second skeleton and never provoke it

Eight reviewed pathway and radiographic figures now connect ACVR1-driven endochondral ossification, spinal and chest-wall bridging, periarticular hip and knee bone, short broad femoral necks and the congenital great-toe clue.

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DFSP: trace the honeycomb edge before clearing the margin

Twelve reviewed histology, immunohistochemistry, MRI and margin-control figures now connect storiform growth, CD34 staining, pigmented variants, fibrosarcomatous transformation, imatinib response and mapped Mohs re-excision.

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Antibiotic resistance: follow the drug from target to biofilm failure

Nine reviewed schematics, microscopy and MRI figures now connect antibiotic targets to porin loss, efflux, enzymatic inactivation, implant-surface biofilm, tolerant subpopulations and fluoroquinolone-associated Achilles rupture.

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Talar body fractures: map the articular injury and its salvage risks

Ten reviewed illustrations, CT and radiographic sequences now connect Sneppen morphology, bilateral fracture-dislocation, rigid fixation, post-traumatic arthritis, AVN surveillance, pantalar displacement and staged reimplantation of an extruded talus.

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Spinopelvic dissociation: see the transverse fracture and reduce the kyphosis

Eleven reviewed figures now connect U/H/Y/lambda morphology, Roy-Camille and Denis classification, diagnostic CT, sacral kyphosis, root-bearing canal anatomy and triangular lumbopelvic reduction.

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Intrinsic-minus and intrinsic-plus: read the posture before choosing treatment

Five reviewed figures now distinguish the mirror-image deformities, post-traumatic intrinsic-plus contracture, Froment substitution and Wartenberg finger abduction; the existing claw photograph is now correctly identified as a healthy demonstration.

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Plantaris anatomy: follow a tiny belly into a clinically useful tendon

Thirteen reviewed figures now connect plantaris origins, attachment variants, popliteal neurovascular and sural-nerve relations, and the ultrasound/MRI differentials behind the tennis-leg diagnosis.

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Meniscus structure: see how fibres roots and fluid create hoop function

Sixteen reviewed human figures now connect gross anatomy, vascular and cellular zones, collagen architecture, meniscofemoral ligaments, hoop stress, biphasic loading, root tears, displacement and repair.

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Leukaemic bone involvement: recognise diffuse marrow disease before operating

Seven reviewed figures now connect leukaemic radiographic signs, marrow blasts, diffuse T1 marrow replacement, multifocal ALL lesions, the neuroblastoma differential and treatment-related femoral-head osteonecrosis.

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Os trigonum: distinguish the variant from the pain generator

Thirteen reviewed figures now connect posterior talar development, FHL anatomy, lateral radiography, active MRI oedema, CT planning, dynamic ultrasound, safe posterior portals and combined ossicle/FHL decompression.

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Massive cuff tears: judge reparability before choosing reconstruction

Fourteen reviewed figures now connect fatty infiltration, tangent-sign atrophy, superior migration, MRI dimensions, complete and partial repair, SCR, margin convergence, enthesis healing and structural failure.

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Posterior ankle impingement: map the os trigonum, FHL and portals

Thirteen reviewed figures now connect posterior talar anatomy, os trigonum and Stieda variants, MRI and dynamic ultrasound, Shepherd-fracture differentiation, FHL tenosynovitis and endoscopic excision.

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Ossification pathways: follow cells from progenitor to mature bone

Eleven reviewed figures now connect osteoblast commitment, intramembranous and endochondral pathways, growth-plate signalling, primary and secondary centres, direct union and distraction regenerate.

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Muscle physiology: connect structure to force and fatigue

Nineteen reviewed figures now connect myofibre ultrastructure, calcium handling, cross-bridge cycling, fibre typing, architecture, denervation, fatigue and spindle physiology to practical interpretation.

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MR neurography: follow the fascicles and map the muscle response

Eighteen images now connect normal nerve architecture and acquisition technique to calibre and signal change, graded injury, neuroma in continuity, acute and chronic denervation, named entrapment sites and peripheral-nerve tumour mimics.

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Fungal spine infection: biopsy the mimic and reconstruct the failure

Thirteen images now connect Aspergillus and rare mould microbiology, Candida and Aspergillus imaging patterns, Actinomyces mimicry, long-segment epidural disease, decompression and stabilization, progressive kyphosis, cord compression and graft collapse to organism-directed treatment.

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Fatigue failure: read the cycles, crack and fracture surface together

Eighteen images now connect cyclic plate testing, Wöhler curves, endurance distributions, amplitude-dependent damage, Paris-law crack growth, beach-mark fractography and clinical hip-stem fracture to implant-design and revision decisions.

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Anterior ankle impingement: map the block and inspect the talar dome

Fourteen images now connect tibial and talar osteophyte zones, plica and fibrous-band soft-tissue impingement, weight-bearing radiography, CT mapping, arthroscopic debridement and associated osteochondral lesions to joint-preserving decisions.

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Pincer FAI: validate the pelvis before correcting coverage

Fifteen images now connect global and focal overcoverage, labral and cartilage damage, LCEA and CT version measurements, the retroversion triad, pelvic-positioning pitfalls, conservative rim trimming and instability-producing complications to morphology-specific decisions.

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Midfoot arthritis: localise the painful column and fuse it plantigrade

Fifteen images now connect column and Lisfranc anatomy, weight-bearing radiography and CT, navicular collapse, joint preparation and fixation, hardware failure, compression mechanics and medial-column alignment to selective arthrodesis decisions.

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Hip labral tears: diagnose the driver, preserve the seal

Seventeen images now connect cam and dysplastic morphology, MR arthrography and imaging pitfalls, chondrolabral repair, osteochondroplasty, capsular closure, graft reconstruction and the major structural complications of hip arthroscopy.

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Intramedullary tumours: let the plane, vascularity and alignment set the operation

Seventeen images now compare ependymoma, astrocytoma and hemangioblastoma MRI patterns, syrinx and vascular features, tumour-specific resection, myxopapillary disease of the filum, and prevention and salvage of post-laminectomy deformity.

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Hypoparathyroidism: connect the calcium result to the organ consequence

Fifteen images now link PTH signalling, calcium-phosphate physiology, Trousseau sign, QT prolongation, dense bone, intracranial calcification, acute and replacement therapy, surgical prevention, hungry bone physiology and transfusion-related hypocalcaemia to bedside decisions.

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Osteofibrous dysplasia: separate cortical biology from epithelial disease

Fourteen images now show neonatal and childhood presentation, the radiographic, CT, MRI and histological hallmarks of OFD, deformity-directed correction, and the decisive imaging and epithelial differences from adamantinoma and fibrous dysplasia.

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Lumbar disc replacement: identify the pain generator before preserving motion

Sixteen illustrations and clinical images now connect discogenic-pain mechanisms, MRI phenotype, dynamic instability, implant positioning, prosthesis failure and competing vertebrogenic or facet pain generators to selection and operative decisions throughout the topic.

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Flatback: measure compensation before choosing the correction

Twenty reviewed standing-radiographic, EOS, CT, MRI, schematic and operative figures now show cone-of-economy loss, lower-limb compensation, PI/PT/SS/LL/SVA measurement, fixed iatrogenic flatback, PSO and anterior-column correction, distal junctional failure and PJK revision inside the sections they teach. Synthetic profile and deterministic management plates were withdrawn in favour of real alignment and reconstruction sequences.

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Cartilage repair: match biology, interface and rehabilitation to the defect

Eighteen reviewed histological, MRI, arthroscopic, operative and schematic figures now show zonal cartilage, focal-defect imaging, marrow-stimulation biology, minced cartilage, mosaicplasty, AMIC, osteochondral-allograft sizing and implantation, rehabilitation, interface failure and good versus poor repair-tissue integration inside the sections they teach. The zonal histology plate was retained and the deterministic management flowchart withdrawn.

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Trunnionosis: inspect the junction, tissue and second taper

Eighteen reviewed retrieval, radiographic, MRI, operative, histological and microscopy figures now show head-neck crevice corrosion, angular mismatch, pseudotumor imaging, ALTR histology, tissue necrosis, titanium debris, neck-body dual-taper damage and Goldberg grading inside the sections they teach. A generic THR radiograph and synthetic corrosion plate were withdrawn in favour of real retrieval and tissue evidence.

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TKA wound failure: define depth, perfusion and coverage before the implant is lost

Sixteen reviewed perfusion, clinical, radiographic and operative figures now show marginal skin blood flow, superficial versus deep failure, exposed hardware, staged debridement, gastrocnemius and bipedicled coverage, NPWT-hidden bleeding, haematoma and durable flap outcomes inside the sections they teach. Synthetic severity and deterministic management plates were withdrawn in favour of real wound courses and reconstruction.

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Sickle-cell bone disease: separate infarction, infection and collapse

Twenty reviewed pathological, radiographic, MRI, fluoroscopic, operative and clinical figures now show vaso-occlusion, marrow infarcts, growth disturbance, AVN staging, H-shaped vertebrae, marrow expansion, core decompression, staged infected-hip reconstruction, acute chest syndrome and dactylitis inside the sections they teach. Synthetic staging and deterministic management plates were withdrawn in favour of real imaging and technique.

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Pronator syndrome: localise every proximal median-nerve compression point

Sixteen reviewed cadaveric, examination, MRI, ultrasound and operative figures now show pronator variants, Struthers, lacertus, pronator and FDS-arch compression, site-specific provocative and motor tests, nerve thickening, pre/post-release morphology and extensile decompression inside the sections they teach. Synthetic anatomy and deterministic management plates were withdrawn in favour of real anatomy and technique.

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Polio sequelae: reconstruct the imbalance, not only the deformity

Fourteen reviewed historical, orthotic, MRI, radiographic, fluoroscopic and operative figures now show muscle fatty replacement, enlarged motor-unit territories, recurrent hyperextension, dysplastic hip reconstruction, complex knee arthroplasty and fracture fixation in the narrow osteopenic paralysed femur inside the sections they teach. Existing stele and KAFO images were moved from a generic gallery into overview and management.

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Pes anserine pain: localise the bursa before treating the medial knee

Eleven reviewed anatomical, ultrasound and MRI figures now show the SGS insertion, saphenous-nerve proximity, pes bursal fluid, guided injection and the main tendon, ligament, stress-fracture, parameniscal-cyst and semimembranosus-bursa mimics inside the sections they teach. The anatomy plate was retained and the deterministic management flowchart withdrawn.

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Osteomalacia: prove the mineralisation defect and find its driver

Fourteen reviewed physiological, radiographic, CT, MRI, scintigraphic, histological and tumour-localisation figures now show FGF23/phosphate and hydroxyapatite regulation, systemic hypophosphataemia, Looser zones, multifocal insufficiency stress, static and dynamic histomorphometry, renal-osteodystrophy differentials and phosphaturic tumours inside the sections they teach. The existing Looser-zone radiograph was retained and the deterministic management flowchart withdrawn.

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Osteoarthritis: follow the disease across cartilage, bone and synovium

Fourteen reviewed whole-joint, molecular, radiographic, MRI, histological and ultrasound figures now show primary and secondary drivers, ochronosis, dysplasia, post-traumatic OA, metabolic cartilage catabolism, sclerosis, bone marrow lesions, human synovitis, angiogenesis-related pain and key crystal/inflammatory mimics inside the sections they teach. The accurate whole-joint plate was retained; a deterministic management flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Morton's neuroma: distinguish the nerve from the bursa before treating it

Fifteen reviewed anatomical, dynamic-ultrasound, MRI, operative, specimen and histological figures now show interdigital nerve course, Mulder displacement, neuroma-versus-bursitis landmarks, atypical dorsal deviation, neurectomy anatomy, radiofrequency targeting and incomplete ablation, and nerve-preserving transposition inside the sections they teach. A misleading synthetic compression plate, deterministic flowchart and public attribution/process sidecars were withdrawn.

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Meniscal transplantation: size in three dimensions and restore both roots

Fifteen reviewed MRI, arthroscopic, donor-graft and operative figures now show segmental deficiency, three-dimensional graft matching, fresh-frozen preparation, graft signal, recipient-rim preparation, anatomic root sockets, controlled passage, circumferential fixation and postoperative extrusion inside the sections they teach. Two synthetic sizing/fixation and deterministic management plates plus the public attribution sidecar were withdrawn in favour of the real licensed anatomy and technique.

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Meniscal repair: define the tear, protect the interval and test the repair

Nineteen reviewed anatomical, MRI, arthroscopic and operative figures now show vascular zones, displaced fragments, tissue quality, extrusion measurement, medial and lateral safety anatomy, inside-out, outside-in and all-inside repair, fibrin-clot augmentation, posterior-root fixation and graded healing inside the sections they teach. A deterministic synthetic management flowchart and public attribution/process sidecars were withdrawn.

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GTPS: identify the tendon and bursal layer before choosing treatment

Fourteen reviewed anatomical, ultrasound, MRI, radiographic and operative figures now show the three peritrochanteric bursae, gluteal tendon insertions, bursitis, tendinosis, partial and combined tears, calcification, a deep-gluteal mimic and open double-row repair inside the sections they teach. A misleading synthetic facet/ITB plate, deterministic flowchart and public attribution/process sidecars were withdrawn; female risk language now describes a multifactorial association rather than a presumed pelvis/Q-angle mechanism. No honest ESWT application or resisted-external-derotation photograph survived review.

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Extensor tendon injury: identify the failed level and preserve the balance

Fifteen reviewed anatomical, clinical, ultrasound, MRI, radiographic, fluoroscopic and operative figures now show central-slip/lateral-band mechanics, mallet and boutonniere patterns, bony avulsion, pinning, direct repair, relative-motion reconstruction and residual lag/stiffness inside the sections they teach. A synthetic Verdan map and deterministic flowchart were withdrawn; zone text now limits the odd/even mnemonic to digital Zones I-V instead of misclassifying Zone IX as a joint.

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Crossover toe: repair the demonstrated instability, not the stage label

Fourteen reviewed anatomical, clinical, MRI, ultrasound, arthroscopic, operative and biomechanical figures now show plantar-plate anatomy and grading, early partial tears, stress MRI, drawer instability, Weil osteotomy, FDL transfer, PIP fusion and floating-toe mechanics inside the sections they teach. An inaccurate synthetic deformity plate, deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn; treatment is now selected by tissue quality, overload, reducibility, joint congruity and each demonstrated deformity rather than mandatory stage-based combinations or automatic fusion.

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Calcaneocuboid arthritis: prove the lateral-column pain source before fusing it

Six reviewed anatomical, radiographic, CT and operative figures now show the Chopart cyma line, bifurcate/dorsal CC ligaments, anterior-process impact, occult dorsal CC fracture and CC preparation within triple arthrodesis. Exact licence-clean isolated arthritis, diagnostic injection, isolated fusion and nonunion-revision imagery remained sparse, so unrelated hindfoot and midfoot figures were rejected. A deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn; injection response is now described as supportive localisation rather than proof, veto or guarantee.

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Bioabsorbable fixation: match strength loss to tissue gain

Sixteen reviewed molecular, radiographic, CT, MRI, SPECT/CT, operative and histological figures now show polymer stereochemistry, hydrolysis, material classes, imaging artefact, screw resorption, tunnel geometry, pretibial cyst, foreign-body reaction and the ideal degradation-versus-healing balance inside the sections they teach. The generic Clinical Imaging dump was removed, its PLA chemistry moved into degradation, and a deterministic management flowchart plus public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Wartenberg syndrome: map the sensory branch and prove the pain generator cautiously

Thirteen reviewed anatomical, ultrasound, MRI, sensory-mapping and operative figures now show proximal and distal superficial-radial-nerve anatomy, radial-artery and cephalic-vein relations, thrombophlebitic compression, focal nerve enlargement, safe perineural access, hydrodissection, graft reconstruction and follow-up inside the sections they teach. An inaccurate synthetic nerve map and deterministic flowchart were withdrawn; block response is now described as supportive localisation rather than proof or a guarantee of surgical success.

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Volkmann contracture: define the infarct before choosing what can still be restored

Thirteen reviewed anatomical, clinical, ultrasound and operative figures now show deep flexor vascular anatomy, central muscle necrosis, passive stretch testing, staged neurolysis/tenolysis, median nerve release, free gracilis transfer, protected rehabilitation and functional outcomes inside the sections they teach. An overgeneralised posture plate and public attribution/process sidecars were withdrawn; passive wrist-extension testing is now described as supportive rather than pathognomonic.

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Ulnar impaction: reveal dynamic variance and make the osteotomy heal

Fourteen reviewed radiographic, MRI, arthroscopic and operative figures now show clenched-fist variance, ulnotriquetral degeneration, Palmer 2C perforation, lunate oedema, DRUJ arthrosis, standard and guided shortening, pseudoarthrosis, plate loosening, refracture and consolidation inside the sections they teach. A redundant variance plate, deterministic flowchart and public attribution/process sidecars were withdrawn.

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TMT arthritis: map the painful joint and preserve every uninvolved column

Fourteen reviewed anatomical, clinical, ultrasound, radiographic, CT, MRI and arthrodesis figures now show Lisfranc geometry, post-traumatic narrowing, dynamic instability, dorsal boss, selective TMT2-3 fusion, first-ray hypermobility and Charcot collapse inside the sections they teach. A misleading findings plate, deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn; the page now distinguishes the medial TMT1 column from the middle TMT2-3 column.

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TKA extensor failure: localise the rupture and tension the reconstruction in extension

Twelve reviewed ultrasound, MRI, radiographic and operative figures now show patellar-tendon avulsion, quadriceps insufficiency, bone-block and Achilles reconstruction, gastrocnemius coverage, polypropylene mesh fixation, graft surveillance and durable patellar-height restoration inside the sections they teach. An anatomically misleading patellar-height plate, deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Aseptic TKA loosening: follow migration before reconstructing bone loss

Seventeen reviewed serial radiographic, retrieved-implant, CT-RSA, operative and revision-reconstruction figures now show stable gap healing versus progressive subsidence, polyethylene delamination, radiolucent lines, AORI type 3 loss, cone fixation, tray fracture and cortical impingement inside the sections they teach. A potentially misleading zone map, deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Tarsal tunnel syndrome: localise the compression before releasing the nerve

Eighteen reviewed anatomical, ultrasound, MRI, CT, electrophysiological, examination and operative figures now show tunnel boundaries, tendon-sheath relations, vascular crowding, dorsiflexion–eversion testing, focal conduction slowing, osteochondroma, complete decompression and mapped sensory follow-up inside the sections they teach. A deterministic flowchart was withdrawn.

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Talonavicular arthritis: define disease extent before sacrificing hindfoot motion

Eighteen reviewed anatomical, radiographic, CT, scintigraphic, fluoroscopic and operative figures now show destructive arthritis, Müller-Weiss collapse and staging, isolated-joint preparation, double versus triple fusion, strut reconstruction, malalignment and ball-and-socket ankle morphology inside the sections they teach. A deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Hallux sesamoids: distinguish the variant, map viability and preserve the complex

Ten reviewed clinical, radiographic, MRI, weight-bearing CT, fluoroscopic, endoscopic and operative figures now show bipartite morphology, plantar overload, sesamoiditis, osteonecrosis, nonunion grafting, unloading osteotomy and controlled shaving inside the sections they teach. An anatomically inaccurate comparison plate, deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Sagittal-band injury: watch the extensor tendon move

Nine reviewed anatomical, sonographic and operative figures now show dorsal-hood organisation, normal and variant extensor anatomy, partial and complete radial-band tears, dynamic ulnar tendon displacement and operative recentralisation inside the sections they teach. Wrong-region, non-human, unversioned and study-only figures were rejected; a deterministic flowchart and public process sidecars were withdrawn.

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Reverse shoulder arthroplasty: plan the glenoid and recognise the failure pattern

Nineteen reviewed radiographic, CT, planning, schematic and operative figures now show glenoid morphology, inclination, Grammont versus lateralized design, baseplate fixation, fracture tuberosity repair, notching, scapular-body fracture, osteolysis, stress shielding, revision bone loss and follow-up alignment inside the sections they teach. A deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Radial-head dislocation: read the ulna before reducing the radius

Fifteen reviewed schematic, radiographic, CT and ultrasound figures now show Bado direction, the radiocapitellar line, plastic ulnar bow, acquired versus congenital morphology, chronic Monteggia pathoanatomy, ulnar osteotomy, reduction, failure and durable follow-up inside the sections they teach. A deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Posterior-process talus fracture: name the tubercle and survey the hindfoot

Sixteen reviewed schematic, radiographic, CT, MRI, arthroscopic and anatomical figures now show Shepherd and Cedell morphology, FHL-groove anatomy, occult radiographic signs, CT planning, combined injury, fixation, nonunion, impingement and long-term healing inside the sections they teach. A deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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PIP arthritis: show the joint before choosing motion or fusion

Ten reviewed fusion-angle, radiographic, implant and operative figures now show erosive PIP disease, preoperative deformity, volar arthroplasty, implant mechanics, immediate alignment and medium-term follow-up inside the sections they teach. DIP/MCP/CMC and unversioned images were rejected; a deterministic flowchart and public attribution/process sidecars were withdrawn.

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Toe fractures: identify the hallux block to reduction

Six reviewed clinical and radiographic figures now show lesser-toe bruising, hallux distal-phalanx fracture, interphalangeal sesamoid anatomy, sesamoid-blocked reduction, malalignment and subsequent union inside the sections they teach. Hand, metatarsal, ankle and unversioned lesser-toe figures were rejected; a deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Paget disease: map activity, deformity and the fracture construct

Ten reviewed skull, pelvic, long-bone, PET/CT, CT and histological figures now show cotton-wool change, active calvarial uptake, cortical and trabecular remodelling, tension-side pseudofracture, pagetic tibial fracture, fixation, arthroplasty and early union inside the sections they teach. A deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Osteoclasts: connect the resorption surface to the dense-bone phenotype

Five reviewed histological, schematic and radiographic figures now show a coupled cortical remodelling unit, the ruffled-border resorption compartment, human intracortical remodelling stages and the osteosclerotic phenotype of osteoclast failure. Animal and in-vitro figures dominated the literature and were rejected rather than used as padding.

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Myositis ossificans: follow the lesion from oedema to a corticated rim

Nine reviewed schematic, radiographic, CT, MRI and ultrasound figures now show peripheral zoning, early muscle oedema, adductor and deltoid disease, elbow blocks, iliopsoas maturation, postoperative surveillance and the osteosarcoma contrast inside the sections they teach. A deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Medial ankle sprain: measure mortise stability and repair the demonstrated layer

Ten reviewed schematic, radiographic, CT, MRI, cadaveric and operative figures now show medial-clear-space measurement, occult combined injury, deep-deltoid anchors, tunnel planning, graft reconstruction and posterior-tibial-tendon relations inside the sections they teach. A deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Macrodactyly: map the nerve territory and every enlarged tissue

Nine reviewed schematic, radiographic, MRI, operative and histological figures now show ray enlargement, fibrofatty nerve infiltration, median and superficial-peroneal nerve lipomatosis, foot involvement and tissue pathology inside the sections they teach. Identifiable children and whole-body photographs were rejected; a deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Lateral-process talus fracture: reject the wrong process

Forty-six candidates were reviewed across Europe PMC and OpenI, but none provided licence-clean lateral-process fracture imaging. Posterior-process, talar-head/neck/body, calcaneal, pan-talar, animal and unversioned figures were rejected; an unresolvable legacy CT and deterministic flowchart were withdrawn rather than misteach the anatomy.

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Lateral ankle sprain: inspect the ligament and the lesion that persists

Eight reviewed arthroscopic, radiographic, CT and MRI figures now show ATFL tears and repair, internal-brace augmentation, osteochondral fragments, talar-dome reconstruction and postoperative union inside the sections they teach. Unversioned imaging-review figures were rejected and a deterministic management flowchart was withdrawn.

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Isolated ulna fracture: prove it is isolated before choosing a brace

Four reviewed AP and lateral forearm radiographs now show minimally displaced nightstick/parry patterns with an intact radius inside classification and investigation. Monteggia, both-bone and paediatric reconstruction images were rejected rather than used as padding; a deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Intraosseous lipoma: prove fat before treating a lucent lesion

Six reviewed radiographic, CT, MRI and histological figures now show calcaneal bull’s-eye morphology, fat suppression, proximal-femoral and iliac lesions, mature adipocytes and a rare maxillary presentation. Mimics were rejected rather than used as padding; a deterministic flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Haemophilia: separate reversible bleeding from irreversible joint damage

Ten reviewed staging, MRI, radiographic, CT and histological figures now show acute haemarthrosis, hemosiderin synovitis, cartilage loss, advanced ankle/elbow/knee disease, surgery and arthroplasty surveillance inside the sections they teach. A deterministic management flowchart and public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Bone haemangioma: distinguish the fat-rich incidental lesion from aggressive extension

Ten reviewed radiographic, CT and MRI figures now show classic double-bright signal, residual trabeculae, calvarial expansion, fat-poor aggressive disease, epidural extension, cord compression and postoperative decompression inside the sections they teach. Two generated illustrations and a public attribution sidecar were withdrawn.

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Flexor tendon lacerations: see the sheath, repair and reconstruction problem

Fifteen reviewed zone, pulley, operative, sonographic, suture and radiographic figures now show partial tears, multistrand repair, tendon grafting, ultrasound anatomy, pulley mechanics and FDP avulsion mimics inside the sections they teach. A deterministic management flowchart was withdrawn.

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Cervical instability: measure alignment, cord risk and vascular anatomy together

Fourteen reviewed radiographic, CT, CTA and MRI figures now show atlantoaxial displacement, destructive instability, cord compression, vertebral-artery variants, craniocervical measurements, rheumatoid multilevel disease and fixation inside the sections they teach. Two deterministic/generated illustrations were withdrawn.

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Transcondylar fractures: preserve the intact block and test reconstructability

Five reviewed schematic and radiographic figures now distinguish the intact-block A3 pattern from complete articular injury and show fracture arthroplasty, implant clearance and nonunion salvage. Exact licence-clean A3 imaging was sparse, so unrelated distal-humerus patterns were rejected rather than used as padding; a deterministic age-based flowchart was withdrawn.

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Total talar dislocation: verify all three joints and preserve viable options

Eighteen reviewed arterial, radiographic, CT, MRI and SPECT-CT figures now show tri-articular displacement, reduction, occult fragments, talar extrusion, reimplantation, staged fixation, infection, AVN, arthrodesis and long-term alignment inside the sections they teach. A deterministic treatment flowchart was withdrawn.

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Tibial nonunion: follow mechanics, biology and infection through reconstruction

Fifteen reviewed schematic and radiographic figures now show deformity, augmentation, induced membranes, antibiotic-coated nails, segment transport, fibular osteotomy, docking complications and cortical progression inside the sections they teach. A deterministic treatment flowchart was withdrawn.

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Tibial hemimelia: map cartilage, joints and the extensor mechanism

Fifteen reviewed classification, radiographic, MRI and reconstructive figures now show the full deficiency spectrum, Gollop–Wolfgang anatomy, staged correction, fibular transfer and longitudinal alignment within the sections they teach. A deterministic treatment flowchart was withdrawn.

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Thalassaemia: see marrow expansion and map neural compression

Eleven reviewed illustrations, radiographs, CT and MRI figures now show calvarial, hand, rib and metaphyseal marrow expansion alongside paraspinal extramedullary haematopoiesis, cord compression and treatment response within the sections they teach.

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THA periprosthetic fracture: diagnose the implant before choosing the construct

Thirteen source-verified classification, fixation, revision, intraoperative-fracture, infection and long-term radiographic/CT figures now show B1/B2 exceptions, cemented-stem mechanics and implant-safe fixation. Two deterministic illustrations were withdrawn; Vancouver class, lucency, bypass distance, cable placement, full-length films and infection markers no longer mandate a single operation.

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Subtalar arthritis: map the painful joint, deformity and fusion biology

Twelve source-verified radiographic, CT, MRI, arthroscopic, anatomical, mechanical, complication and fusion figures now show post-traumatic void/avascularity, screw mechanics, nonunion, sinus-tarsi mimics and multi-joint disease. Two deterministic illustrations were withdrawn; injection relief, radiographic grade, six months, malunion type, screw count and loading calendar no longer mandate a fusion pathway.

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Scapular dyskinesis: describe the motion before assigning meaning

Fourteen source-verified anatomy, kinematic, dynamic-radiography, measurement, structural-mimic and clothed rehabilitation figures now show variable rhythm, scapular measurement, osteochondroma pseudo-winging and task progression. Two deterministic illustrations were withdrawn; Kibler subtype, 2:1 rhythm, SAT/SRT, single-muscle causation and phased rehabilitation no longer function as diagnostic or treatment rules.

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Rhabdomyolysis: treat the cause and physiology, not a CK band

Fifteen source-verified MRI, CT, operative, muscle and renal pathology, myoglobin immunostain, diagnostic and trajectory figures now show muscle injury, compartment-source control, inflammatory/drug myopathy and myoglobin-associated AKI. A CK-stratified algorithm was withdrawn; fixed fluid/output, bicarbonate, dialysis, monitoring and discharge thresholds were replaced with perfusion-, organ- and cause-specific care.

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Quadriceps tendon rupture: restore the actual extensor deficit

Fourteen source-verified radiographic, ultrasound, MRI, operative, Krackow and chronic-reconstruction figures now show bilateral injury, patella baja, acute repair, revision and allograft reconstruction inside the sections they teach. A deterministic algorithm and image-dump section were removed; age, tendon percentage, calendar, tunnel count, augmentation and rehabilitation no longer act as universal rules.

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Tenosynovial giant cell tumour: map the compartments and preserve the joint

Sixteen source-verified MRI, radiographic, PET, histological, gross, arthroscopic, operative, response and follow-up figures now show localized and diffuse TGCT across multiple joints, bone erosion, systemic response and residual disease. A deterministic algorithm was withdrawn; blooming is no longer called pathognomonic, and recurrence count, fixed margins, 20 Gy radiotherapy and total synovectomy no longer trigger automatic treatment.

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Proximal hamstring injury: describe the tendon, tissue and nerve—not one threshold

Eighteen source-verified anatomy, MRI, endoscopic, operative, ultrasound, radiographic, CT and fixation figures now show tendon-specific avulsion, tendinopathy, repair, nerve relations, deep-gluteal mimics and apophyseal injury. A fixed-distance anatomy illustration and cropped legacy radiograph were replaced; two-centimetre, four-week, mandatory-neurolysis, graft and rehabilitation rules now yield to repairability, function and patient goals.

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Congenital femoral deficiency: classify anatomy, then plan the whole limb

Fifteen source-verified classification, radiographic, MRI, prenatal, reconstructive, complication, prosthetic and follow-up figures now show Aitken and Paley morphology, cartilaginous anatomy, SUPERhip planning and limb-preserving prosthetic care. Two deterministic illustrations were withdrawn; Aitken class and discrepancy no longer route automatically to reconstruction, rotationplasty or amputation.

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Posteromedial tibial bow: measure remodelling and shortening separately

Six source-verified radiographic and measurement figures now show interphyseal and diaphyseal angles, angular remodelling, partial proportional catch-up, residual-bow osteotomy and an anterolateral NF1 comparator. Two misleading or deterministic illustrations were withdrawn; maturity discrepancy, multiplier output, surveillance, epiphysiodesis and lengthening are now presented as serial estimates and individual decisions rather than fixed ages or thresholds.

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Peroneal tendon instability: show the motion before choosing the repair

Sixteen source-verified anatomical, clinical, radiographic, ultrasound, MRI, operative and follow-up figures now distinguish external from intrasheath instability and show SPR repair, groove work and structures at risk. Two inaccurate or prescriptive illustrations were withdrawn; modified Eckert-Davis/Oden Type IV is corrected to posterior SPR avulsion, and groove depth, snapping, immobilisation and rehabilitation no longer act as universal rules.

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Periprosthetic hip fracture: establish stem stability before choosing fixation

Thirteen source-verified radiographic, CT, operative and follow-up figures now show occult fracture, infection, B1/B2/B3 patterns, selected fixation and revision, intraoperative fracture, collapse and ETO. A deterministic algorithm was withdrawn; Vancouver location no longer mandates a universal cable plate, revision stem or weight-bearing calendar without implant, fracture, host and infection context.

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PCL avulsion fractures: let fragment geometry and posterior anatomy choose fixation

Thirteen source-verified radiographic, CT, MRI, ultrasound, arthroscopic, operative and follow-up figures now show fragment morphology, screw and suture constructs, posteromedial access and vascular variants. Two inaccurate diagrams were withdrawn; one-centimetre, two/five-millimetre and three/six-week thresholds no longer determine fixation, reconstruction or prognosis.

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Paediatric patellar instability: measure the growing knee, not an adult cut-off

Sixteen source-verified paediatric MRI, radiographic, CT, operative and fluoroscopic figures now show cartilage injury, osteochondral fracture, dysplasia, height, torsion, open physes, Roux-Goldthwait and physeal-sparing MPFL planning. Two distorted diagrams were withdrawn; recurrence count, 20 mm TT-TG, CDI 1.2 and a closing physis no longer route directly to MPFL, TTO or trochleoplasty.

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Paraspinal abscess: define the compartment, source and stage

Eleven source-verified CT and MRI figures now show early pyomyositis, drainable intramuscular abscess, spondylodiscitis, facet infection, psoas and tuberculous extension, and epidural/subdural complications. A deterministic algorithm was withdrawn; whole-spine MRI, 3 cm drainage, six-week therapy, scheduled follow-up imaging and drainage-success claims are no longer universal.

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Osteoporosis: interpret density, fracture phenotype and risk together

Thirteen source-verified schematic, DXA, radiographic, CT, MRI, pathology, complication and care-pathway figures now show real densitometry, vertebral fractures, mimics, atypical femur, jaw osteonecrosis and secondary prevention. A universal algorithm was withdrawn; FRAX thresholds, fragility-fracture diagnosis, first drug, supplements, timing and hip-fracture outcomes are now context-specific.

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Nutcracker fractures: restore the demonstrated deficit, not the eponym

Fifteen source-verified radiographic, CT, arthroscopic, operative and staged-treatment figures now show cuboid impaction, articular depression, column shortening, combined midfoot injury, fixation and follow-up. Two oversimplified diagrams were withdrawn; ORIF, graft, CT and weight-bearing are no longer universal, and associated injury plus actual congruity and length now drive treatment.

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Midcarpal instability: a painful shift, not laxity alone

Seven source-verified anatomy, radiographic, arthroscopic and dynamic-CT figures now show dorsal restraints, normal row alignment, kinematic measurement and interval assessment. Two deterministic diagrams were withdrawn; the catch-up clunk is no longer pathognomonic, CIND no longer assumes all intrinsic ligaments are intact, and treatment is no longer a fixed calendar-to-procedure ladder.

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Metatarsus adductus: grade the shape, but treat flexibility and function

Seven source-verified clinical, schematic and radiographic figures now show heel-bisector grading, the searching hallux and multiple forefoot/hindfoot measurement methods. A deterministic algorithm was withdrawn; age, heel-bisector grade and DDH association no longer mandate casting, surgery or universal imaging.

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Lunotriquetral instability: VISI belongs to the whole carpus

Eight source-verified radiographic, MR-arthrographic, ultrasound, arthroscopic and fixation figures now show normal alignment, VISI, LT anatomy, secondary ulnocarpal restraints and acute repair. Two misleading diagrams were withdrawn; isolated LTIL injury no longer equals static VISI, and six weeks or chronicity no longer mandates arthrodesis.

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Inflammatory shoulder: identify synovium, tendon, bone and the mimic

Ten source-verified radiographic, ultrasound, CT, MRI, gross, histological and operative figures now show rheumatoid arthropathy, rice bodies, cuff disease, polymyalgia, spondyloarthritis and crystal deposition. An inaccurate wear schematic was withdrawn; cuff status, cervical imaging, medication holds and central wear are no longer universal decision rules.

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Glenoid fractures: separate the acute fragment from chronic bone loss

Ten source-verified radiographic, CT, arthroscopic, fixation and posterior-approach figures now show rim and fossa morphology, operative congruity and nerve-safe exposure. Two synthetic diagrams were withdrawn; acute-fragment viability and humeral-head centring are now separated from chronic-instability percentages, and the on-track/off-track definition is corrected.

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Felon: drain the collection, not the clock

Nine source-verified clinical, radiographic, ultrasound and MRI figures now show periungual mimics, distal-phalanx osteomyelitis, paediatric tissue injury and a malignant pseudo-felon. Two synthetic images were withdrawn, including one that depicted paronychia rather than a pulp felon; fixed-hour drainage, universal drug, incidence and incision rules were replaced with collection-, exposure-, host- and response-based care.

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Subacromial pain: image the tissue, not an assumed impingement

Eleven source-verified anatomy, morphology, ultrasound, MRI, injection and exercise figures now show the coracoacromial region, cuff and bursal findings, dynamic motion and progressive rehabilitation. A deterministic algorithm was withdrawn; Neer stages and Bigliani shape are now historical or descriptive, provocative tests are non-specific, and routine decompression is not supported for isolated SAPS.

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Extensor ruptures: localise the break, then test repairability

Fourteen source-verified anatomy, radiograph, MRI, ultrasound, repair and reconstruction figures now distinguish quadriceps from patellar-tendon failure, patella baja from alta, bilateral rupture, chronic retraction and native-knee from post-arthroplasty reconstruction. A deterministic algorithm was withdrawn; straight-leg raise, six weeks, two centimetres and Achilles allograft are no longer presented as universal rules.

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Congenital vertical talus: follow alignment from stress view to recurrence

Nine source-verified radiographic, clinical-close-up and treatment-sequence figures now show pathoanatomy, forced plantarflexion, serial casting, talonavicular stabilisation, corrected alignment, recurrence and plantar ulceration. The legacy licence was repaired to CC BY 2.0, and congenital oblique talus is now described as a less severe, more flexible dislocation that need not fully reduce.

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Basicervical fractures: define the line before choosing the construct

Ten source-verified radiographic, CT, fluoroscopic and failure figures now show competing definitions, occult fractures, hidden trochanteric comminution, fixation and mechanical failure. Two inaccurate diagrams were withdrawn; the page now uses current AO/OTA 31-B3 and avoids inferring capsule, vascular risk, implant choice or prognosis from the label alone.

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Viscoelasticity: connect the model to measured tissue behaviour

Nine source-verified human-tissue, cartilage, tendon and intervertebral-disc figures now show hysteresis, stress relaxation, creep, biphasic structure, test setup and nonlinear model fitting alongside the retained spring-and-dashpot schematic. A prescriptive clinical algorithm was withdrawn; serial change is now interpreted in its full mechanical and biological context.

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Three-column osteotomies: see the deformity and the cuts that create correction

Seven source-verified standing radiographs and technical-model figures now show rigid cervicothoracic deformity, postoperative alignment, posterior decompression, pedicle exposure, wedge cuts and decancellation. Two synthetic diagrams were withdrawn because one reversed PSO wedge geometry and the other reduced patient-specific planning and rescue decisions to a fixed algorithm.

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THA infection: define the evidence before choosing source control

Sixteen source-verified biofilm, histology, MRI, PET-CT, spacer and revision figures now show diagnosis, one-stage and partial/two-stage exchange, retained spacers, recurrence and mechanical failure. A calendar-driven algorithm was withdrawn; ICM scoring, DAIR timing, exchange strategy, antibiotics and spacer retention now require definition-, organism-, source-control- and host-specific decisions.

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Subscapularis tears: follow the footprint, muscle and biceps pulley together

Fourteen source-verified MRI, arthroscopy and repair figures now show footprint facets, partial and complete tears, atrophy, fatty infiltration, biceps instability, pulley disruption and repaired tendon continuity. Two unreliable illustrations were withdrawn; the page now avoids a universal 50% repair threshold and age-based biceps treatment.

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Skewfoot: measure each limb of the Z before choosing an osteotomy

Eleven source-verified weight-bearing radiograph, cone-beam CT and reconstruction figures now quantify forefoot adduction, talonavicular displacement and hindfoot valgus and show measurement-driven calcaneal correction. Two oversimplified illustrations were withdrawn; age thresholds and bundled Evans, MDCO, Cotton and metatarsal procedures were replaced with symptom-, flexibility- and apex-specific planning.

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Revision deformity surgery: prove the failure before planning the correction

Twelve source-verified standing radiograph, CT, MRI, endoscopic and trajectory-planning figures now show nonunion, junctional and sacropelvic failure, repeated revision, PSO correction and durotomy. Two oversimplified illustrations were withdrawn; invented complexity grades and fixed correction, infection, extension and prophylaxis rules were replaced with mechanism- and host-specific planning.

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Pubic rami fractures: image the whole ring and mobilise the whole patient

Sixteen source-verified radiographic, CT, MRI, cystographic and fixation figures now show occult sacral injury, fragility classifications, bladder injury, anterior and posterior fixation, progression and failure. A prescriptive algorithm was withdrawn; LC-1 and fragility classifications, sacroplasty, prophylaxis and bone-health treatment are now separated into morphology- and patient-specific decisions.

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Proximal biceps rupture: separate the completed tear from elective tendon procedures

Thirteen source-verified anatomy, MRI, ultrasound, arthroscopy and tenodesis figures now show proximal rupture, pulley instability, hourglass hypertrophy, complex tears and fixation options. Two illustrations were withdrawn for decency, anatomy and treatment-logic failures; the page now distinguishes non-operative rupture care from tenotomy-versus-tenodesis evidence in intact diseased tendons.

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Foot polydactyly: map every duplicated ray before reconstruction

Seven source-verified radiographs now show postaxial, central, combined preaxial-postaxial, bilateral and mirror-foot patterns. A prescriptive algorithm was withdrawn; digit selection, genetic assessment and operative timing now follow functional anatomy, associated phenotype and family goals rather than fixed pattern or age rules.

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Pathological humeral fractures: diagnose first, then match the construct

Eleven source-verified radiographic, CT, MRI, angiographic and marrow figures now show metastatic and myeloma disease, benign mimics, fixation, endoprosthetic reconstruction and local progression. An unsafe algorithm was withdrawn; Mirels, embolisation, construct length and postoperative radiotherapy are now presented as anatomy- and MDT-dependent decisions rather than automatic rules.

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Oblique talus: define the navicular dislocation before choosing treatment

Six source-verified stress, serial-treatment and recurrence radiographs now anchor diagnosis, CVT comparison, fixation and follow-up. Two illustrations were withdrawn for incorrect foot anatomy and an unsupported treatment pathway; the page now uses the 2024 objective definition of persistent but less severe navicular dislocation and separates COT evidence from CVT treatment evidence.

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Meniscal ramp lesions: inspect the hidden surface and repair instability

Eleven source-verified MRI, arthroscopy and repair figures now show direct and indirect imaging signs, Type 3 hidden lesions, systematic probing, trans-notch access and two repair trajectories. Two illustrations were withdrawn because they reversed Thaunat Types 4 and 5; the page now treats Type 4 as a complete red-red-zone tear, Type 5 as a double tear, and repair as a stability- and morphology-based decision.

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Lateral ankle instability: connect laxity to associated pathology and repair choice

Thirteen verified anatomy, ultrasound, MRI and operative figures now show ATFL disruption, combined syndesmotic injury, osteochondral disease, open and arthroscopic repair, and multiligament reconstruction. A fixed-duration algorithm was removed in favour of function-, tissue-, alignment- and pathology-based decisions.

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Cuneiform fractures: map the whole midfoot before choosing fixation

Fourteen verified figures now show fracture-dislocation, Lisfranc anatomy, bipartite-cuneiform mimics, symptomatic nonunion, reconstruction and union. The old algorithm was removed because a generic 2 mm threshold and fixed immobilisation or surgery timing cannot replace stability, congruity and column assessment.

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CRPS: document the regional pattern and keep testing the diagnosis

Twelve verified clinical, MRI, thermographic, scintigraphic and procedural figures now show Budapest features, mimics, supportive imaging and sympathetic blockade. The previous algorithm was removed because prevention, medicines, blocks and neuromodulation are selected options rather than a fixed timed ladder.

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Camptodactyly: compare patterns, orthoses and selective release

Fifteen source-verified clinical, radiographic, orthosis and operative figures now show isolated versus syndromic patterns, brace design, staged release and observed outcomes. The old algorithm was removed because no universal six-month trial, 60-degree trigger or recurrence percentage determines surgery.

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Arthrogryposis: localise the cause and plan around function

Seven verified figures now connect fetal akinesia to anatomical localisation, newborn assessment, serial hip-knee imaging and syndromic skeletal clues. The management chart was withdrawn because hip laterality and individual joint labels cannot determine a fixed operation sequence.

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Implant wear: follow the surface damage into tissue and bone

Thirteen verified figures now connect the four wear mechanisms to retrieved-polyethylene damage, particle histology, SEM, ceramic metal transfer, pseudotumour imaging, osteolysis and revision. A generic algorithm was removed because surveillance, lesion size and revision bearings cannot be reduced to universal thresholds.

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Transient synovitis: measure the effusion without mistaking it for a diagnosis

Six source-verified ultrasound and MRI figures now show effusion detection, reproducible measurement, septic red flags and the imaging overlap with culture-positive infection. The previous atlas lacked a resolvable licence version, and the Kocher-driven algorithm was removed because scores and one synovial-cell threshold cannot prove or exclude infection.

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Spinal muscular atrophy: connect SMN biology to hips and spine

Eight source-verified molecular, MRI and radiographic figures now show SMN2 exon-7 rescue, paraspinal fatty atrophy, scoliosis, quantitative hip surveillance and two pelvic-fixation strategies. Two illustrations were withdrawn for child-decency and inaccurate curve-pattern reasons.

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Paediatric septic hip: see infection, overlap and late destruction

Seven source-verified ultrasound, MRI and radiographic figures now cover neonatal spread, transient-synovitis overlap, femoral-head perfusion and late deformity. Two graphics were withdrawn because they converted cohort-specific Kocher percentages into automatic management and could delay antibiotics in sepsis.

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Renal osteodystrophy: connect turnover, imaging and fragility

Nine licensed figures now show the radiographic spectrum, brown-tumour pathology, occult insufficiency fractures, avulsion injury, tumoral calcinosis and rugger-jersey spine. An overprescriptive management chart was removed, and the page now distinguishes dialysis-stage PTH guidance from non-dialysis CKD while abandoning fixed phosphate and calcium-phosphate-product targets.

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Proximal tibiofibular dislocation: correct Ogden numbering and show the displacement

Eight source-verified radiographic, CT and operative figures now demonstrate subtle alignment loss, associated shaft injury and selective stabilisation. Two illustrations were withdrawn after they shifted every Ogden type; the page now uses the correct sequence of subluxation, anterolateral, posteromedial and superior.

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Paediatric acute osteomyelitis: read the MRI and recognise dissemination

The page now pairs acute histology with eight source-verified radiographic, MRI and CT figures covering occult pelvic disease, abscess, infant spread, chronic sequestrum, CNO and severe MRSA complications; an overbroad management chart was withdrawn and its source-control thresholds corrected.

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Osteogenesis imperfecta: retain radiography, correct the genotype spectrum

The CC0 newborn radiograph remains; the collagen schematic was removed and the text corrected because dominant-negative structural variants also include moderate Type IV OI.

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Multiple hereditary exostoses: see distribution and deformity

The MHE page retains source-verified bilateral-knee radiographs of multifocal metaphyseal osteochondromas and a forearm radiograph showing ulnar shortening with radial bowing.

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Midcarpal arthritis: retain published staging, remove synthetic radiographs

The licensed SLAC progression figure remains; the overview composite was deleted because it contained fabricated wrist radiographs and conflated instability testing with arthritis.

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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: link disease control to orthopaedic consequences

The JIA page retains source-verified multimodality joint damage and a pathway combining phenotype-directed medical care, uveitis surveillance, contracture management and growth-related limb-length decisions.

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Girdlestone procedure: understand the salvage anatomy and decision

The Girdlestone page retains a pseudarthrosis and limb-shortening schematic plus a pathway separating DAIR, reconstruction, definitive excision arthroplasty and palliative care.

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Early-onset scoliosis: measure progression and preserve growth

The EOS page retains a Mehta RVAD and rib-phase schematic plus a pathway separating resolving infantile curves, casting, congenital deformity and growth-friendly surgery.

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Vitamin D deficiency: retain osteomalacia imaging, withdraw blanket dosing

The licensed Looser-zone radiograph remains with its true source aetiology stated; the management chart was removed because it universalised calcitriol use, laboratory targets and dosing schedules.

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TKA indications: incomplete grading and arbitrary-delay graphics withdrawn

Both graphics were removed: the KL schematic omitted sclerosis and deformity, while the indication pathway imposed an unsupported mandatory three-to-six-month delay.

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Idiopathic toe walking: connect exclusion, contracture and lengthening level

The toe-walking page retains a red-flag and contracture-based management pathway plus a posterior anatomy map of Strayer, Baumann and tendo-Achilles lengthening zones.

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Spinal synovial cyst: retain anatomy, withdraw automatic fusion triggers

The axial juxtafacet-cyst anatomy remains; the management chart was removed because it treated spondylolisthesis and recurrence as automatic fusion indications without established instability.

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Spring ligament insufficiency: retain the sling, withdraw conflated reconstruction

The acetabulum-pedis mechanism remains; the management chart was removed because it conflated isolated tears, PTT dysfunction and progressive collapsing-foot reconstruction into one compulsory pathway.

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Spinal rod fracture: identify failure, then find the cause

The rod-fracture page retains a construct schematic of discontinuity, step-off, angulation and screw haloing plus a pathway separating observation from pseudarthrosis, deformity and focal revision.

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Radioulnar synostosis: connect fixed position to functional correction

The congenital-synostosis page retains licence-clean paediatric forearm radiographs and a pathway linking activity limitation, laterality, correction target and neurovascular risk.

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Pyogenic spondylodiscitis: link multimodality imaging to urgency

The spinal-infection page retains source-verified MRI/CT across multiple planes and a management pathway separating sepsis or neurological compromise from stable biopsy-first investigation.

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Marfan syndrome: perform both classic hand signs

The Marfan page retains source-verified demonstrations of the Walker–Murdoch wrist sign and Steinberg thumb sign, both used in the Ghent systemic score.

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Juvenile hallux valgus: retain management, withdraw inverted DMAA anatomy

The maturity- and geometry-based management pathway remains; the DMAA plate was removed because its shaft axis and highlighted articular surface belonged to different bones.

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Gamekeeper thumb: retain Stener anatomy, withdraw overbroad surgery triggers

The Stener-lesion comparison remains; the management chart was removed because it routed any avulsion fracture and high-demand status toward surgery without the required stability and displacement context.

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Gait cycle: connect phase timing to ground-reaction force

The gait-analysis page retains an eight-phase walking sequence and a licence-clean vertical ground-reaction-force curve showing the stance-phase double hump and zero-force swing.

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Ehlers–Danlos syndrome: pair hypermobility with skin signs

The EDS page retains a Beighton thumb-to-forearm illustration and source-verified close-up clinical composite of hyperextensibility, atrophic scarring and molluscoid pseudotumour.

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Congenital kyphosis: retain classification, remove exposed-patient montage

The Winter classification schematic remains; the licensed surgical case montage was deleted because it included partially undressed clinical photographs and failed the mandatory decency standard.

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Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease: connect deformity to denervation

The CMT page retains a licence-clean clinical cavovarus photograph and source-verified MRI demonstrating the distal-predominant fatty muscle replacement that drives imbalance.

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Enthesis: remove a false universal fibre angle

Both graphics were withdrawn, and the text corrected: fibre orientation is enthesis-specific, Sharpey fibres are not the universal anchor of every fibrocartilaginous insertion, and anchor trajectory cannot be inferred from a fixed native angle.

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Psoriatic hand arthritis: retain MRI, withdraw fixed perioperative timing

The source-verified inflammatory MRI remains; the management chart was removed because it universalised surgical timing and perioperative biologic interruption across drugs and procedures.

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Floating knee: concept and emergency-flow graphics withdrawn

Both images were removed: the concept plate misstated bony isolation despite an intact fibula, and the trauma algorithm bundled distinct vascular, open-fracture and compartment-syndrome treatments.

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Cervical facet arthropathy: retain extension imaging, withdraw universal block thresholds

The CC0 extension radiograph remains; the visual intervention pathway was removed because it presented a jurisdiction- and guideline-dependent dual-block 80% threshold as universal.

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Ganz surgical dislocation: retain published figures, withdraw flawed regional anatomy

Four source-verified exposure, technique and postoperative figures remain; the original MFCA plate was removed because its muscle labels and vascular course were unreliable.

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Calcium phosphate cement: retain the indication image, withdraw one-size-fits-all protection

The licensed tibial-plateau depression radiograph remains; the management chart was removed because it imposed mandatory hardware protection across clinically different indications.

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Stainless steel: retain crystal structure, withdraw overprescriptive management

The FCC/BCC/BCT unit-cell comparison remains; the implant algorithm was removed because it converted uncertain allergy and mixed-metal evidence into blanket contraindications and removal instructions.

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Non-accidental injury: retain the lesion, withdraw universalised safeguarding flow

The classic metaphyseal-lesion schematic remains; the management chart was removed because it universalised age-dependent investigations and jurisdiction-dependent safeguarding actions.

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Titanium alloys: two misleading graphics withdrawn

The pseudo-microstructure and blanket clinical decision chart were removed; alloy phases, implant selection and complication management remain taught with their required context in text.

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Rigid flatfoot: retain measurements, withdraw flawed treatment flow

The Meary-line and calcaneal-pitch plate remains; the management chart was removed because its realignment branch incorrectly merged into arthrodesis and did not safely represent non-coalition causes.

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Proximal tibial physeal injury: retain classification, withdraw mislabeled anatomy

The accurate Salter–Harris plate remains; the four-panel regional schematic was removed because its epiphyseal and physeal leader labels landed on the wrong structures.

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Deltoid ligament injury: retain the radiographic sequence, withdraw faulty triage

The source-verified SER-4 reconstruction sequence remains; the management chart was removed because it treated any associated fracture as an automatic urgent operative indication.

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Triscaphe arthritis: synthetic radiograph and flawed algorithm withdrawn

Both images were removed: one was a synthetic radiograph presented as clinical imaging, and the management chart contained an inconsistent surgical pathway for pancarpal disease.

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Retrocalcaneal bursitis: retain imaging, withdraw a flawed algorithm

The source-verified radiographic measurement plate remains; the visual management algorithm was removed because its loading advice and surgical pitch threshold were unreliable.

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Cervical pseudosubluxation: Swischuk diagram withdrawn

The comparison schematic was removed because its line passed through the posterior spinous-process tips rather than the required anterior cortices/spinolaminar points; the correct construction remains taught in text.

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Neuropathic shoulder: connect the destroyed joint to the cervical cord

The Charcot-shoulder page retains a paired mechanism plate linking disproportionate fragmentation and dislocation to syringomyelia-mediated loss of protective sensation and proprioception.

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Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve: trace the vulnerable course

The nerve-anatomy page retains an anterior upper-limb map showing the musculocutaneous continuation, relation to the biceps tendon and cephalic vein, distal branching and lateral-forearm sensory territory.

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Inferior gluteal nerve: orient around piriformis

The inferior-gluteal-nerve page retains a posterior regional map contrasting the superior gluteal nerve above piriformis with the inferior gluteal and sciatic nerves below it.

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Highly cross-linked polyethylene: balance wear and oxidation

The polyethylene page retains a processing pathway linking irradiation and free radicals to remelting, annealing and vitamin-E stabilisation with their mechanical trade-offs.

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Chondrolysis: read the pattern of joint-space loss

The chondrolysis page retains a hip-pattern comparison distinguishing concentric global narrowing from superior osteoarthritic narrowing and early preserved joint space with osteonecrosis.

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Burners and stingers: remove an unsafe absolute

The mechanism graphic was withdrawn and the text corrected: a stinger is typically unilateral, but symptoms and weakness need not be immediately transient after a more severe nerve injury.

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FGF23-mediated osteomalacia: recognise a Looser zone

The XLH and tumour-induced osteomalacia page retains an honestly attributed radiograph demonstrating the shared Looser-zone pseudofracture pattern without misidentifying the source patient as an XLH or TIO case.

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Arthroplasty vascular injury: map acetabular screw risk

The vascular-injury page retains a Wasielewski quadrant map contrasting posterior screw corridors with anterior danger zones for the external iliac and obturator neurovascular structures.

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Total wrist arthroplasty: identify the three-part construct

The total-wrist page retains an AP construct schematic showing the distal radial component, motion-preserving bearing and carpal component anchored toward the third metacarpal.

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Throwing biomechanics: phase timeline withdrawn

The six-phase timeline was removed because its wind-up boundary conflated hand separation with maximal knee lift; phase-specific loads and injuries remain taught in the text and table.

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Orthopaedic survival analysis: read the whole Kaplan–Meier plot

The survival-analysis page retains a two-implant Kaplan–Meier example with stepwise failures, censoring marks, confidence intervals, numbers at risk and the log-rank comparison.

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Athlete cardiac screening: causes graphic withdrawn

The sudden-cardiac-death causes graphic was removed because it presented a population-dependent ranking as universal; screening, emergency planning and the athlete-heart differential remain taught in text.

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Subungual exostosis: distinguish it from osteochondroma

The subungual-exostosis page retains a sagittal nail-unit plate showing nail elevation, a fibrocartilage cap, endochondral ossification and absence of corticomedullary continuity.

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Subcoracoid impingement: anatomy image withdrawn

The coracohumeral-interval plate was removed because it depicted the coracoid process and tip as disconnected structures; the interval and roller-wringer mechanism remain taught in text.

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Stemless shoulder arthroplasty: comparison image withdrawn

The stemmed-versus-stemless anchoring plate was removed because two leader lines were swapped; metaphyseal press-fit and cortical-rim engagement remain explained in the text.

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Sacropelvic fixation: compare iliac and S2AI anchors

The sacropelvic-fixation page retains paired posterior constructs comparing screw origins, rod alignment, connector requirements and implant prominence.

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Ring avulsion: classify circulation and amputation

The ring-avulsion page retains a three-panel Urbaniak classification plate contrasting preserved circulation, inadequate circulation with vascular disruption and complete avulsion.

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Paediatric pelvic osteomyelitis: localise the hidden focus

The paediatric pelvic-infection page retains an anterior pelvic map of common iliac, ischial and pubic sites and their relationship to the sacroiliac joint, acetabulum and symphysis.

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Osteitis pubis: understand the symphyseal shear

The osteitis-pubis page retains an anterior pelvic force-couple diagram linking rectus and adductor traction to repetitive symphyseal shear and characteristic radiographic and MRI findings.

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Olecranon stress fracture: anatomy image withdrawn

The valgus-extension overload schematic was removed because the triceps traction anatomy was misleading; the mechanism and adolescent-versus-adult fracture patterns remain taught in text.

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Lateral patellar compression: distinguish tilt from subluxation

The lateral-compression page retains paired axial patellofemoral anatomy showing a centred patella with lateral tilt, a tight lateral retinaculum and lateral-facet overload.

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Knee plica syndrome: map the synovial folds

The plica-syndrome page retains an anterior knee map of suprapatellar, medial, lateral and infrapatellar plicae, highlighting the thickened mediopatellar fold that snaps over the medial femoral condyle.

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Keller arthroplasty: see the resection and its cost

The Keller page retains a before-and-after first-MTP schematic showing proximal-phalanx base resection, decompression, plantar-plate disruption and the resulting transfer-metatarsalgia and cock-up-toe risks.

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Orthopaedic immunology: separate MHC class I from class II

The immunology page retains a paired antigen-presentation plate linking nucleated cells and MHC I to CD8 T cells, and professional antigen-presenting cells and MHC II to CD4 T cells.

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Hypophosphatasia: follow pyrophosphate to failed mineralisation

The hypophosphatasia page retains a normal-versus-ALPL-deficient mechanism plate linking low alkaline phosphatase, pyrophosphate accumulation and unmineralised osteoid.

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Foot and ankle tumours: refer before biopsy

An unsafe pathway graphic was withdrawn and the diagnostic sequence corrected: image an indeterminate mass, refer to the specialist tumour unit, then perform a biopsy planned by the treating team.

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Floating elbow: recognise fractures above and below the joint

The floating-elbow page retains a full-length upper-limb schematic showing ipsilateral humeral and both-bone forearm fractures with an intervening intact elbow.

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Exertional heat stroke: cool first, transport second

The heat-illness page retains a field algorithm for rectal temperature measurement, CNS assessment, cold-water immersion, cooling targets and major collapse differentials.

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Bone stimulation: compare electrical delivery modes

The electrical bone-healing page retains a three-panel plate comparing implanted direct current, non-invasive capacitive coupling and pulsed electromagnetic-field induction.

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Crescent fracture: classify the sacroiliac fracture line

The crescent-fracture page retains a three-panel Day classification plate showing posterior, middle and anterior sacroiliac fracture patterns.

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Sport-related concussion: remove, assess and return gradually

The athlete-concussion page retains an end-to-end pathway covering immediate removal, emergency red flags, SCAT6 assessment, relative rest, return-to-learn and graduated return to sport.

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Chondromalacia patellae: grade cartilage damage

The chondromalacia page retains a four-stage Outerbridge plate progressing from softening through fissuring to exposed subchondral bone.

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Brachymetatarsia: identify the metatarsal-parabola break

The brachymetatarsia page retains a dorsal forefoot schematic showing a shortened fourth metatarsal head proximal to the normal metatarsal parabola.

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Peripheral tuberculous arthritis: recognise the Phemister triad

The peripheral tuberculosis page retains a knee schematic labelling juxta-articular osteopenia, marginal erosions and gradual joint-space narrowing.

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Snapping ECU: see the tendon leave its groove

The ECU instability page retains paired axial anatomy showing a reduced tendon in pronation and subsheath failure with tendon subluxation in supination.

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Shoulder resurfacing: compare bone preservation with a stem

The resurfacing page retains a paired implant diagram contrasting humeral-head capping with stemmed hemiarthroplasty, including bone preservation, conversion and failure considerations.

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Revision elbow arthroplasty: climb the reconstruction ladder

The revision total-elbow page retains a three-stage reconstruction ladder from bushing exchange through impaction grafting to allograft–prosthetic composite; six unrelated keyword-collision files were removed.

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RED-S: expand beyond the female athlete triad

The RED-S page retains a side-by-side map linking low energy availability to the classic triad and the broader multisystem syndrome affecting athletes of both sexes.

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Revision carpal tunnel: map every danger structure

The recurrent carpal-tunnel page retains a palmar surgical map of the median nerve, recurrent motor and palmar cutaneous branches, transverse carpal ligament and superficial palmar arch.

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Sarcoma radiotherapy: compare timing and morbidity

The musculoskeletal tumour radiotherapy page retains a parallel timeline contrasting pre-operative treatment and acute wound risk with post-operative treatment and late functional morbidity.

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Proximal humerus nonunion: image quality review

The reconstruction plate was withdrawn because a clipped annotation made the comparison incomplete; the operative decision framework remains taught in the text.

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Accessory ossicles: separate variant from fracture

The painful accessory-ossicles page retains a lateral-foot map distinguishing os peroneum and os vesalianum from an acute fifth-metatarsal avulsion fragment.

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Paediatric amputation: prevent terminal overgrowth

The paediatric amputee page retains a three-part plate comparing disarticulation, recurrent terminal overgrowth after transosseous amputation and osteochondral capping.

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Spine navigation: grade pedicle-screw breach

The navigation and robotics page retains a five-grade Gertzbein–Robbins plate with directional breach anatomy and clinically acceptable thresholds.

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Interprosthetic fracture: see the stress riser

The interprosthetic femoral-fracture page retains a full-length construct diagram linking inter-implant distance, fracture location and implant-stability-driven treatment.

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Humeral nonunion: distinguish biology from stability

The humeral nonunion page retains a paired plate contrasting callus-rich hypertrophic and biologically inactive atrophic patterns.

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Plantar puncture: trace the foreign body from sole to bone

The puncture-wound page retains a sagittal plate showing the contaminated tract through shoe, plantar fascia and fat pad toward the metatarsal.

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Femoral-neck nonunion: convert shear into compression

The nonunion page retains a paired biomechanical plate showing how valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy reorients the nonunion toward compressive loading.

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Epidermal inclusion cyst: follow implanted epidermis to keratin

The hand-mass page retains a two-stage mechanism plate showing traumatic epidermal implantation and expansion into a keratin-filled cyst.

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Floating lateral mass: identify both fracture lines and the artery

The cervical trauma page retains an axial plate showing pedicle and laminar dissociation, facet isolation and vertebral-artery proximity.

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Spine blood loss: free the abdomen to decompress epidural veins

The spine blood-loss page retains a paired positioning plate linking abdominal compression, vena-caval pressure and Batson plexus engorgement.

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Flail chest: understand paradoxical segment motion

The chest-wall trauma page retains a paired inspiration-expiration mechanism plate showing the flail segment moving opposite to the intact thorax.

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White-cell scanning: interpret uptake against marrow distribution

The infection-imaging page retains a dual-isotope plate showing labelled-leucocyte uptake, marrow imaging and subtraction around orthopaedic sites.

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PET/CT: orient CT, PET, fused and MIP views

The orthopaedic PET/CT page retains a whole-body multimodality atlas that aligns anatomical CT with metabolic PET localisation.

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Peroneus tertius: compartment and tendon relations remain anatomy-led

The page concentrates on attachments, deep fibular innervation, variable presence and fifth-metatarsal insertion.

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Adductor strain: anatomy and chronic mineralisation

The adductor strain page now pairs compartment anatomy with multimodal imaging of post-traumatic myositis ossificans.

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Wrist arthroplasty: recognise the implant, reconstruction and failure pattern

The wrist-arthroplasty page now combines implant-design plates with PRC-versus-carpal-resection radiographs, periprosthetic-fracture treatment, retrieval wear, subsidence, osteolysis and radial impaction.

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Taylor Spatial Frame: measure the ring before prescribing the correction

The TSF page now pairs stacked-hexapod constructs and fracture radiographs with calibrated mounting-offset measurements, residual-error examples and postoperative orthogonal views.

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Tantalum: see the pore network, ingrowth and revision constructs

The tantalum page now follows porous architecture from conventional and additively manufactured cones through retrieval histology, revision hip and knee reconstructions, long-term fixation and failure modes.

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Quadriga and lumbrical-plus: trace the force through FDP and lumbricals

The quadriga and lumbrical-plus page now pairs a lateral flexor-to-extensor linkage schematic with a full palmar plate of all four lumbricals and their FDP origins.

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Root-cause analysis: map the system, not just the last action

The medical-error and quality-improvement page retains a focused Ishikawa diagram that organises patient, task, team, communication, equipment, environment and organisational contributors to harm.

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Anterolateral knee: see the Segond sign, ALL variants and LET construct

The ALL and LET page now pairs Segond radiographs, CT and MRI with cadaveric anterolateral anatomy, meniscal-attachment variants, rotational tightening and postoperative LET reconstruction.

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Thiemann disease: separate PIP-base disease from distal TRPV4 arthropathy

The Thiemann page now combines its PIP epiphyseal pattern with real FDAB family radiographs and a TRPV4 domain map, making the proximal-versus-distal joint distinction explicit.

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Osteocytes: follow force from canaliculus to remodelling response

The osteocyte-mechanotransduction page now connects human canalicular histology with cilia, integrins, connexins, Piezo1 calcium entry, sclerostin-Wnt control and whole-bone adaptation.

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Orthotic prescription: match force system, joint control and interface

The orthotic-prescription page now uses real AFO and TLSO devices with a clear three-point-force schematic to connect trimlines, lever arms, articulation and total-contact fit to the prescription.

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Intramuscular myxoma: correlate pathology, MRI and syndromic disease

The intramuscular-myxoma page now pairs classic and cellular histology with real T1, T2 and post-contrast MRI, plus dedicated visual comparisons for Mazabraud syndrome, juxta-articular myxoma and deep angiomyxoma.

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Small-joint hand arthroplasty: match implant design to joint and soft tissue

The hand arthroplasty page focuses on MCP, PIP and CMC implant selection, extensor-mechanism balance, collateral-ligament competence and procedure-specific failure modes.

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PMMA bone cement: control the mantle and anticipate BCIS

The PMMA bone-cement page concentrates on polymerisation, antibiotic loading, bone-bed preparation, vacuum mixing, pressurisation and the immediate response to bone-cement implantation syndrome.

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Ochronosis: recognise black cartilage and calcified discs

The ochronosis page pairs the intraoperative appearance of jet-black brittle cartilage with a clear schematic of multilevel disc calcification, narrowing and vacuum phenomenon.

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Hemihyperplasia: measure lateralised overgrowth and protect tumour surveillance

The hemihypertrophy page focuses on serial limb-length assessment, growth-modulation timing, genetics referral and embryonal-tumour surveillance without substituting a localised digit-overgrowth case for the condition.

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CR versus PS TKA: test the PCL and balance the flexion gap

The TKA cruciate-retention page concentrates on preoperative selection, intraoperative PCL competence, posterior drawer testing and conversion to a posterior-stabilised construct when stability cannot be restored.

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Rotationplasty: preserve the neurovascular bundle and functional ankle

The rotationplasty page emphasises en bloc resection, preservation of the neurovascular bundle, 180-degree distal-limb rotation, femorotibial fixation and prosthetic rehabilitation.

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Trochlea fracture: reconstruct the articular fragment, not the flowchart

The trochlea-fractures page is intentionally image-sparse after a flat management card was withdrawn; CT planning, fragment assessment and headless-screw fixation remain in the operative text.

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Sustentaculum tali: see the middle facet and FHL groove

The sustentaculum-tali-fractures page retains a reviewed medial hindfoot plate linking the middle facet, flexor hallucis longus groove and neurovascular bundle to the fracture mechanism.

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Tibial malunion: measure the deformity before choosing the osteotomy

The tibial-malunion page is intentionally image-sparse after a flat management flowchart was withdrawn; CORA analysis, correction thresholds and osteotomy selection remain in the surgical text.

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Thromboprophylaxis: trace the lower-limb venous pathway

The thromboprophylaxis page retains a source-verified anatomical plate linking the calf, popliteal, femoral and iliac segments relevant to proximal DVT propagation.

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Tetanus prophylaxis: classify the wound and immunisation history

The tetanus-prophylaxis page is intentionally image-free after a combined mechanism-and-management card with region-specific terminology was withdrawn; the decision pathway remains in the guideline text.

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TAR syndrome: absent radius, preserved thumb

The tar-syndrome page retains a source-verified paediatric radiograph showing radial aplasia, marked radial deviation and the preserved thumb that distinguishes TAR from other radial deficiencies.

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GCTTS: define the sheath lesion and excise it intact

The giant-cell-tumor-tendon-sheath page is intentionally image-sparse after a flat management flowchart was withdrawn; diagnosis, margins and recurrence remain in the tumour text.

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Snapping hip: follow the tendon across its bony fulcrum

The snapping-hip-syndrome page retains a focused mechanism figure distinguishing iliopsoas snapping at the iliopectineal eminence from iliotibial-band snapping over the greater trochanter.

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Pelvic avulsion fracture: localise the apophysis and muscle pull

The pelvic-avulsion-fractures page is intentionally image-sparse after a flat management flowchart was withdrawn; site-specific diagnosis and treatment remain in the adolescent trauma text.

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Patellar sleeve fracture: diagnose the extensor mechanism clinically

The pediatric-patella-sleeve-fractures page is intentionally image-sparse after a flat management flowchart was withdrawn; displacement and extensor-mechanism thresholds remain in the paediatric trauma text.

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Digital nerve compression: localise the activity, nerve and sensory deficit

The digital-nerve-compression page is intentionally image-sparse after a flat management flowchart was withdrawn; diagnosis and treatment remain in the examination and operative text.

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Stress concentration: geometry creates local failure risk

The stress-concentration page retains a focused mechanics figure showing stress-flow crowding and peak edge stress around a circular defect.

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Spina bifida: distinguish occulta, meningocele and myelomeningocele

The spina-bifida page retains a focused cross-sectional classification schematic showing posterior-arch closure, meningeal herniation and neural-tissue involvement.

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Infantile scoliosis: use age-specific evidence

The infantile-scoliosis page is intentionally image-sparse after a biplanar image from a seven-year-old child was withdrawn as age-mismatched for infantile disease.

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Achondroplasia: recognise the characteristic pelvis

The achondroplasia page retains one focused schematic of the champagne-glass pelvic inlet, flattened iliac wings, narrow sciatic notches and trident acetabula after disease-mismatched images were excluded.

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Rett syndrome: disease-specific and child-safe imagery only

The rett-syndrome page is intentionally image-sparse after a generated overview with an identifiable child face and flat infographic layout was withdrawn.

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Friedreich ataxia: disease-specific evidence only

The friedreich-ataxia page is intentionally image-sparse after a cavovarus photograph from a Charcot-Marie-Tooth patient was withdrawn as disease-mismatched.

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Fracture healing: follow haematoma, callus and remodelling

The fracture-healing page retains a focused secondary-healing sequence from inflammation through soft and hard callus to lamellar remodelling.

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Wrong-site prevention: verify, mark and pause before incision

The patient-safety-wrong-site-surgery-prevention page remains intentionally image-sparse because the Universal Protocol and time-out are literal safety checklists already taught in the page.

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Safe handover: transfer responsibility, not just information

The transitions-of-care-safe-handover page remains intentionally image-sparse because its practical value lies in literal templates, read-back and worked handover scenarios rather than decorative imagery.

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Consent: disclose material risk and make the decision together

The informed-consent-shared-decision-making page remains intentionally image-sparse because its practical value lies in explicit disclosure, capacity assessment and patient-centred conversation steps.

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Capacity: assess the decision, not the diagnosis

The decision-making-capacity-end-of-life page remains intentionally image-sparse because capacity, substitute decision-making and goals-of-care work are taught through explicit questions and cases.

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Teamwork: close the loop and escalate clearly

The communication-teamwork-crm page remains intentionally image-sparse because its closed-loop communication, graded assertiveness and crisis-management skills are taught through scripts and scenarios.

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Value-based care: improve outcomes per resource used

The value-based-care-resource-stewardship page remains intentionally image-sparse because its practical value lies in explicit outcome, cost and stewardship reasoning rather than decorative imagery.

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Safety culture: design systems that make the safe action easier

The systems-based-practice-safety-culture page remains intentionally image-sparse because its just-culture, escalation and systems-thinking models are already taught through explicit cases and frameworks.

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Negligence: prove duty, breach, causation and damage

The medicolegal-principles-negligence page remains intentionally image-sparse because its value lies in precise legal reasoning and worked clinical cases rather than a literal visual artefact.

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Impaired colleague: protect patients, document facts and escalate safely

The impaired-or-disruptive-colleague page remains intentionally image-sparse because its value lies in concrete escalation, documentation and support steps rather than decorative imagery.

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Conflicts of interest: disclosure and management are the intervention

The conflicts-of-interest-industry-relationships page remains intentionally image-sparse because its practical value lies in explicit disclosure, recusal and governance steps rather than decorative imagery.

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Research integrity: methods and conduct are the evidence

The research-ethics-integrity page remains intentionally image-sparse because consent, misconduct, authorship and governance are already taught through explicit frameworks and cases rather than a literal visual artefact.

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Adverse-event disclosure: the value is in the conversation

The disclosure-of-complications-adverse-events page remains intentionally image-sparse because its disclosure sequence, apology and documentation duties are already taught as explicit clinical communication steps.

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Bioethics: principles stay in the reasoning, not decorative art

The core-bioethics-principles page remains intentionally image-sparse because its named concepts are already taught precisely through cases and decision reasoning rather than a literal visual artefact.

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Reactive arthritis: diagnosis remains clinical and pattern-based

The reactive-arthritis-reiters page remains intentionally image-sparse after off-topic atlantoaxial images were withdrawn and no licence-clean, disease-specific replacement met the review standard.

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Vascularised fibula: plan the pedicle, fixation and living-graft biology

The free-vascularised-fibula-transfer page retains source-verified anatomy, tumour planning, fixation, incorporation, hypertrophy and complication imaging, with microsurgical strategy in the reconstruction text.

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Lisfranc injury: identify the fleck, alignment and column instability

The lisfranc-injuries page retains source-verified radiographic/CT, ligament anatomy, classification and fixation images, with stability-based treatment in the foot trauma text.

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Calcaneal fracture: measure height, classify the facet and respect soft tissue

The calcaneal-fractures page retains Böhler-angle, CT, Essex-Lopresti/Sanders, approach and fixation images, with treatment selection in the foot-and-ankle trauma text.

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Pelvic ring injury: classify posterior instability and control haemorrhage

The pelvic-ring-injuries page retains source-verified LC/APC/vertical-shear imaging, inlet/outlet views and Tile classification, with resuscitation and fixation logic in the trauma text.

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Hexapod correction: define frame geometry and gradual prescription

The hexapod-frame-deformity-correction page retains source-verified frame, strut, radiographic and region-limited clinical images, with correction planning in the limb-reconstruction text.

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Extended trochanteric osteotomy: preserve the sleeve and secure the fragment

The extended-trochanteric-osteotomy page retains source-verified anatomy, revision indications, fixation constructs and follow-up images, with operative technique in the revision-hip text.

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Madura foot: identify sinuses, grains and the dot-in-circle sign

The mycetoma-madura-foot page retains source-verified clinical, MRI, radiographic, ultrasound, grain and histology images, with organism-specific treatment in the infection text.

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Bone hydatid disease: recognise infiltrative lysis and prevent spillage

The hydatid-disease-bone page retains source-verified microscopy, radiographic, CT, MRI, histology and specimen images, with surgical precautions in the infection text.

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Internal hemipelvectomy: map the zone, margin and reconstruction

The internal-hemipelvectomy-reconstruction page retains source-verified pelvic anatomy, tumour imaging, resection-zone and reconstruction follow-up images, with strategy in the oncology text.

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AC joint injury: classify ligament failure and displacement

The ac-joint-injuries page retains source-verified radiographs/fixation images plus detailed AC/CC anatomy and Rockwood classification, with treatment selection in the shoulder trauma text.

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Scaphoid fracture: image occult injury, stability and vascular risk

The scaphoid-fractures page retains source-verified dedicated views, Herbert classification, humpback deformity, AVN and fixation images, with management in the wrist trauma text.

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Masquelet technique: build the membrane, then graft the defect

The masquelet-induced-membrane-technique page retains source-verified defect, infection, histology and operative-stage images, with timing and fixation principles in the reconstruction text.

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Megaprosthesis salvage: match reconstruction to surviving bone and soft tissue

The megaprosthesis-non-oncologic-salvage page retains source-verified radiographic, implant, operative and complication images, with indication and fixation choices in the arthroplasty text.

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Ankle fracture: classify level, then prove stability

The ankle-fractures page retains Weber/Lauge-Hansen teaching and source-verified fracture, Maisonneuve and operative imaging, with stability-based management in the trauma text.

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Radial head fracture: define stability, comminution and associated injury

The radial-head-fractures page retains source-verified Mason/terrible-triad imaging, operative spacer preparation and the radial-head safe zone, with implant selection in the elbow trauma text.

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Perthes disease: stage fragmentation, pillar loss and final shape

The legg-calve-perthes-disease page retains source imaging plus Waldenström, Catterall, Herring and Stulberg classification figures, with containment strategy in the paediatric text.

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Congenital hand: describe the pattern and function precisely

The congenital-hand-overview page retains a source-verified clinical example, with classification, functional assessment and reconstruction principles in the hand-surgery text.

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Cerebral palsy gait: analyse alignment before multilevel surgery

The cerebral-palsy-gait-semls page retains source-verified pelvic and gait-cycle imaging, with sagittal pattern classification and SEMLS planning in the clinical text.

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Müller-Weiss disease: read navicular compression and talonavicular collapse

The muller-weiss-disease page retains source-verified clinical and radiographic examples of arch collapse, navicular disease and talonavicular fusion, with treatment decisions in the foot-and-ankle text.

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Femoral revision: classify bone loss and choose fixation

The femoral-bone-loss-revision-stems page retains implant, radiographic and complication imaging across the Paprosky spectrum, with stem selection in the revision-arthroplasty text.

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SCFE: measure the slip, protect the blood supply

The slipped-capital-femoral-epiphysis page retains focused teaching figures for Loder stability, Klein line, Southwick angle, physeal anatomy, blood supply and in-situ fixation.

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Compartment syndrome: know the regional anatomy and complete release

The region-specific-compartment-syndrome page retains source-verified leg fasciotomy anatomy and a public-domain forearm cross-section, with regional decision logic in the trauma text.

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Burst fracture: see retropulsion, columns and PLC

The burst-fractures page retains source-verified radiographic/CT examples and a focused middle-column mechanism image, with TLICS and operative decisions in the spine trauma text.

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Barton fracture: recognise rim shear and radiocarpal translation

The bartons-fractures page retains source-verified pre/postoperative, operative and functional-outcome images, with fixation strategy in the wrist trauma text.

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Sprengel deformity: define scapular height and omovertebral anatomy

The sprengel-deformity page retains source-verified radiographic, CT and operative-procedure images, with anomaly screening and treatment decisions in the paediatric text.

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SLAP tear: define the labrum, biceps anchor and type

The slap-tears page retains source-verified arthroscopic/MRI assets plus focused SLAP classification, with debridement, repair and tenodesis decisions in the shoulder text.

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Olecranon fracture: classify stability and restore the extensor mechanism

The olecranon-fractures page retains lateral fracture/fixation imaging, Mayo classification and tension-band mechanics, with implant selection in the elbow trauma text.

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Clubfoot: score the deformity, correct it in sequence

The clubfoot page retains source-verified clinical/radiographic and brace images plus Pirani scoring, with Ponseti casting, tenotomy and bracing details in the paediatric text.

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Posterior shoulder instability: image the glenoid, labrum and reverse lesion

The posterior-shoulder-instability page retains source-verified radiographic, CT, MRI and arthroscopic examples, with rehabilitation and reconstruction decisions in the shoulder text.

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Paediatric femoral neck fracture: Delbet level predicts vascular risk

The pediatric-femoral-neck-fractures page retains real fracture/fixation radiographs and a focused Delbet classification figure, with urgent priorities and complications in the paediatric trauma text.

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Paediatric lateral condyle fracture: see displacement and articular hinge

The lateral-condyle-fractures-pediatric page retains source-verified radiographs and operative fixation images plus Milch classification, with displacement thresholds in the paediatric trauma text.

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Rotator cuff tear: define anatomy, retraction and muscle quality

The rotator-cuff-tears page retains source-verified anatomy and MRI tear images plus Goutallier grading, with repairability and treatment decisions in the shoulder text.

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Posterolateral corner: identify the anatomy and rotatory laxity

The posterolateral-corner-injuries page retains source-verified MRI/radiographic images plus PLC anatomy and dial-test teaching assets, with reconstruction strategy in the clinical text.

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Femoral head fracture: reduce first, then define the fragment

The femoral-head-fractures page retains source-verified Pipkin imaging, fixation and femoral-head vascular anatomy, with type-specific treatment in the trauma text.

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Hereditary neuropathy: see the muscle imbalance and cavovarus

The hereditary-motor-sensory-neuropathies page retains clinical, radiographic, muscle-imbalance and Coleman-block teaching images, with reconstruction decisions in the foot-and-ankle text.

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Bone healing: follow the cells, callus and stability

The bone-healing page retains source-verified cellular, neurohumoral, callus-timeline and radiographic healing images, with fixation strategy in the detailed text.

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Discogenic pain: correlate morphology with symptoms

The discogenic-back-pain page retains Pfirrmann grading and source-verified lumbar MRI/radiographic degenerative-disc images, with diagnostic and treatment choices in the spine text.

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Vertebral haemangioma: recognise the imaging spectrum

The vertebral-haemangioma page retains source-verified radiographic, CT and MRI examples of typical and aggressive lesions, with treatment decisions in the spine-oncology text.

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Schwannoma: recognise the eccentric nerve-sheath tumour

The schwannoma page retains source-verified MRI, ultrasound, operative and histological teaching images, with clinical triage and enucleation decisions in the tumour text.

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Hip AVN: stage the head before it collapses

The avascular-necrosis-hip page retains Ficat–Arlet staging and source-verified MRI/radiographic imaging of bilateral and collapsed femoral-head osteonecrosis, with treatment selection in the clinical text.

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Syndactyly: define the web before planning separation

The syndactyly page retains source-verified simple/complex and Apert hand images with radiographic correlation, plus its surgical flap teaching asset; timing and reconstruction strategy remain in the hand-surgery text.

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Intertrochanteric fracture: assess stability before implant choice

The intertrochanteric-fractures page retains source-verified CT pattern, posteromedial anatomy and cephalomedullary fixation images, with implant selection in the trauma text.

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Atypical femur fracture: recognise the lateral cortex before completion

The atypical-femoral-fractures page retains source-verified prodromal, work-up, fixation and stem-tip images, with surveillance and prophylactic-nailing decisions in the clinical text.

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Neck of femur fracture: classify displacement, then fix or replace

The neck-of-femur-fracture page retains Garden/Pauwels classification teaching and source-verified fracture imaging, with operative selection in the clinical text.

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LCL injury: image the lateral corner and associated avulsion

The lcl-injuries page retains source-verified coronal MRI, fibular-head avulsion imaging and surgical anatomy/repair images, with treatment thresholds in the clinical text.

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Femoral shaft fracture: nail the physiology and mechanics

The femoral-shaft-fractures page retains source-verified IM nailing, exchange nailing and implant-failure images alongside Winquist–Hansen classification, with timing decisions in the trauma text.

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Damage control orthopaedics: stabilise physiology before fixation

The damage-control-orthopaedics page retains the lethal-triad mechanism and source-verified staged fixation images, with patient triage and timing in the trauma text.

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Primary bone lymphoma: recognise the lesion, treat systemic disease

The primary-bone-lymphoma page retains its source-verified radiographic and MRI tumour imaging, with staging and treatment decisions in the oncology text.

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Plantar heel pain: investigate the fascia, treat progressively

The plantar-fasciitis-management page retains its source-verified clinical and imaging assets in the sections they teach, with escalation decisions explained in the management text.

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PCL injury: identify posterior sag and bony avulsion

The pcl-injuries page retains posterior-sag teaching anatomy and source-verified radiographic, MRI and CT assessment of PCL avulsion injuries, with treatment thresholds in the clinical text.

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Patellofemoral instability: image the displacement and anatomy

The patellofemoral-instability page retains radiographic subluxation/dislocation, patellar-height and axial trochlear teaching images, with treatment selection in the clinical text.

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Cervical disc disease: localise the morphology and root

The cervical-disc-disease page retains source-verified radiographs, anatomy and MRI alongside its disc-morphology teaching figure, with management decisions in the clinical text.

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APC pelvic injury: recognise the open-book mechanics

The anteroposterior-compression-injuries page retains radiographic and operative imaging of symphyseal diastasis, external stabilisation and APC classification, with resuscitation decisions in the trauma text.

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TKA instability: read the construct and alignment

The tka-complications-instability page retains AP, lateral and full-length radiographic assessment of the unstable knee replacement, with gap mechanisms explained in the clinical text.

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Sagittal balance: measure the spinopelvic geometry

The sagittal-balance-parameters page retains its labelled alignment measurement figure and whole-spine radiographic context, with correction decisions explained in the clinical text.

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Peroneal tears: image the retromalleolar tendons

The peroneal-tendon-tears page retains its source-verified clinical image in the relevant tendon section, while surgical thresholds and reconstruction choices remain in the operative text.

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Multidirectional instability: assess the shoulder dynamically

The multidirectional-instability page presents the sulcus examination, hypermobility assessment and rehabilitation-first strategy through its clinical instructions and tables.

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Perilunate injury: read the lateral film

The lunate-dislocations page retains paired AP and lateral wrist radiographs that distinguish Stage III perilunate displacement from volar lunate dislocation.

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Intercondylar distal humerus: rebuild the articular block

The intercondylar-fractures page now illustrates the bicolumnar articular split that makes reconstruction and stable dual-column fixation necessary.

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TKA design: constraint is a clinical decision

The TKA implant-design page presents the CR-to-hinge constraint spectrum through its clinical decision tables and detailed explanatory text.

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Thumb hypoplasia: classify the thumb before reconstructing it

The thumb-hypoplasia page retains the Blauth clinical series in its classification context, with reconstruction and pollicization decisions explained in the surgical text.

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Study design: hierarchy and direction stay in the tables

The study-design-types page now presents research-design classification and evidence hierarchy through its explanatory text and comparison tables.

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Forearm compartment syndrome: see the spaces at risk

The forearm-compartment-syndrome page retains a detailed public-domain cross-section of the volar, dorsal and mobile-wad anatomy, with diagnosis and urgent release decisions explained in the surgical text.

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Clinical guidelines: evidence hierarchy stays visible

The clinical-practice-guidelines page retains its evidence-hierarchy illustration while guideline appraisal and application remain in the detailed tables and text.

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UKA: preserve the other compartments

The unicompartmental-knee-arthroplasty page retains direct radiographic demonstration of a medial partial knee replacement, with component selection and compartment logic explained in the surgical text.

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Osseointegration: bone locks to surface and pores

The osseointegration page now illustrates direct bone ongrowth and trabecular ingrowth through a porous titanium interface.

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Statistical tests: decision logic stays in the table

The common-statistical-tests page now presents test selection and diagnostic measures through its text, comparison tables and worked logic.

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XLPE: crosslinks reduce wear, radicals create the trade-off

The polyethylene-uhmwpe-xlpe page now illustrates the material microstructure behind XLPE performance: crosslinked polymer chains reduce wear while residual free radicals create the oxidation trade-off addressed during thermal treatment.

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Orthopaedic pathogens: biofilm changes the problem

The common-pathogens-orthopedics page now places a Staphylococcus epidermidis implant-biofilm micrograph in its biology section, connecting chronic implant infection to the protected bacterial communities discussed in the text.

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Bone remodelling: cells, coupling and replacement

The bone-remodeling page now places the BMU cycle and RANK–RANKL–OPG signalling in their teaching sections, linking osteoclast resorption, osteoblast formation and decoy-receptor control to the molecular mechanisms in the text.

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SSI prevention: protect the implant before bacteria attach

The surgical-site-infection-prevention-periop page now uses a tissue-and-implant barrier figure to connect antisepsis, tissue-level antimicrobial cover and sterile-field discipline to the prevention of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation.

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Levers: balance, force and speed

The moment-arms-levers page now anchors its lever-class discussion in three anatomical examples: the upper cervical extensor system, the Achilles–forefoot arrangement and biceps elbow flexion. The figures connect the lever definitions to clinically recognisable anatomy.

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Antibiotic prophylaxis: tissue level before contamination

The perioperative-antibiotics page now uses a focused implant-and-tissue figure to connect pre-incision dosing with the mechanism of surgical-site-infection prevention: antibiotic is present before bacterial attachment and biofilm formation can begin.

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Multimodal analgesia: interrupt pain at more than one level

The multimodal-analgesia page now centres its pathophysiology figure on the nociceptive pathway itself: peripheral nociceptors, dorsal-horn modulation and descending control. It connects the drug classes and regional techniques in the text to their distinct sites of action.

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SCIWORA: normal bone, injured cord

The SCIWORA page now places five teaching images within mechanism, classification and investigation sections. The sequence links paediatric cervical anatomy to a normal-MRI SCIWORA case and then contrasts normal radiographs and CT with MRI-detected cord injury.

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Ganz dislocation: the vessel-safe window

The surgical-hip-dislocation-ganz page now adds five teaching figures across four clinical sections: MFCA–retinacular-vessel anatomy, comparison of posterior acetabular exposures, direct acetabular visualisation, trochanteric-flip surgical stages and postoperative fixation imaging. The sequence links vascular protection, controlled dislocation and radiographic assessment to the operative technique.

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HPII: the pinhole is not the injury

The high-pressure-injection-injury-hand page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across eight sections. Cinematic originals cover jet-to-sheath-to-Parona spread, puncture versus pressure track, palmar spaces, paint/grease/water/air risk, and a Brunner debridement plan. Kept Pertea punctiform entry wounds and added lime-paint radiographs (J Clin Med 2024, PMC11721198, CC BY 4.0; debridement and amputation figures not used), Fortuna pressure-washer forearm gas (J Educ Teach Emerg Med 2022, PMC10332702, CC BY 4.0), Funk helium-hand emphysema (J Belg Soc Radiol 2023, PMC10178635, CC BY 4.0; author credit repaired), Azevedo thenar wound plus palmar gas (Cureus 2024, PMC11608112, CC BY 4.0; intra-operative graphite figure not used), and Niitsuma epoxy-paint XR/CT plus residual CT (Case Reports Plast Surg Hand Surg 2021, PMC7971269, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew two infographic originals. No intra-operative debridement or amputation photographs. No Clinical Imaging dump.

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DDH: Graf, the lines, then the safe zone

The developmental-dysplasia-hip page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across seven sections. Cinematic originals cover Barlow versus Ortolani, Hilgenreiner/Perkin/Shenton/AI, Pavlik as a flexion-abduction position (no infant drawn), Salter versus Dega/Pemberton cuts, and Ramsey safe zone versus forced abduction. Kept the Wikimedia DDH-spectrum schematic, Graf schematic and a real Graf I ultrasound. Added Tan arthrogram and acetabular-index films (Front Pediatr 2023, PMC10811148, CC BY 4.0), Bogojevska Doksevska Graf-dislocated ultrasound, obturator dislocation, closed-reduction AP and residual AVN (Cureus 2026, PMC13144667, CC BY 4.0; infant harness photographs not used), Yu Dega plus open reduction (SICOT-J 2026, PMC13255421, CC BY 4.0), and van Stralen Salter series (Children 2024, PMC11727591, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew the management-algorithm infographic and the Wikimedia infant Pavlik silhouette. Nakamura Sci Rep films were not used (CC BY-NC-ND). No photographs of children. No Clinical Imaging dump.

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CLLD: classify the foot, then the centimetres

The congenital-lower-limb-deficiency-overview page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across six sections. Cinematic originals cover the CFD–FH–TH spectrum, Aitken PFFD, Achterman–Kalamchi fibular types, Jones tibial hemimelia, lengthening versus Syme versus rotationplasty, and spanning the cruciate-deficient knee. Added Paley classification and type 3C films (J Child Orthop 2016, PMC5145840, CC BY 4.0; Paley Foundation–permission figures skipped), Ghaly standing scanogram (J Orthop Surg Res 2023, PMC10631071, CC BY 4.0), Uduma PFFD AP and frog-lateral (J Med Case Rep 2020, PMC7001305, CC BY 4.0), and Hammad bilateral PFFD radiograph plus coronal MRI (Case Rep Pediatr 2026, PMC13247305, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew three infographic originals and two Alaseirlis Open-i files (wrong anatomy; child photograph). Radiographs, MRI and schematics only; no photographs of children. No Clinical Imaging dump.

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CP hip surveillance: catch the middle frame

The cerebral-palsy-hip-surveillance page now carries six reviewed teaching images across five sections. Cinematic originals cover contained–subluxated–dislocated anatomy, Reimers MP geometry, head-shaft angle, and Castle resection. Added Arenas-Díaz redislocation series (Cureus 2025, PMC12536951, CC BY 4.0) and Sanches Silva VDRO plus Dega films (Medicine 2025, PMC12419277, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew three infographic originals, a Wikimedia infant DDH schematic, and an AP pelvis mis-credited to Burns PMC4142880 (that paper illustrates GMFCS children). Removed the Clinical Imaging dump. Radiographs and schematics only; no photographs of children.

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Cerebral palsy: devices, MP, then the cut

The cerebral-palsy page now carries seven reviewed teaching images across five sections. Cinematic originals cover GMFCS as a device spectrum (no children drawn), Rodda gait postures, Reimers MP geometry, SDR versus an ITB pump, and the VDRO triad (shorten, varus, derotate). Added Arenas-Díaz AP-pelvis redislocation series (Cureus 2025, PMC12536951, CC BY 4.0) and Sanches Silva bilateral VDRO plus Dega films (Medicine 2025, PMC12419277, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew cartoon GMFCS children, a management-algorithm infographic, a white MP cartoon, and two axial CTs that had been mis-credited to De Mattos PMC4252270 (that paper is hamstring transfer; the CT files did not match its figures). Radiographs and schematics only; no photographs of children. No Clinical Imaging dump.

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Bennett's: the beak stays, the shaft goes

The bennetts-fractures page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across five sections. Kept Hellerhoff's Bennett radiograph (CC BY-SA 3.0) and added his true-lateral Bennett and Rolando films. Cinematic originals cover APL/AOL deforming forces, Bennett versus Rolando versus extra-articular Winterstein, Gedda I versus III, the Roberts hyperpronation view, TAP reduction, and CRPP (MC1–trapezium plus MC1–MC2). Withdrew three Cureus plates whose captions credit Orthobullets 'reproduced with permission', and a management-algorithm infographic. Rejected NC-ND TAP schematics and combined Bennett-plus-hamate or trapezium case films. No Clinical Imaging dump.

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Paediatric radial neck: the angle, then the nail

The radial-neck-fractures-pediatric page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across seven sections. Kept Gray plate 333 (public domain), Heilman sail-sign radiograph (CC BY-SA 4.0) and Sandmann angulated-neck series (CC BY 4.0). Added Qiao Judet classification, closed-reduction manoeuvre, K-wire leverage and Metaizeau films (BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019, CC BY 4.0) and cinematic originals for PIN at the arcade of Frohse, the radiocapitellar line versus a missed Monteggia, and Metaizeau rotation. Withdrew a management-algorithm infographic and a white cartoon Metaizeau plate. Rejected a mislabelled Judet original whose type IV was a comminuted head. Radiographs and schematics only; no photographs of children.

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Guided growth: the axis, then the plate

The guided-growth-angular-deformity-correction page now carries eight reviewed teaching images across seven sections. Kept the Vijaya chandar coronal-alignment schematic (CC BY-SA 4.0). Added Gahleitner MAD-zone standing film and tension-band-plate fluoroscopy (Medicina 2026, CC BY 4.0) and Trisolino lateral-tibial plate series (J Clin Med 2025, CC BY 4.0). Added cinematic originals for screw splay, Paley angles, Drennan MDA and the medial-malleolar transphyseal screw. Withdrew three infographic/cartoon plates. Withdrew a Commons genu-valgum composite that is actually a BMC Cancer radiation-sarcoma case and includes a photograph of a child. Radiographs, fluoroscopy and schematics only.

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Congenital scoliosis: the bar, the wedge, then the spur

The congenital-scoliosis page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across seven sections. Repaired Guo posterior hemivertebra-resection radiograph series to CC BY 4.0 (BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; author was wrongly listed as Yang) and Burnei AP plus 3D-CT hemivertebra to CC BY 2.0 (J Med Life 2015). Added Hellerhoff sacral butterfly-vertebra MRI (CC BY-SA 3.0) and cinematic originals for Winter types, Type I congenital kyphosis, diastematomyelia spur, and convex epiphysiodesis versus hemivertebra excision. Withdrew a management-algorithm infographic and a white cartoon classification plate. Rejected every photograph of a child from the Burnei paper and Commons. Radiographs, CT, MRI and schematics only.

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Paediatric spondylolysis: the collar, then the slip

The spondylolysis-pediatric page now carries six reviewed teaching images across three sections. Kept the Olgahospital 11-year-old lateral (CC BY-SA 4.0), Hellerhoff axial pars CT (CC BY-SA 3.0) and BruceBlaus pars illustration (CC BY-SA 4.0). Added Hellerhoff isthmic-listhesis CT (CC BY-SA 4.0) and cinematic originals for pelvic incidence/sacral slope/pelvic tilt and the Scottie-dog collar. Withdrew a management-algorithm infographic and a flat Scottie cartoon. Rejected mislabelled Meyerding and Phalen-Dickson originals on sight. Radiographs, CT and schematics only; no photographs of children.

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De Quervain: septum first, then where you cut

The de-quervain-tenosynovitis page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across six sections. Repaired Karthik kettlebell first-compartment ultrasounds to CC BY 2.0 (BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2013). Added Kitridis septum/double-groove ultrasound and two-point injection schematic (J Pers Med 2024, CC BY 4.0) and InvictaHOG public-domain Eichhoff photograph. Added cinematic originals for first-compartment anatomy with the EPB septum, true Finkelstein versus Eichhoff, and dorsal versus volar retinacular incision. Withdrew a cartoon anatomy plate and a management-algorithm infographic; removed the Clinical Imaging dump. Ultrasound, a hands-only photograph and schematics; no faces.

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CORA and MAD: draw the axis, then name the bone

The deformity-analysis-cora-mad page now carries six reviewed teaching images across five sections. Re-opened Inui’s standing HKA film (BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2013, CC BY 2.0), Vijaya chandar’s varus–valgus schematic (CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macewen’s 1880 windswept engraving (public domain). Added cinematic originals for CORA construction, the 87°/87° joint-orientation set, and opening versus closing wedge. Withdrew standing photographs of a child with open physes and a cartoon CORA infographic. Alignment films, line drawings and schematics only; no faces.

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Tendon structure: hierarchy, watershed, then yield

The tendon-structure-composition page now carries five reviewed teaching images across four sections. Added cinematic originals for the paratenon-to-tropocollagen hierarchy, the four-zone fibrocartilaginous enthesis, the Achilles 2–6 cm watershed, and the toe–linear–yield curve. Added Data and Kulus’s fibrocartilaginous versus fibrous enthesis histology (Cells 2023, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew mouse and equine Open-i figures, a GAG bar-chart study plate, an infographic management algorithm, and a cartoon hierarchy. Histology and schematics only; no faces.

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Wormian bones: mosaic versus Inca, then density

The wormian-bones page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across four sections. Repaired three skull films to versioned CC BY (Hajdu–Cheney Imaging 2008, CCD Cases J 2008, COL1A1 Orphanet 2017). Added an Inca-bone lateral and lambdoid CT VRT (Hellerhoff, CC BY-SA 3.0), a public-domain lambdoid mosaic skull, Mohakud’s absent-clavicle chest (Cureus 2025, CC BY 4.0), Hamoutahra’s pycnodysostosis montage (Cureus 2026, CC BY 4.0), Sherwani’s hypothyroidism skull-and-wrist pair (SA J Radiol 2023, CC BY 4.0) and Alter’s 3D-CT spectrum from the topic’s own citation (Childs Nerv Syst 2026, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew a Gorham-type skull-base CT that is not Wormian bone. Added a cinematic Cremin-threshold original. Radiographs, CT and a dry skull only; no faces.

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Widened physis: count the plates, then name the disease

The widened-or-abnormal-physis page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across four sections. Re-opened a rachitic-rosary chest film (Nutrients 2016, repaired to CC BY 4.0), a COMP-negative skeletal survey (Hum Mutat. 2012, repaired to CC BY 2.5) and Lachman’s MPS IVA pelvis (Skeletal Radiol. 2014, repaired to CC BY 2.0). Added a frog-lateral SCFE (public domain), Zelaya’s Klein-line film (Cureus 2021, CC BY 3.0), Hellerhoff’s Salter–Harris II distal radius (CC BY-SA 4.0), Haffner’s growth-plate histology (Pediatr Nephrol. 2022, CC BY 4.0) and El Madani’s gymnast-wrist MRI (J Belg Soc Radiol. 2026, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew a NOMID knee MRI and rickets figures that included child photographs. Added a cinematic one-physis-versus-all original. Child radiographs, MRI and histology only; no faces.

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Painful TKA: culture first, then localise the tray

The painful-total-knee-replacement page now carries five reviewed teaching images across three sections. Re-opened Ramappa and Port’s osteophyte-and-overhang TKA radiograph (J Med Case Rep. 2009, repaired to CC BY 2.0). Added Inui’s component-angle films (CC BY 2.0) and Hirschmann’s SPECT/CT of patellofemoral pain versus tibial loosening (BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011, CC BY 2.0). Withdrew a pre-arthroplasty osteoarthritic film, a mega-endoprosthesis reconstruction, and an intraoperative tumour exposure. Added a cinematic infection-first original. Implants and scans only; no faces.

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Small-round-cell tumours of bone: age, site, then onion

The small-round-blue-cell-tumours-of-bone page now carries eight reviewed teaching images across four sections. Re-opened Noujaim’s EWSR1 break-apart FISH (Br J Cancer 2017, repaired to CC BY 4.0). Added Kashima’s permeative tibial radiographs and staging MRI (Clin Sarcoma Res. 2013, CC BY 2.0), Masri’s vertebra-plana cervical films (JCEM Case Rep. 2025, CC BY 4.0), Balgaranov’s Garré femoral periostitis (Children 2026, CC BY 4.0), and Nephron’s Ewing and LCH histology (CC BY-SA 3.0). Withdrew a CNS-lymphoma photomicrograph, a tiny cytology pair, and a duplicate tibial MRI. Added a cinematic age-site-onion original. Radiographs, MRI and histology only; no faces.

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Schmorl node: through the endplate, then date the marrow

The Schmorl-node page now carries five reviewed teaching images across three sections. Re-opened Zhang’s Modic I versus II lumbar MRI (SpringerPlus 2016, CC BY 4.0) and Adiotomre’s osteoporotic vertebral-scoring film (Pediatr Radiol. 2016, CC BY 4.0). Added Bassani’s labelled endplate-lesion MRI including a Schmorl node (Eur Radiol Exp. 2026, CC BY 4.0) and Kaspiris’s Scheuermann lateral-plus-CT (Biomolecules 2026, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew a pars-defect spondylolisthesis film and a disc-degeneration grading panel that did not show a node. Added a cinematic endplate-herniation original. Spine films and MRI only; no faces.

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Radial wrist pain: one finger first, then the grind test

The radial-sided wrist-pain page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across four sections. Re-opened Karthik’s first-compartment ultrasound of a healing EPB split (BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2013, CC BY 2.0) and added the acute split. Added Lamberg’s first-compartment ultrasound (J Ultrasound Med. 2025, CC BY 4.0), Gomez Bermudez’s scaphoid-waist CT-to-union sequence (Musculoskelet Surg. 2026, CC BY 4.0), Hellerhoff’s SNAC radiograph (CC BY-SA 4.0), Tischler’s SLAC-stage coronal map (CC BY 4.0), Jmarchn’s trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis film (CC BY-SA 3.0) and Stavros’s proximal-intersection ultrasound (J Clin Ultrasound 2026, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew three panoramic wrist films that are not a standard scaphoid series. Added a cinematic four-landmark Eichhoff original. Wrists and scans only; no faces.

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Periosteal reaction: continuous or interrupted first

The periosteal-reaction page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across four sections. Re-opened Huang’s laminated and septated femoral osteomyelitis films (World J Surg Oncol. 2013, CC BY 2.0) and Tunio’s sunburst humeral metastasis (Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2013, CC BY 3.0). Added Matcuk’s continuous-versus-interrupted illustration and four-pattern radiograph panel (Skeletal Radiol. 2025, CC BY 4.0), Huang’s thin monolayer, Cè’s spiculated fibular osteosarcoma (Cancers 2025, CC BY 4.0), Jeyabaladevan’s symmetrical hypertrophic-osteoarthropathy periostitis (BJR Case Rep. 2022, CC BY 4.0), Balgaranov’s solid Garré femur (Children 2026, CC BY 4.0) and Tsuchimochi’s chest-CT plus bone-scan work-up (Front Oncol. 2026, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew a four-diagnosis knee collage whose caption covered only one panel. Added a cinematic Codman-triangle original. Radiographs, scans and hands only; no faces.

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Palmar lump: layer first, then what moves

The palmar-lump page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across four sections. Re-opened Casal’s palmar synovial sarcoma photograph and axial MRI (J Med Case Rep. 2012, CC BY 2.0) and Sood’s Dupuytren nodule with a skin pit (Eplasty 2015, CC BY 2.0). Added a volar wrist ganglion and an index-finger ganglion (both Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0), a digit GCTTS radiograph–MRI–intra-op panel (Cureus 2025, CC BY 4.0), FCR tenosynovial giant-cell tumour MRI (Cureus 2026, CC BY 4.0), and Guyon-canal ultrasound, MRI, hypothenar-hammer Doppler and schematic (Diagnostics 2025, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew a near-duplicate coronal sarcoma MRI. Added a cinematic bedside-tests original (skin fixity, tendon excursion, pulsatile). Palms and fingers only; no faces.

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Bubbly bone lesion: age then zone, then how much fluid

The multiloculated bone-lesion page now carries eight reviewed teaching images. Re-opened Lekka’s well-marginated calcaneal ABC (J Med Case Rep. 2011, CC BY 2.0) and Novais’s iliac-wing ABC (J Child Orthop. 2014, CC BY 4.0). Added a distal-radius giant-cell tumour (Cureus 2024, CC BY 4.0), a paediatric proximal-humeral ABC (Diagnostics 2026, CC BY 4.0), Hellerhoff’s tibial non-ossifying fibroma (CC BY-SA 3.0) and a coracoid ABC MRI (Case Rep Orthop. 2026, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew a mummy CT and an unversioned Hindawi pelvic ABC. Added cinematic originals of age-then-zone and fluid-proportion (two-thirds versus a small meniscus). Child radiographs only; no faces.

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Mass behind the knee: Foucher first, then Doppler before any needle

The popliteal-mass page now carries ten reviewed teaching images. Re-opened Neubauer’s paediatric Baker-cyst ultrasound (Arthritis 2011, CC BY 3.0), Jamshed’s compression-ultrasound DVT (2016, CC BY 3.0), Neto’s ruptured Baker MRI (Insights Imaging 2016, CC BY 4.0) and de Lima’s synovial chondromatosis (Radiol Bras 2016, CC BY 4.0). Added Mei’s axial MRI of the gastrocnemius–semimembranosus neck (PeerJ 2026, CC BY 4.0), de Lima’s enhancing synovial sarcoma, and Ren and Guo’s 4.1 cm popliteal aneurysm duplex plus CTA (Front Surg 2026, CC BY 4.0). Added cinematic originals of Foucher’s sign and pulsatile versus cystic versus solid. No faces; the draped intra-operative photograph was not used.

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Generalised osteopenia: ALP first, then the hands and the Looser zones

The generalised-osteopenia page now carries eight reviewed teaching images. Re-opened a vitamin-D-dependent-rickets upper-limb film (BMC Res Notes 2014, CC BY 4.0), a myeloma lumbar radiograph-plus-MRI (Insights Imaging 2014, CC BY), hyperparathyroidism masquerading as rickets (J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013, CC BY 2.5) and a scored juvenile-osteoporosis spine (Pediatr Radiol 2016, CC BY 4.0). Added Frank Gaillard’s brown-tumour hands (CC BY-SA 4.0), Gamache and Burge’s tibial Looser zones (CC BY 3.0) and a salt-and-pepper skull (Case Rep Endocrinol 2026, CC BY 4.0). Added a cinematic ALP-discriminator still life. Child radiographs only; no faces.

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Platyspondyly: count the vertebrae, then measure the discs

The platyspondyly page now carries eight reviewed teaching images. Re-opened Al Kaissi’s thoracic platyspondyly with wide discs (Cases J. 2008, CC BY 2.0). Added Angelini and colleagues’ LCH vertebra plana, adult C4 radiograph-plus-MRI, myeloma T5 collapse and osteoporotic T7 band oedema (Diagnostics 2023, CC BY 4.0), and Al Kaissi’s MPS IVA oval vertebrae (J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2017, CC BY 3.0). Withdrew a mild Klinefelter film, an anterior-endplate ossification film, and an idiopathic-osteolysis CT. Added cinematic originals of universal versus multiple versus solitary, and discs-preserved versus discs-lost.

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Arthroplasty pre-op: seven levers, then defer until they move

The preoperative-optimization page now carries eight reviewed teaching images. Mikael Häggström’s well-functioning THA (CC0) was re-opened. Withdrew the Lima 2013 osteolysis film (unversioned CC BY), the Codex pathway flowchart, and the clinic scene with generated faces. Cited pathway papers were not open-access. Added cinematic originals of the seven modifiable factors, MacMahon numeric targets, continue-versus-withhold antirheumatics, the asymptomatic-bacteriuria trap, Staph decolonisation, the screen–stratify–optimise–consent sequence, and an osteolysis schematic of the catastrophe being prevented.

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IONM: SSEP watches the back, MEP the front, a low EMG threshold is a breach

The spinal-cord monitoring page now carries eight reviewed teaching images. BruceBlaus sensory and motor tract plates (CC BY-SA 4.0) and the public-domain SSEP peak schematic were re-opened. Added Nephron’s anterior-spinal-artery histology (CC BY-SA 3.0) and Djan and colleagues’ stacked MEP-loss traces (Diseases 2026, CC BY 4.0). Withdrew the Codex waveform card. Added cinematic originals of the anterior spinal artery with Adamkiewicz, triggered-EMG high versus low threshold, and the confirm–raise MAP–release–wake-up sequence.

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Nursemaid's elbow: subluxation under the ring, then hyperpronate

The pulled-elbow page now carries nine reviewed teaching images. Gray plates 331 and 333 (public domain) were re-opened. The Codex mechanism card and the watermarked SAJR anterior-humeral-line film were withdrawn. Added McCreary and White's POCUS hook-sign and probe-position stills (POCUS J. 2023, CC BY 4.0), Xu and Ye's missed radiocapitellar line (BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020, CC BY 4.0), and cinematic originals of the subluxation, the pronated posture, the radiocapitellar line, and hyperpronation versus supination-flexion.

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Measures of effect: demand the ARR, then the MCID

The measures-of-effect page now carries seven reviewed teaching images. The Deanne Taylor Kaplan–Meier curve (public domain), Grw66 confidence-interval diagram (CC0) and Jimjamjak forest plot (CC BY-SA 3.0) were re-opened. The cited TXA meta-analysis is CC BY-NC and was not used. Withdrew the Codex 2×2 card. Added cinematic originals of the four measure families, a labelled 2×2 of cells a–d, the same 50% relative reduction at NNT 100 versus NNT 5, and a caliper against the MCID.

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Vertebral artery injury: screen the pattern, then aspirin

The vertebral artery injury page now carries ten reviewed teaching images. DrJanaOfficial cervical anatomy (CC BY-SA 4.0), Frank Gaillard V1–V4 CTA (CC BY-SA 3.0) and the Utz hangman CT (CC BY 4.0) were re-opened. Added a Hellerhoff ponticulus posticus radiograph (CC BY-SA 3.0). Withdrew the Codex Biffl card. Added cinematic originals of Circle-of-Willis collaterals, the high-riding C2 artery, the 15 mm C1 exposure limit, Denver-pattern CTA screening, painted Biffl grades I–V, and aspirin-first stroke prevention.

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Solitary plasmacytoma: prove it is solitary, then irradiate

The solitary plasmacytoma of bone page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images. Nephron histology (CC BY-SA 3.0), the Grook Da Oger femur radiograph (public domain) and the Osaretin marrow film (CC BY-SA 3.0) were re-opened. Added Hu et al. Frontiers in Oncology 2026 figures (CC BY 4.0) of a tibial lesion across radiograph, CT, MRI, CD138 immunohistochemistry and staging SPECT/PET. Withdrew the Codex spectrum card. Added cinematic originals of the plasma-cell spectrum, local RANKL osteolysis, the PROVE work-up, radiotherapy versus structural surgery, and paraprotein-persistent progression.

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Infection imaging: normal films do not exclude osteomyelitis

The musculoskeletal infection imaging page now carries nine reviewed teaching images, moved out of a Clinical Imaging dump. The Jto410 Brodie abscess radiograph and MRI pair (CC BY-SA 3.0) and the Inusa paediatric thigh MRI (CC BY 4.0) were re-opened. Added cinematic originals of the RUMA modality order, transphyseal vessels under 18 months, sequestrum–involucrum–cloaca, abscess versus phlegmon, and ultrasound-guided aspiration.

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GIOP: do not trust the T-score, and never stop denosumab cold

The glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis page now carries nine reviewed teaching images. The public-domain vertebral wedge and Jmarchn DXA report were re-opened. Added an OrthopaedicsOne crescent-sign radiograph (CC BY-SA 3.0) to separate GIOP from femoral-head osteonecrosis. Codex flowchart and trabecular cartoon were withdrawn. Added cinematic originals of the atypical patient, trabecular quality, the Wnt/RANKL microenvironment, the FRAX–DXA–VFA triad, the ACR treatment still, and the denosumab sequential hand-off.

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Equinus: Silfverskiöld first, then pick the recession level

The gastrocnemius equinus page now carries seven reviewed teaching images. The Kinugasa cadaver dissection was re-opened (CC BY 4.0). Codex plates were withdrawn. Added cinematic originals of biarticular anatomy, forefoot overload, the Silfverskiöld test, bony versus soft-tissue block, Baumann–Strayer–Vulpius recession zones, and recession versus TAL.

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Robotics: classify the arm, then balance the gaps before you cut

The robotic and navigated arthroplasty page now carries eight reviewed teaching images. Three retained Commons plates (Navy navigation OR, annotated TKA, THA) were re-opened and moved into the sections they teach. The previous photoreal robotic-arm plate was withdrawn. Added cinematic original plates of active/semi-active/passive control, the haptic envelope, image-based versus imageless registration, virtual gap-balancing before any bone is cut, and the tracker-pin stress-riser fracture.

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Meary angle: draw the lines, name the apex, then block-test the heel

The Meary-angle page now carries seven reviewed teaching images. Three retained Commons laterals (normal, planus, cavus) were re-opened. The measurement plate was re-rolled through imggen.sh (agy). Added painted plates of apex-plantar versus apex-dorsal deformity, calcaneal pitch, and the Coleman block test.

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Hip-spine THA: tilt, then classify, then dual mobility

The hip-spine THA page now carries eight reviewed teaching images. Three retained Commons plates (spondylosis, long fusion, cup inclination) were re-opened and the spondylosis film was moved into Mechanism. The standing-versus-sitting plate was re-rolled through imggen.sh (agy). Added painted plates of PI/SS/PT, stuck-standing versus stuck-sitting dislocation, the Hip-Spine Classification, and the dual-mobility bearing.

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GIRD: total motion, peel-back, then stretch

The GIRD page now carries seven reviewed teaching images. Two retained Commons plates stay in Overview and Pathophysiology. The rotation-arc and peel-back plates were re-rolled through imggen.sh (agy) as painted anatomy, not text cards. Added painted plates of physiologic versus pathologic total motion, sleeper and cross-body stretching, and the Bennett lesion.

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Supraspinatus: painted notch, critical zone and cable — not text boxes

The three original plates on the supraspinatus page were re-rolled as painted anatomical illustrations after the previous Python/PIL versions rendered as text cards. The notch plate shows the nerve under the ligament and the artery over it; the critical-zone plate is a coronal cut plus can tests; the cable plate is a superior-view cuff with tear geometries.

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Trapezius: CN XI in the triangle, then tell lateral from medial

The trapezius page now carries nine reviewed teaching images. Four retained Commons plates were moved inside the sections they teach, and the FSHD MRI caption was corrected from bilateral to left lower trapezius. Added painted plates of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle, the upward-rotation force couple, lateral-versus-medial winging, Eden-Lange transfer and lower trapezius transfer. Originals are anatomical illustrations, not text cards.

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Supraspinatus: army under the bridge, then stop at 1 to 3 cm

The supraspinatus page now carries ten reviewed teaching images. Four retained Commons plates were moved inside Overview. Added a notch-and-leash schematic, a critical-zone examination map, a calcific-tendinopathy radiograph, traumatic-versus-degenerative tear MRI, a Goutallier 0-to-4 sagittal panel, and a cable-versus-tear-pattern checklist. Commons licences were re-resolved live.

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Pseudoachondroplasia: same short limbs, four diseases, clear the neck

The pseudoachondroplasia page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across a four-way discriminator, retained knee, arm and platyspondyly figures, sibling pelvis/spine films, a four-year-old skeletal survey, a Morquio A differential survey, a C-spine-before-anaesthetic checklist and the retained malalignment film. Child photographs were rejected. Commons licences were re-resolved live.

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Paronychia: drain the fold, leave the vesicles, treat the barrier

The paronychia page now carries eight reviewed teaching images across a fold-pulp-vesicles map, an acute-versus-chronic panel, the retained perionychium schematic, a pointing abscess, a two-digit chronic photograph, herpetic whitlow, a run-around view and a four-technique drainage checklist. Commons licences were re-resolved live. No commercial-safe felon photograph was found.

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Infraspinatus: two notches, three signs, one internervous plane

The infraspinatus page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across four retained anatomy plates (moved inside Overview), a two-notch wasting schematic, the lag-drop-hornblower map, spinoglenoid-cyst ultrasound, isolated infraspinatus atrophy MRI, massive and irreparable posterosuperior tear MRI, and the internervous-interval checklist. A busy cadaver photo and a segmentation study figure were rejected.

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Pregnancy imaging: do not withhold the scan that changes it

The pregnancy-imaging page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across obstetric ultrasound, an MRI scanner, a T2 lumbar MRI, a four-step modality algorithm, the retained fetal-dose chart, a C-arm checklist, gestational radiosensitivity windows, transient osteoporosis of the hip on radiograph and MRI, an empty postpartum pelvis film, sacral insufficiency MRI, and cauda equina MRI from a 22-week pregnancy. Phone-of-a-monitor CES films were rejected. Cited JAMA and RadioGraphics PMIDs have no commercial-safe figures.

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Inheritance: read the pedigree, then look at the bone

The genetics-and-inheritance page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across an autosomal-dominant pedigree, achondroplasia and MED films, two MHE osteochondroma sets, an OI femoral-rodding sequence, the autosomal-recessive pedigree, a replacement X-linked schematic, mitochondrial inheritance, a germline-versus-somatic mosaicism diagram, and haemophilic elbow, ankle and TKA radiographs. The previous Commons X-linked figure was withdrawn (nude child silhouettes). Neonate, stillborn and genital-including films were rejected on sight.

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Conversion THA: pull the metal, then bypass every hole

The conversion-THA page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across femoral-neck screw nonunion, PFNA cut-out, DHS cut-out with a united shaft, sequential DHS-to-nail failure, neck nonunion around a DHS, cemented conversion with trochanteric wiring, nail collapse then THA, a five-panel DHS-to-arthroplasty sequence, a dual-mobility stem with a distal cement plug, and the postoperative full-femur check. Four prior Open-i copies were withdrawn (unversioned CC BY, a tumour case, and an implant-design figure). Cited JOA PMIDs have no commercial-safe figures.

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Spondyloarthritis: MRI the SI joints, CT the bamboo after a fall

The seronegative spondyloarthropathy page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across enthesitis versus synovitis, SI-onset anatomy, chunky PsA versus bamboo AS, grade-III sacroiliitis, STIR marrow oedema and erosions, DISH flowing osteophytes, the retained bamboo radiograph, an AS chalk-stick fracture and a DISH extension fracture. The previous Radiopaedia cervical-fracture CT was withdrawn (facial profile and empty Commons Permission). Cited Lancet PMIDs have no commercial-safe figures.

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Sacral insufficiency: the radiograph is empty, the H is optional

The sacral insufficiency-fracture page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across Denis zones, sacral anatomy, H/U/lambda/unilateral patterns, a normal radiograph with CT, bilateral alar CT and MRI, the Honda-sign bone scan versus metastasis, coronal STIR, sacroplasty fluoroscopy and cement fill. A sagittal H/U panel with a facial silhouette was rejected. Cited PMIDs have no commercial-safe figures.

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Low back pain: triage first, then the scan that changes it

The low-back-pain assessment page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across the three-way triage, lumbar pain sources, the disc-root rule, herniation types, a paracentral L4/5 scan, massive CES extrusion in two planes, discitis with epidural abscess, osteoporotic compression grading, incidental degeneration and the red-flag epidural-abscess MRI. Standing whole-spine films with identifiable skulls were rejected. Cited Lancet PMIDs have no commercial-safe figures.

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Trauma imaging: two views, then the reconstruction

The systematic trauma-imaging page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across the ATLS chest-and-pelvis work-up, a four-view occult scaphoid series, pelvic radiographs with CT reconstructions, Jefferson and hangman CTs, the Young-Burgess APC schematic, occult-scaphoid ultrasound, occult-hip MRI and the FAST/eFAST probe map. Two sagittal images with facial profiles were rejected. Jefferson and hangman CTs were moved out of the old ATLS dump into Regional Trauma Imaging.

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Hypothenar hammer: corkscrew the artery, spare the thumb

The hypothenar hammer syndrome page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across the hammer-and-anvil schematic, palmar arterial anatomy, a thumb-spared ring-finger cyanosis photograph, corkscrew MR angiography, palmar arteriography, duplex thrombus, aneurysm ultrasound, thrombolysis DSA, isolated aneurysm resection, end-to-end anastomosis, vein-graft exposure and a resected pseudoaneurysm specimen.

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Craniocervical instability: measure the condyle, never pull

The craniocervical junction instability page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images across Gray ligament plates, os odontoideum, a near-aligned atlanto-occipital lateral, coronal and sagittal condyle-C1 widening, a 18 mm basion-dental interval, Chamberlain and McGregor settling lines, the Harris schematic and occipitocervical fusion. The previous sagittal MRI of basilar invagination was withdrawn because it showed a facial profile.

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C1-C2 fusion: map the artery, then choose the screw

The atlantoaxial fusion page now carries eighteen reviewed teaching images across odontoid displacement and traction reduction, ADI dynamic films, high-riding vertebral artery CT and angiography, ponticulus posticus, a standard Goel-Harms construct, hybrid C2 pars/translaminar bailout, intrafacet spacers, Magerl transarticular films and occipital rod erosion. Two previous Open-i figures were withdrawn: a phone-of-a-monitor collage and an unversioned-licence dynamic series.

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Pott's disease: preserve the disc height, then scan the whole spine

The spinal tuberculosis page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across the pathology schematic, a museum gibbus skeleton, T3 radiographs and CT from the case first labelled as metastatic lung cancer, an L4 MRI that shows preserved disc height with abnormal disc signal, skip-lesion T6-7 MRI, axial paravertebral abscess, psoas CT, the management algorithm and a two-month ATT-response pair. The previous Clinical Imaging dump was emptied. Three sagittal MRIs with facial profiles were rejected.

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Spinal epidural abscess: scan the whole spine, then follow the pus

The spinal epidural abscess page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across the S. aureus Gram stain, cervical anterior disease with a prevertebral collection, L3/4 spondylodiscitis, post-contrast thoracic and long-segment MRI, extensive pre- and post-decompression scans, the emergency algorithm and residual cord signal after a cleared abscess. The previous Clinical Imaging dump was emptied and its two journal figures moved into Pathophysiology and Investigations.

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Preoperative optimisation: RCRI first, then STOP-GO-NO, then 2-4-6

The preoperative medical optimization page now carries eight reviewed teaching images across a domain hub, the Revised Cardiac Risk Index plus 4-MET threshold, day-of-surgery STOP-GO-NO medications, selective CXR/ECG/spirometry and the 2-4-6 fasting rule wrapped in an arthroplasty ERAS protocol. The retained hub was moved out of Respiratory into Overview. Wikimedia licences for the chest radiograph (CC0) and ECG (public domain) were re-resolved live.

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Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma: withdraw the rhabdomyosarcoma, then show both phases

The mesenchymal chondrosarcoma page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across the HEY1-NCOA2 fusion, calcified spinal and rib disease, a dumbbell canal mass, extraskeletal clavicular MRI, a mandibular lesion, the CD99-positive needle-core trap, wide resection and early local recurrence. Live source resolution withdrew a previously published pelvic MRI that belongs to alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (PMC5069778). The 512-pixel Open-i copies of the genuine L4 case were replaced with full-resolution PMC originals.

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MCP arthritis: move the erosions next to the examination, then fuse the thumb

The MCP joint arthritis page now carries eight reviewed teaching images across haemochromatosis hook osteophytes, ultrasound/CT/MRI of inflammatory erosions and synovitis, thumb MCP arthrodesis and pyrocarbon surface-replacement failure. The three retained journal figures were re-opened, their licences re-resolved, and they were moved out of a top-heavy Clinical Imaging dump into Clinical Presentation. No honest licence-clean PA ulnar-drift radiograph was found; the page was not padded with a mislabelled implant film.

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Joint reaction forces: put the Pauwels beam on a real hip film

The joint-reaction-forces page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across ground-reaction input, the hip free-body calculation, abductor lever-arm geometry, tibiofemoral contact stress, coronal alignment and femoral-offset measurement. Live source resolution corrected a prior Meng credit on two retained figures to Al Khatib et al. (PMC8775559, CC BY 4.0). Eight commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 additions include a radiographic Pauwels overlay, mechanical greater-trochanter-angle films, gait load-point diagrams and tibial contact maps. Shoulder stayed text-led after every candidate failed decency or teaching-value review.

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Wrist and hand imaging: read the true lateral, then the Mayfield sequence

The wrist and hand systematic-imaging page now carries twenty-eight reviewed teaching images across true-lateral positioning, standardised measurements, Gilula arcs, scaphoid fracture and AVN, scapholunate dissociation, perilunate and lunate dislocation, hook-of-hamate and finger avulsion films, occult-scaphoid MRI versus CT, TFCC tears, ulnar variance and Lichtman staging. Live source resolution withdrew three previously published Open-i files: two panoramic dental-style radiographs served as a standard wrist series, and one CT whose live paper is a mixed-site occult-fracture pictorial. Twenty-seven commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 journal figures replace those mismatches.

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Clear cell sarcoma: correct the mimics and follow the tumour from fusion to failure

The clear cell sarcoma page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across EWSR1-ATF1 biology, molecular diagnosis, histology, distal-extremity presentation, MRI, limb-salvage reconstruction, local recurrence and metastatic imaging. Live source resolution exposed and removed two silent prior errors: a radiograph was actually synovial sarcoma, and a histology panel was gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumour rather than conventional tendon/aponeurosis clear cell sarcoma. Eight new CC BY 4.0 journal figures replace those mismatches with source-authenticated pathology, operative and staging material.

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Atlantoaxial rotatory fixation: follow C1 on C2 from diagnosis to reduction

The atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across paediatric presentation, transverse and alar ligament anatomy, Fielding-Hawkins classification, dynamic CT interpretation, closed reduction and salvage fusion. The four retained CT and classification assets were re-opened and their provenance re-resolved. Five public-domain or CC BY 4.0 additions include two craniovertebral anatomy plates, a paediatric 3D CT, paired pre/post-reduction reconstructions and a tightly framed modified Gallie fusion field.

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Teriparatide: read the PTH pulse, then the fracture context

The teriparatide page now carries thirteen re-verified teaching images across vertebral-fracture imaging, the intermittent-versus-continuous PTH mechanism, atypical femoral fractures, glucocorticoid osteoporosis, delayed union and cortical-bone assessment. Every retained figure was re-opened, every source caption was re-read and all nine journal licences were re-resolved as commercial-safe CC BY 2.0 or CC BY 4.0. No low-value image was added merely to increase the count.

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SONK: read the fracture line before the condyle collapses

The spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across insufficiency-fracture pathophysiology, early and prognostic MRI, radiographic collapse, serial progression and low-grade versus high-grade disease. All four retained radiograph and original-illustration assets were re-opened and their provenance re-resolved. Eight commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add operative histology, a saucerised condylar defect, subchondral low-signal measurements, the metaphyseal burst sign and a four-year collapse sequence.

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Split cord malformation: map the dural anatomy before deformity correction

The split cord malformation page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across initial deformity assessment, Pang classification, tethering and syrinx pathophysiology, whole-neuraxis investigation, operative untethering and the controversy over prophylactic neurosurgery. All four retained MRI and original-classification assets were re-opened and their provenance re-resolved. Six commercial-safe CC BY figures add severe-scoliosis CT/MRI, type I multiplanar MRI, neonatal type II imaging, direct operative anatomy and a 36-month congenital-scoliosis correction sequence.

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Snapping triceps: see the double snap dynamically and plan the nerve procedure

The snapping triceps syndrome page now carries eight reviewed teaching images across medial elbow anatomy, the double-snap mechanism, clinical recognition, McGowan grading, dynamic ultrasound diagnosis, decompression and anterior transposition. Four retained anatomy assets were re-opened and re-verified. Two disease-specific CC BY 4.0 ultrasound composites show normal stability and progressive ulnar-nerve plus medial-triceps dislocation, while two CC BY 4.0 operative figures demonstrate decompression and submuscular transposition.

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Sever disease: interpret the growing heel without overcalling the radiograph

The calcaneal apophysitis page now carries seven reviewed teaching images across traction pathophysiology, radiograph and ultrasound interpretation, calcaneal osteomyelitis red flags and the related Osgood-Schlatter traction apophysitis. All four retained assets were re-opened and their provenance re-resolved; three commercial-safe CC BY figures add targeted ultrasound, MRI and comparative-apophysitis teaching, while a duplicate top-heavy Clinical Imaging block was redistributed into the sections each image teaches.

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Garré osteomyelitis: distinguish diffuse sclerosis, dangerous mimics and operative thresholds

The chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of Garré page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across defining long-bone radiographs, multimodal investigation, key differential diagnoses, biopsy histology and corticotomy or decortication technique. Twelve newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures come from three disease-specific case reports. The retained Brodie abscess MRI and florid cemento-osseous dysplasia panoramic radiograph are now captioned honestly as mimics; an unrelated intraoral photograph and low-value report screenshot were withdrawn.

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CPPD: connect crystal biology, diagnostic imaging and destructive phenotypes

The calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images distributed across pathophysiology, crowned dens and extra-articular presentations, radiographic and ultrasound diagnosis, polarised microscopy, haemochromatosis-pattern arthropathy, basic calcium phosphate disease and compressive spinal complications. Nine newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY figures and one corrected original mechanism map add section-specific depth; all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified, while a redundant crystal illustration and a separately copyrighted Milwaukee shoulder radiograph were excluded.

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Ankle and foot imaging: choose the modality, interrogate stability and read morphology systematically

The systematic ankle and foot imaging page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images distributed across modality selection, mortise interpretation, Maisonneuve injury, weight-bearing Lisfranc CT, calcaneal fracture and malunion, talar-neck fracture-dislocation, coalition and accessory ossicles, tendon imaging, chronic Achilles rupture and osteochondral-lesion staging. Thirteen newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add section-specific radiographic, CT, MRI and ultrasound depth; all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified, including the original labelled mortise-measurement schematic.

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Haemochromatosis arthropathy: recognise the hand, quantify iron and treat two parallel problems

The haemochromatosis arthropathy page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning the classic MCP pattern, late hand destruction, HFE-hepcidin physiology, tissue iron, proposed joint-injury pathways, HR-pQCT morphology, quantitative liver MRI, CPPD mechanisms and imaging, parallel systemic and joint treatment, ankle arthroplasty planning and a medial malleolar fracture. Ten newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY figures and one original management algorithm add section-specific depth; all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified, while a low-yield crystal micrograph and restricted or third-party-rights candidates were rejected before publication.

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Femoroacetabular impingement: measure the morphology, map the damage and correct the cause

The femoroacetabular impingement page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning cam mechanics, version-driven conflict, chondral delamination, morphological classification, alpha-angle and centre-edge measurement, rotational CT, mixed morphology, MRI-to-arthroscopy correlation, staged conservative management, pincer resection, cam osteochondroplasty, capsular reconstruction and heterotopic ossification. Twelve newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY figures add imaging and operative depth; three accurate retained assets were re-opened and re-verified, while a fourth retained image was withdrawn after its published source proved it depicted hip fat-pad entrapment rather than FAI.

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Diagnostic test statistics: move from the 2×2 table to a defensible clinical decision

The diagnostic test statistics page now carries nine reviewed teaching images spanning the 2×2 table, the sensitivity-specificity threshold trade-off, prevalence-dependent predictive values, Bayes and likelihood ratios, ROC discrimination, Bland–Altman agreement, diagnostic-accuracy bias, screening bias and threshold-based test sequencing. Five new original diagrams add the missing prevalence, agreement, appraisal and bedside-decision visuals; all four retained assets were reopened and re-verified, both Wikimedia licences were re-read, and irrelevant, study-specific, study-about-the-study and undressed-subject candidates were rejected before publication.

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Subacromial impingement: profile the outlet, quantify acromial architecture and treat the pain generator

The subacromial impingement page now carries ten reviewed teaching images spanning bursal pain signalling, Neer pathology, Bigliani morphology, standard radiographic projections, critical shoulder angle and acromion index measurement, ultrasound-confirmed bursitis, conservative decision-making and the geometric effect of lateral acromioplasty. Six newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY figures add pathology, imaging and surgical context; all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified, while inaccurate, identifiable, partially undressed, study-about-the-study and redundant candidates were rejected before publication.

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Scapula fractures: classify the pattern, measure displacement and plan the approach

The scapula fractures page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images spanning muscle attachments, extra-articular and intra-articular classification, Ogawa coracoid injuries, scapulothoracic dissociation, vascular injury, glenopolar-angle measurement, multiplanar CT interpretation, floating-shoulder decision-making, fixation patterns, posterior exposure and postoperative union. Twelve newly sourced commercial-safe figures add operative and imaging depth; both retained assets were re-opened and re-verified, two redundant retained figures were withdrawn, and an undressed-patient incision-marking photograph was rejected before publication.

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Poland syndrome: map the muscle, hand, ribs and reconstruction pathway

The Poland syndrome page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images spanning pectoral deficiency, associated rib and cardiac anomalies, symbrachydactyly classification, ultrasound and radiographic assessment, sex-specific reconstruction planning, expandable rib reconstruction and implant seroma. Twelve newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY figures add imaging and operative depth; two retained undressed-chest photographs were withdrawn under the mandatory decency rule, while the hand photograph and cross-sectional CT were re-opened and re-verified.

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Patellar tendinopathy: localise the lesion, load the tendon, reserve surgery

The patellar tendinopathy page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images spanning extensor-mechanism and vascular anatomy, early-to-chronic pathobiology, Doppler flow, clinical loading, ultrasound and MRI interpretation, inferior-pole traction pathology, staged management, open debridement and rupture reconstruction. Eleven newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY figures add human pathology, diagnostic and operative depth; all three retained assets were re-opened and a redundant generic squat illustration was removed.

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Osteomyelitis: follow the infection, identify the sequestrum, eradicate the biofilm

The osteomyelitis page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images spanning metaphyseal spread, biofilm formation, intracellular persistence, involucrum, acute MRI, Brodie abscess, sinus mapping, tumour-mimic imaging, Cierny-Mader staging, debridement and antibiotic cement-coated nail manufacture. Nine newly sourced commercial-safe CC BY Europe PMC figures add diagnostic and operative depth, while all four retained assets were re-opened, re-verified and the retained PMC3874770 licence was corrected to CC BY 2.0.

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Osteochondroma: recognise the stalk, measure the cap, protect the displaced nerve

The osteochondroma page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning pedunculated and sessile morphology, hereditary multiple exostoses, cartilage-cap MRI, pelvic CT, secondary chondrosarcoma, gross pathology, nerve-safe excision and acute fracture and vascular complications. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures deepen diagnostic and operative reasoning while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-confirmed.

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Soft-tissue MRI: read the sequence, characterise the lesion, identify the management-changing sign

The MRI soft-tissue interpretation page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning tendon tear morphology, BAMIC muscle injury, chronic denervation, lipomatous-tumour red flags, myxoid sarcoma on conventional MRI, DWI/ADC and dynamic contrast imaging, meniscal tear patterns and peripheral nerve-sheath tumour signs. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures deepen sequence-based interpretation while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-confirmed.

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Lumbar radiculopathy: localise the root, recognise the emergency, decompress the correct corridor

The lumbar radiculopathy page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning disc morphology and migration, spontaneous resorption, foraminal stenosis, cauda-equina compression, selective injection technique, endoscopic discectomy, lateral-recess decompression, postoperative MRI and incidental-durotomy management. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures now deepen diagnostic and operative reasoning while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-confirmed.

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Jersey finger: locate the stump, preserve the pulleys, restore tendon tension

The jersey finger page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning FDP and pulley anatomy, Leddy-Packer classification, acute examination, bony-avulsion radiographs, flexor-tendon ultrasound, K-wire and anchor fixation, Type IV reconstruction, union and functional recovery. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 2.0/4.0 figures now deepen diagnosis and operative planning while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-confirmed.

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Foot compartment syndrome: measure perfusion, release every compartment, anticipate contracture

The foot compartment syndrome page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning compartment anatomy, crush injury, pre-fasciotomy swelling, pressure-measurement systems, ischaemic muscle, dorsal release, wound healing, checkrein deformity, FHL Z-plasty and systemic rhabdomyolysis. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures add diagnostic, operative and sequela-management depth while the inaccurate absolute-pressure fasciotomy diagram was removed.

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Adult acquired flatfoot: measure every plane, reconstruct the flexible foot, fuse the rigid foot

The adult acquired flatfoot page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning weight-bearing deformity, AP and lateral Meary angles, talonavicular uncoverage, Saltzman alignment, PTT and spring-ligament MRI/ultrasound, flexible four-in-one reconstruction, lateral-column lengthening and triple arthrodesis. Three previously published files were removed after their claimed PMC provenance proved false; fourteen source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures now replace them while the accurate original management algorithm was retained.

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Elbow UCL injury: localise the tear, test the demand, choose repair or reconstruction

The elbow UCL injury page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning bundle anatomy, the moving valgus stress test, proximal, midsubstance and distal tear MRI, dynamic stress-ultrasound measurement, sublime-tubercle avulsion, graft reconstruction, repair with internal brace, treatment selection, ulnar-nerve instability and capitellar OCD. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained OrthoVellum and Wikimedia assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Clay-shoveler's fractures: distinguish the stable avulsion from the sentinel injury

The clay-shoveler fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning rhomboid anatomy, lateral radiographic recognition, single-level and contiguous cervicothoracic CT, thoracic multilevel injury, associated missed trauma, interspinous-ligament MRI, stress injury, brace follow-up and union. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY, CC BY 3.0 or CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures add diagnostic and follow-up depth while all four retained OrthoVellum and Europe PMC assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Talus fractures: restore alignment, protect blood supply, anticipate salvage

The talus fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning arterial anatomy, Hawkins classification, Hawkins III fracture-dislocation CT, complex three-dimensional CT planning, screw and mini-fragment plate fixation, arthroscopic setup, the Hawkins sign, early avascular-necrosis MRI, Blair fusion, total talus prosthesis evolution and staged reimplantation after extrusion. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 3.0 or CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures add operative and salvage depth while all four retained OrthoVellum and Wikimedia assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Femoral neck stress fractures: recognise risk before displacement

The femoral neck stress fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning tension-versus-compression classification, displaced fracture, early and bilateral MRI, radiograph and CT correlation, management triage, cannulated-screw and fixed-angle fixation, delayed union, implant loosening, complete union and cumulative Triad risk assessment. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY or CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures add diagnostic, operative and prevention depth while all four retained OrthoVellum and Europe PMC assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Paediatric wrist fractures: identify stability, restore alignment, protect the physis

The paediatric distal radius, buckle and physeal wrist fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning representative fracture patterns, serial displaced and greenstick injuries, complete distal both-bone fracture, transitional Salter-Harris morphology, closed reduction, K-wire and CRPP fixation, physeal-bar MRI, remodelling and premature physeal closure with ulnar-positive variance. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 Europe PMC figures add diagnostic, treatment and follow-up depth while all four retained OrthoVellum and Wikimedia assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Odontoid fractures: classify the line, test stability, choose the safe construct

The odontoid-fractures page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning embryological C2 anatomy, classification crosswalks, clinical Type I–III examples, multimodal CT and MRI assessment, anterior screw reduction, posterior fixation in elderly patients, navigation, muscle-sparing exposure, high-riding vertebral-artery screw alternatives and delayed implant loosening. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained original and CC BY assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Madelung deformity: measure the arrest, identify the tether, match correction to maturity

The Madelung deformity page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning McCarroll radiographic measurements, serial progression, annotated AP and lateral morphology, MRI of physeal arrest, ulnar impaction and the Vickers ligament, distal radial osteotomy, bilateral and familial correction and restored radiocarpal alignment. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic and reconstructive depth while all four retained Europe PMC and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Limping child: localise the pain, exclude sepsis, recognise the age-specific pattern

The limping-child page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning occult and healing toddler fracture, serial Perthes stages, slipped upper femoral epiphysis, adolescent apophyseal avulsion, pelvic osteomyelitis, transient and septic hip disease, inflammatory synovitis, Ewing sarcoma and leukaemic marrow infiltration. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add age-specific diagnostic depth while all four retained OrthoVellum and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Jefferson fracture: define the ring injury, test the ligament, choose the construct

The Jefferson fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning displaced C1 ring morphology, transverse atlantal ligament injury, lateral-mass displacement, multimodal stability assessment, C1 screw entry, C1-C2 reduction and fixation, motion-preserving anterior ring osteosynthesis, vertebral-artery corridor planning and postoperative surveillance. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained Europe PMC and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Fracture biomechanics: match construct stiffness to the healing pathway

The implant-fracture-biomechanics page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning interfragmentary strain, working length, controlled axial micromotion, cortical and locking screw interfaces, pullout testing, material-dependent stress transfer, cyclic fatigue, callus response and clinical fixation failure. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add bench-to-bedside mechanical depth while all four retained Europe PMC and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Ewing sarcoma: recognise the pattern, stage the whole patient, plan local control

The Ewing sarcoma page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning classic permeative long-bone radiographs, humeral and sacral MRI, chest-wall CT, EWSR1::FLI1 fusion biology, diagnostic immunohistochemistry, CT/MRI local staging, PET-CT response and limb-salvage reconstruction with vascularised fibula, osteoarticular allograft and rotationplasty. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic, molecular and operative depth while all four retained Europe PMC and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Elbow stiffness: localise the block, release the cause, preserve the gain

The elbow-stiffness-contracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning heterotopic-ossification mapping, CT localisation of impinging osteophytes, combined medial-lateral open arthrolysis, ulnar-nerve-safe medial exposure, the lateral column procedure, intraoperative arc testing, arthroscopic protection and anterior capsulectomy, dermal interposition arthroplasty and hinged external fixation. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained public-domain, Wikimedia and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Die-punch fractures: define the facet, elevate the fragment, support the joint

The die-punch-fractures page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning lunate-facet anatomy, palmar-ulnar corner morphology, a rotated intercalary fragment, direct elevation, subchondral wire and screw rafting, separate volar-rim hook fixation, combined dorsal-volar plating and hardware-safety views. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic, operative and complication depth while all four retained BMC Surgery and original management assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Compression fractures: distinguish the stable wedge, date the injury, recognise augmentation risk

The compression-fractures page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning Denis column anatomy, wedge-versus-burst CT, posterior-wall retropulsion, acute and multilevel benign MRI, metastatic marrow replacement, bone-scan patterns, vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, adjacent-level fracture and pulmonary cement embolism. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add diagnostic, operative and complication depth while all four retained Europe PMC and original classification and management assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Chondrosarcoma: read the matrix, identify the subtype, plan the margin

The chondrosarcoma page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning ring-and-arc cartilage matrix, ACT and conventional grade 2 imaging, clear-cell, periosteal, secondary peripheral and dedifferentiated variants, biphasic histology, high-grade acetabular disease, internal hemipelvectomy zones, model-based osteotomy planning and LUMiC reconstruction. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained Wikimedia, Europe PMC and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Charcot neuroarthropathy: recognise activity, stage collapse, build a plantigrade foot

The Charcot neuroarthropathy page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images spanning the acute hot swollen foot, fragmentation-stage radiographs, Stage 0 MRI, CT and 3D CT, Eichenholtz evolution, Sanders–Frykberg and Brodsky anatomy, safe total contact casting, step-down offloading, midfoot reconstruction and circular-frame superconstruct fixation. Thirteen source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained Wikimedia and original assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Carpal instability: distinguish DISI, VISI and the dynamic midcarpal trap

The carpal instability page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning SL and LT ligament anatomy, MRI and MR arthrography, Watson scaphoid-shift testing, static and stress radiographs, midcarpal instability patterns, carpal-angle measurement, dorsal scapholunate repair and three-ligament tenodesis. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add examination, diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained Life/MDPI and original management assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Boutonnière deformity: find the central slip, protect extension, rebalance the bands

The boutonnière deformity page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning extensor-tendon trifurcation, normal and torn central-slip anatomy, insertional ultrasound, dorsal and volar avulsion radiographs, MRI, established deformity, PIP extension splinting, post-reduction protection, trans-articular K-wire repair and Matev lateral-band reconstruction. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add anatomical, diagnostic, rehabilitation and operative depth while all four retained public-domain, Wikimedia and original illustrations were re-opened and re-verified.

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Axillary nerve: map the branches, localise denervation, protect the deltoid

The axillary nerve anatomy page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning posterior-cord and branch variants, deep-deltoid motor-entry points, dislocation traction injury, denervation MRI, paralabral-cyst compression, dynamic ultrasound and Doppler, direct safe-zone measurement and anterior and posterior quadrilateral-space decompression. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe CC BY figures add anatomical, diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained public-domain and original illustrations were re-opened and re-verified.

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Atlanto-occipital dislocation: measure the joint, recognise distraction, never apply blind traction

The atlanto-occipital dislocation page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning deep ligament anatomy, tectorial-membrane disruption, true AOD on coronal and sagittal CT, condyle-C1 measurement technique, CT–MRI correlation, the normal-CCI diagnostic trap, type III occipital-condyle avulsion and occipitocervical fixation and fusion. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe CC BY figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained public-domain and original illustrations were re-opened and re-verified.

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Anterior interosseous nerve: trace the branch, recognise the crossover, localise the lesion

The anterior interosseous nerve anatomy page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning deep forearm relations, AIN origin and branching, Gantzer muscle, Martin-Gruber variants, selective denervation MRI, hourglass constrictions, proximal decompression and distal AIN-to-ulnar motor transfer. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add anatomy, diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained public-domain and original illustrations were re-opened and re-verified.

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Ankle arthritis: classify the wear, map the deformity, choose preservation or replacement

The ankle arthritis page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images spanning end-stage wear, varus-pattern classification, standing hindfoot alignment, radiographic measurements, weight-bearing CT, supramalleolar-osteotomy planning and outcomes, ankle fusion fixation, total ankle replacement and failed-implant bone loss. Seven source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add decision-making and operative depth while all four retained radiographic assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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ALPSA lesions: identify the sleeve, quantify bone loss, mobilise before fixation

The ALPSA lesions page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning Bankart–Perthes–ALPSA–GLAD differentiation, MR arthrography, glenoid-track and bone-loss measurement, instability decision-making, labral mobilisation, anchor repair and objective return-to-sport testing. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe CC BY 4.0 figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained schematic and MR assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Subscapularis anatomy: find the comma, judge the muscle, restore the anterior force couple

The subscapularis anatomy page now carries eighteen reviewed teaching images spanning donor-transfer anatomy, neurovascular safety, progressive tendon loss, clinical tests, multiplanar MRI, muscle atrophy, lesser-tuberosity avulsion, portal placement and fixation. Fourteen source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained anatomy and classification assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Sciatic nerve anatomy: map the divisions, localise the lesion, protect the nerve

The sciatic nerve anatomy page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning deep-gluteal relations, split-nerve variants, posterior-thigh ultrasound, clinical provocation tests, MR neurography, hardware-related injury and operative protection/neurolysis. Eleven source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add practical diagnostic and surgical depth while all four retained MRI and original anatomy/classification assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Protrusio acetabuli: measure the migration, restore the centre, rebuild the medial bed

The protrusio acetabuli page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning ilioischial-line diagnosis, differentiation from coxa profunda, deformity measurement, contained-defect assessment, direct-anterior reconstruction, Kerboull reinforcement, graft strategy and serial incorporation. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained radiographic and schematic assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Neuroma management: identify the generator, preserve function, give the stump a target

The neuroma management page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning regenerative pathology, focal wrist and digital presentations, ultrasound and MRI, multidisciplinary triage, level-specific operation selection, below-knee and hand TMR, and sural-nerve hydrodissection. Twelve source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add diagnostic and operative depth while all four retained histology, RPNI/TMR and management assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Knee biomechanics: from coupled motion to implant kinematics

The knee biomechanics page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images spanning compartment-specific condylar motion, instantaneous centres of rotation, screw-home coupling, ACL and PCL load sharing, collateral laxity, patellofemoral force vectors, native-versus-TKA translation and rollback, and gait modification of the knee adduction moment. Thirteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add functional and experimental depth while all four retained anatomy, gait, pressure and hoop-stress assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Hangman's fracture: classify the ring, protect the artery, choose the construct

The Hangman's fracture page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning classic and atypical classification, thin-slice CT, MRI, vertebral-artery CTA, controlled reduction, posterior graft preparation, navigation, C2-C3 fixation, extended constructs and motion-preserving direct osteosynthesis. Twelve source-verified commercial-safe Creative Commons figures add the planning and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Giant cell tumour of bone: from stromal mutation to recurrence surveillance

The giant cell tumour of bone page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images spanning RANK-RANKL biology, H3.3 G34W pathology, radiological grading, pathological fracture, multimodal staging, extended curettage, subchondral reconstruction, denosumab response, sacral embolization, local recurrence and pulmonary metastases. Twelve source-verified Creative Commons figures add real diagnostic and operative detail, and the retained small-bone radiograph now has its correct Yanagisawa source and talus/cuboid description.

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Dropped head syndrome: diagnose the cause, quantify the deformity, restore gaze

The dropped head syndrome page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning deep cervical extensor anatomy, myasthenia neurophysiology, paraspinal muscle MRI, biopsy, dynamic and quantitative alignment, rehabilitation progression, circumferential correction, long-construct reinforcement, standing postoperative balance and screw-pullout failure. Eleven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real diagnostic, rehabilitation and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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CRPS hand: recognise the phenotype, exclude mimics, restore function

The CRPS hand page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning risk factors, mechanism, Budapest diagnosis, side-to-side clinical signs, differential diagnosis, bone scintigraphy, warm-phase MRI, thermography, functional restoration, phenotype-led pharmacotherapy, interventional escalation and graded motor imagery. Eleven source-verified Creative Commons figures add real diagnostic and management detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Cauda equina syndrome: identify the cause, image the compression, decompress safely

The cauda equina syndrome page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning pelvic autonomic control, central disc compression in two planes, tumour and adhesive arachnoiditis, quantitative and qualitative canal assessment, postoperative haematoma, posterior decompression and selected endoscopic discectomy. Eleven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real diagnostic and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Both-bone forearm fractures: restore length, rotation and the radial bow

The adult both-bone forearm fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images spanning compartment and nerve anatomy, distal interosseous membrane variants, progressive AIN palsy, Thompson exposure, pronator-tunnel decompression, severe segmental bone-loss reconstruction, plated union and radiograph/CT assessment of proximal radioulnar synostosis. Eleven source-verified Creative Commons figures add real diagnostic and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Anterior shoulder instability: measure bipolar bone loss, choose the stabilisation

The anterior shoulder instability page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images across capsuloligamentous anatomy, Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesion correlation, glenoid bone-loss measurement, on-track/off-track assessment, special radiographic projections, Bankart repair, remplissage and Latarjet failure. Thirteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real anatomical, diagnostic and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Adult brachial plexus injury: localise the lesion, test the donor, rebuild useful function

The adult brachial plexus injury page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across five-section anatomy, traction and avulsion mechanisms, root-level MRI, ultrasound localisation, intraoperative nerve physiology, cable grafting, double fascicular transfer and free functioning muscle reconstruction. Ten source-verified Creative Commons figures add real anatomical, diagnostic and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Achilles rupture: define the gap, choose the repair, protect the recovery

The Achilles tendon rupture page now carries nineteen reviewed teaching images across regional anatomy, sural-nerve relationships, intact-versus-ruptured imaging, dynamic ultrasound gap measurement, open and mini-open repair, chronic turndown and FHL reconstruction, calcaneal avulsion fixation, suture reaction and functional bracing. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real diagnostic and operative detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Toddler's fracture: localise the limp, find the subtle line, recognise the red flags

The toddler's fracture page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images across examination localisation, lateral-only fracture detection, torus variation, follow-up periosteal reaction, hip effusion, toddler discitis, safeguarding workflow, inflicted fracture patterns, classic metaphyseal lesion evolution and benign metaphyseal mimics. Eleven source-verified Creative Commons figures add the diagnostic and safeguarding detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Spondylolisthesis: see the pars, quantify the slip, restore balance

The spondylolisthesis page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images across pars stress injury, CT morphology, isthmic-versus-dysplastic MRI, high-grade sagittal balance, spondyloptosis, dynamic instability, pseudo-disc and foraminal MRI, slip and spinopelvic measurements, direct pars repair and partial reduction. Thirteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real diagnostic and operative imaging while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Rolando fracture: read the Y pattern, profile the joint, choose the construct

The Rolando fracture page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images across real-pattern classification, AP/lateral/CT assessment, dedicated true-lateral positioning, fragment-specific plating, percutaneous and dynamic fixation, and dorsal approach anatomy. Thirteen source-verified Creative Commons figures add the operative and radiographic detail while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Revision THA: define the failure, map the defect, reconstruct the host bone

The revision THA page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across wear and osteolysis, dual-mobility failure, pelvic discontinuity imaging, occult periprosthetic fracture, ETO healing, trabecular metal augmentation, custom triflange planning and Vancouver B2 stem revision. Eleven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures replace the generic generated management flowchart with real diagnostic, planning and operative evidence.

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Quadriceps tendinopathy: see the laminae, signal and vascularity

The quadriceps tendinopathy page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across layered extensor-mechanism anatomy, insertional calcification, topic-specific MRI, conventional and low-flow Doppler, staged management and rupture recognition. Five source-verified CC BY figures add the defining tendinosis imaging while all four retained assets were re-opened and re-verified.

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Quadrangular and triangular spaces: map the passage, localise the denervation

The quadrangular and triangular spaces page now carries ten reviewed teaching images across posterior axillary anatomy, nerve and arterial contents, clinical deltoid atrophy, muscle-denervation MRI, structural and suprascapular differentials, MR neurography, management and operative branch identification. Seven source-verified public-domain or CC BY 4.0 figures replace the anatomically ambiguous generated three-spaces diagram.

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Posterior interosseous syndrome: localise the palsy, image the cause, release the nerve

The posterior interosseous syndrome page now carries nineteen reviewed teaching images across finger-drop localisation, radial and PIN branching, ultrasound and MRI, lipoma and ganglion compression, staged decompression, functional recovery and terminal wrist articular anatomy. Seventeen source-verified public-domain or Creative Commons figures replace both generated diagrams; no generated image remains.

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Polydactyly: classify the skeleton, then reconstruct the best thumb

The polydactyly page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images across clinical morphology, limb-bud signalling, radiographic classification, delta phalanges, thumb triplication and procedure selection. Fourteen source-verified Creative Commons figures extend two retained clinical hand photographs and the management pathway; the synthetic Wassel radiograph-like diagram was withdrawn.

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Piriformis anatomy: map the nerve before treating deep-gluteal pain

The piriformis anatomy page now carries twelve reviewed teaching figures across posterior anatomy, short-rotator insertions, the full Beaton-Anson classification, MR neurography, deep-gluteal differentials, dynamic ultrasound, image-guided injection and operative nerve localisation. Ten source-verified Creative Commons figures extend two retained MRI differentials; both generated diagrams were withdrawn.

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Paediatric rotational profile: localise the twist before treating the gait

The paediatric rotational-profile page now carries eleven source-verified teaching figures across bedside localisation, age-dependent femoral and tibial norms, CT, MRI and EOS measurement, miserable-malalignment mechanics and persistent postoperative malalignment. Four generated diagrams were withdrawn; no generated images remain.

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Paediatric elbow radiology: read the line, cartilage and hidden fragment

The paediatric elbow radiology page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images across Gartland patterns, fat pads, ultrasound, Baumann angle, CRITOE, medial epicondyle incarceration, subtle lateral condyle and radial neck fractures, Monteggia malalignment, infant physeal separation, arthrography and late deformity. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures extend three retained accurate assets; a skeletally mature film previously labelled paediatric was withdrawn.

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Paediatric bone and joint infection: map the pus, physis and joint

The paediatric bone and joint infection page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across metaphyseal and subperiosteal spread, transphyseal infection, neonatal combined disease, ultrasound and MRI diagnosis, Brodie abscess, CRMO as a mimic and operative source control. Eight source-verified Creative Commons figures extend four retained original teaching assets.

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Orthopaedic gunshot wounds: image the trajectory, vessel and reconstruction

The orthopaedic gunshot wounds page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across ballistic tissue injury, fracture severity, vascular injury, CT localisation, debridement and fixation, intra-articular extraction, bullet embolism and staged limb reconstruction. Eight source-verified Creative Commons figures extend three retained original assets; an ambiguous vascular-decision flowchart was withdrawn.

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Neuromuscular scoliosis: connect flexibility, pelvic balance and fixation

The neuromuscular scoliosis page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across pelvic obliquity, DMD collapse and traction flexibility, hip dislocation, Cobb measurement, CP growth-friendly constructs, historic and modern pelvic fixation, and spinopelvic correction. Eight source-verified CC BY figures extend four retained public-domain or original assets.

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Nerve transfers: image diagnosis, donor selection and reconstruction

The nerve transfers page now carries fifteen reviewed teaching images across root-avulsion MRI, brachial-plexus anatomy, donor-fascicle testing, Oberlin and double-fascicular transfer, shoulder reanimation, intercostal and AIN-to-ulnar techniques, early EMG reinnervation and staged rehabilitation. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures extend four retained public-domain or original assets.

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Myelomeningocele: connect neurological level to lifelong orthopaedic care

The myelomeningocele page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images across multisystem disease, Chiari II and hydrocephalus, fetal and tethered-cord MRI, functional motor level, neurogenic hip morphology, spinal deformity, kyphectomy and the multidisciplinary management pathway. Eight source-verified CC BY figures extend three retained assets; an undressed-infant illustration was removed under the mandatory decency rule.

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Multiple myeloma: connect marrow disease to orthopaedic emergencies

The multiple myeloma page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images spanning marrow morphology, cast nephropathy, skeletal survey, whole-body CT and MRI, lytic long-bone disease, pathological fracture fixation, vertebra plana with cord compression, vertebroplasty and the multidisciplinary management pathway. Eight source-verified CC BY figures extend the four retained assets.

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MCL injuries: anatomy, tear pattern and surgical decision-making

The MCL injuries page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across superficial and deep medial anatomy, MRI grade and tear location, distal Stener-like displacement, the paediatric physeal-fracture mimic, Pellegrini-Stieda ossification, repair and reconstruction. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures replace two inaccurate or irrelevant legacy assets.

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Klippel-Feil syndrome: map every high-risk fusion pattern

The Klippel-Feil syndrome page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across fusion morphology, adjacent-segment mechanics, basilar invagination, neural-axis disease, Sprengel tether anatomy, vertebral-artery planning, occipitocervical fixation and disc-cord complications. Nine source-verified Creative Commons figures extend the retained CT, classification and management assets.

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Arthroplasty imaging: make every failure pattern visible

The systematic arthroplasty-imaging page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across TKA alignment and CT rotation, THA loosening, polyethylene wear, heterotopic ossification, instability, periprosthetic fracture, metal artefact reduction, UKA subsidence and reverse-shoulder notching. Ten source-verified CC BY figures extend the retained radiographs and original measurement diagrams.

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Hip osteoarthritis: link pathology, imaging and arthroplasty surveillance

The hip osteoarthritis page now carries nine reviewed teaching images spanning normal-versus-arthritic anatomy, synovial pathology, radiographic grading, multimodality osteophyte assessment, management, arthroplasty failure and serial cementless fixation. Five source-verified CC BY figures extend the retained clinical images and original diagrams.

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Forearm blood supply: connect arterial anatomy to operative decisions

The forearm blood-supply page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across normal and variant anatomy, persistent median artery, collateral assessment, median-nerve perfusion, CT angiography, arterial reconstruction, radial forearm flap harvest and compartment decompression. Eight source-verified CC BY figures extend the retained Gray plates and original clinical diagrams.

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Essex-Lopresti injuries: replace false provenance with verified imaging

The Essex-Lopresti page now carries nine reviewed teaching images across the bipolar injury pattern, radioulnar anatomy, interosseous-membrane examination, DRUJ measurement, cross-sectional imaging, transfixion, tendon-graft reconstruction and outcomes. Three visually plausible legacy figures were withdrawn after their claimed PMC identifier resolved to an unrelated article; eight source-verified CC BY figures now replace them.

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Diabetic foot ulcers: replace false provenance with verified clinical imaging

The diabetic foot ulcer page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across neurological screening, osteomyelitis and gas imaging, plantar-pressure offloading, total-contact casting, negative-pressure wound therapy, revascularisation and Charcot reconstruction. Two visually plausible legacy photographs were withdrawn after their claimed PMC identifiers resolved to unrelated articles; twelve source-verified CC BY figures now replace them.

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Degenerative spondylolisthesis: connect instability to surgical execution

The degenerative spondylolisthesis page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across spinopelvic measurement, standing and dynamic radiography, MRI stenosis, facet-cyst localisation, TLIF planning, operative corridors, pedicle instrumentation and adjacent-segment disease. Source-verified figures connect instability assessment to decompression, fusion and complication surveillance.

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Calcific tendinitis: add phase, procedure and migration imaging

The calcific tendinitis page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across critical-zone anatomy, radiographic and ultrasound classification, bursal inflammation, barbotage, arthroscopic evacuation, ESWT response and intraosseous migration. Source-verified figures replace an ultrasound whose visible arrow did not support its prior calcification caption.

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Athletic groin pain: add examination, imaging and intervention figures

The athletic groin pain page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images across prepubic anatomy, Doha pain distributions, iliopsoas ultrasound, physical examination, MRI, dynamic inguinal imaging, diagnostic injections, operative anatomy, TEP repair and prevention exercises. Patient-derived and source-verified figures replace two misleading synthetic diagrams.

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Articular cartilage injuries: add MRI and repair-technique imaging

The articular cartilage injuries page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across MRI grading, microfracture, OATS, MACI, fresh osteochondral allograft, subchondral complications, repair-tissue follow-up and talar lesions. Source-verified figures replace an inaccurate synthetic Outerbridge plate and connect defect assessment to procedure-specific execution and surveillance.

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Ulnar nerve palsy: add examination, diagnostic and reconstructive imaging

The ulnar nerve palsy page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across clawing and intrinsic motor examination, nerve conduction, ultrasound and MRI localisation, anterior transposition, supercharged AIN-to-ulnar motor transfer and painful MABCN injury. Source-verified figures connect lesion severity and localisation to decompression, transfer and complication management.

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Ulnar nerve anatomy: add examination, imaging and decompression figures

The ulnar nerve anatomy page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across segmental vascularity, entrapment sites, Guyon tunnel anatomy, severe motor palsy, examination manoeuvres, ultrasound and MRI diagnosis, dynamic instability, space-occupying compression and open decompression. Source-verified figures connect surface anatomy and localisation to operative decision-making while preserving the nerve’s vascular supply.

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Transitional ankle fractures: add CT, variants and fixation imaging

The Tillaux and triplane fracture page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across distal tibial physeal closure, fragment classification, medial and extra-articular variants, multiplanar CT assessment, reduction, screw fixation, arthroscopic articular assessment and healing. Source-verified figures replace an anatomically misleading synthetic classification plate and show how CT changes fragment mapping and operative planning.

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Sacral fractures: add CT, fixation and complication imaging

The sacral fractures page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across classification, occult insufficiency-fracture imaging, patient-specific screw corridors, lumbopelvic and triangular fixation, sacroplasty, implant breach and healing. Source-verified CT, MRI, fluoroscopic and radiographic figures show spinopelvic discontinuity, sacral dysmorphism, safe and unsafe iliosacral screw placement and H-type fracture reconstruction.

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Nerve repair principles: add biology, imaging and technique

The nerve repair principles page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across injury classification, regeneration biology, fascicular anatomy, ultrasound assessment, microsurgical coaptation, nerve transfer and neuroma complications. Source-verified figures demonstrate Wallerian degeneration, ultrasound-to-operative anatomy, lesion-in-continuity surveillance, epineurial suturing, double fascicle transfer and spinal-accessory-to-suprascapular transfer.

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Limb length discrepancy: add assessment and epiphysiodesis imaging

The limb length discrepancy and epiphysiodesis page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across calibrated measurement, skeletal maturity, operative growth arrest, distraction osteogenesis and complications. Source-verified figures demonstrate CT scannography, bone-age comparison, permanent and temporary epiphysiodesis constructs, transphyseal screw positioning, regenerate surveillance and the mechanism of postoperative genu recurvatum.

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Hill-Sachs lesions: add diagnostic and operative imaging

The Hill-Sachs lesions page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across lesion formation, glenoid-track classification, CT and MRI assessment, reverse Hill-Sachs diagnosis, joint-preserving humeral-head reconstruction and remplissage. Source-verified figures show the acute impaction mechanism, radiograph-to-CT visibility, locked posterior dislocation and defect geometry, postoperative restoration of humeral-head sphericity, and posterior capsulotenodesis into the defect.

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Gluteus medius: add anatomy, MRI and repair imaging

The gluteus medius page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across layered anatomy, neurovascular relations, peritrochanteric bursae, GTPS, MRI interpretation, operative repair and complications. Source-verified figures show the greater-trochanter facets and bursae, deep-gluteal ultrasound, tendon tears and fatty atrophy, the superior-gluteal-nerve hazard during a lateral approach, endoscopic and open double-row repair, and postoperative abductor insufficiency.

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Fingertip injuries: add dressing, flap and complication imaging

The fingertip-injuries page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across distal vascular anatomy, conservative treatment, operative reconstruction and complications. Source-verified figures show occlusive-dressing application and pulp regeneration, Atasoy septal release, triangular and anterograde neurovascular advancement, the healed cross-finger donor and recipient sites, and claw-nail deformity after a proximal tip amputation.

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Blount disease: add deformity-analysis and reconstruction imaging

The Blount disease page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across pathophysiology, classification, clinical assessment, investigation, management and complications. Source-verified figures show bilateral infantile tibia vara, advanced medial-plateau depression, the cover-up test, complete coronal and sagittal deformity analysis, guided-growth correction, elevation osteotomy planning, hexapod correction and recurrent deformity from a medial physeal bar.

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Radial nerve anatomy: add operative landmarks, ultrasound and tendon-transfer imaging

The radial-nerve-anatomy page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across proximal course, elbow bifurcation, clinical localisation, ultrasound investigation, tendon-transfer reconstruction and radial-tunnel compression. Source-verified figures show the spiral-groove exit and septal danger point, PIN protection within supinator, wrist drop, cyst compression at the arcade of Frohse, posterior-humeral safe zones, tendon-transfer steps and the variable leash of Henry.

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Meniscal root tears: add MRI diagnosis and repair-technique imaging

The meniscal-root-tears page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across anatomy, tear morphology, pathophysiology, MRI diagnosis, transtibial repair, healing assessment and alignment-based decision-making. Source-verified figures show partial and complete root lesions, lateral-root insertion variation, the cleft and ghost signs, extrusion measurement, tunnel preparation, suture passage, cortical-button fixation, second-look healing and centralization.

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Mallet finger: add anatomy, imaging and fixation teaching figures

The mallet-finger page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across mechanism, classification, investigations, splinting, mallet thumb, operative technique and complications. Source-verified figures show the terminal extensor apparatus and ultrasound, bony-mallet subluxation and union, Stack orthosis application, mallet-thumb reduction, extension-block and microscrew fixation, and a fixation-failure pattern.

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Lumbar fusion techniques: add planning, operative and fusion-assessment imaging

The lumbar-fusion-techniques page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across approach planning, clinical assessment, investigations, operative technique, postoperative review, complications and special situations. Source-verified figures show the anterior vascular window, dynamic-instability and corridor assessment, spinopelvic measurements, endoscopic and navigated interbody workflows, CT fusion grading, cage-subsidence measurement and osteoporotic fixation.

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Gaucher disease: add marrow, bone-crisis and systemic imaging

The Gaucher-disease page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across clinical presentation, investigations, marrow-burden assessment, systemic disease, complications and outcomes. Source-verified figures show the skeletal disease spectrum, humeral and femoral marrow infiltration, infarction with subperiosteal haemorrhage mimicking osteomyelitis, spine and femur MRI, liver–spleen volumetry and longitudinal marrow response to enzyme replacement therapy.

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Degenerative disc disease: add diagnostic, alignment and treatment imaging

The degenerative-disc-disease page now carries twenty-six reviewed teaching images across pathophysiology, classification, clinical assessment, investigations, management and complications. Source-verified figures show disc and basivertebral-nerve anatomy, Modic MRI and SPECT-CT patterns, dynamic instability, discography, spinopelvic measurements, basivertebral ablation, adjacent-segment disease, fusion grading, cage subsidence and ALIF restoration.

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Bone transport techniques: add transport strategy and complication imaging

The bone-transport-techniques page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across mechanism, management, surgical technique, complications and induced-membrane reconstruction. Source-verified serial radiographs and schematics show acute shortening–relengthening, transport over a nail, measurable defect closure, trifocal transport, axial-deviation correction, docking-site nonunion salvage and a combined Ilizarov–Masquelet strategy.

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Animal bites: add sheath anatomy, irrigation planning and complication imaging

The animal-bites page now carries seven reviewed teaching images across wound mechanism, microbiology, clinical assessment, operative management and complications. Source-verified figures show flexor-sheath and bursal pathways, practical proximal and distal access markings for closed sheath irrigation, and a non-healing dog-bite hand infection that illustrates when failure of routine antibacterial therapy should prompt repeat deep sampling and reconsideration of the pathogen.

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Shoulder arthroplasty anatomy: add approach, nerve and planning figures

The shoulder arthroplasty anatomy page now carries eighteen reviewed teaching images across rotator-cuff anatomy, the deltopectoral approach, neurovascular structures, classification, investigations, surgical technique and instability complications. Source-verified figures teach the subscapularis footprint, conjoint tendon and pectoralis-major layers, suprascapular and musculocutaneous nerve anatomy, Walch B2 and Hamada patterns, CT version and inclination, baseplate screw planning and anterior translation after subscapularis failure.

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Scapular winging: add nerve, pseudo-winging and reconstruction imaging

The scapular winging page now carries twelve reviewed teaching images across anatomy, classification, clinical examination, investigations, differential diagnosis, nerve reconstruction, tendon transfer and snapping scapula. Source-verified figures teach hourglass constrictions on MR neurography, suprascapular nerve swelling on ultrasound, ventral scapular osteochondroma, scapulothoracic bursitis, intercostal-to-long-thoracic neurotisation and pectoralis major bone-plug incorporation.

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Morel-Lavallee lesion: add diagnostic and dead-space control imaging

The Morel-Lavallee lesion page now carries eighteen reviewed teaching images across mechanism, investigations, management-changing imaging, surgical technique and postoperative care. Source-verified figures teach the perifascial collection plane, septations and aspiration, chronic capsule and calcification, MRI signal patterns, fat globules, lesion extent, ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy, endoscopic pseudocapsule treatment, and compression with drains and incisional negative-pressure therapy.

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Thoracic outlet syndrome: add anatomy, dynamic imaging and complication figures

The thoracic outlet syndrome page now carries eighteen reviewed teaching images across structural variants, pectoralis-minor anatomy, clinical presentation, investigation, management, complications and rehabilitation. Source-verified figures teach cervical-rib morphology, C8-root neuropathy, interscalene and infraclavicular ultrasound anatomy, venous congestion, dynamic venographic occlusion, CT planning, postoperative lung herniation and recurrent perineural fibrosis.

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Limb lengthening: add planning, regenerate and transport imaging

The limb lengthening principles page now carries seventeen reviewed teaching images across construct recognition, distraction biology, investigation, deformity planning, surgical technique, device selection, bone transport and outcomes. Source-verified figures teach mechanical-axis assessment, poor regenerate, corticotomy level and technique, calibrated hexapod imaging, rail and stacked-frame constructs, transport over a nail, docking contact and nonunion, and long-term consolidation.

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Human bites and fight bites: add anatomy, tooth-sign and salvage imaging

The human bites and fight bites page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across mechanism, anatomy, injury patterns, examination, presentation, investigation, surgery, complications and prognosis. Live-licence-verified figures teach dorsal MCP and sagittal-band anatomy, dynamic extensor instability, occlusal bite injury, the clenched-fist tooth sign, CT-defined metacarpal-head loss, deep extensor and articular destruction, osteochondral reconstruction, residual motion and severe phlegmon.

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy: add muscle, bone and scoliosis imaging

The Duchenne muscular dystrophy page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images across clinical signs, genotype-phenotype logic, muscle degeneration, diagnosis, scoliosis and fragility complications. Source-verified figures teach serial muscle MRI and histology, absent dystrophin staining, reading-frame restoration and exon skipping, spinal measurements and correction, vertebral fracture patterns, bisphosphonate response, strength decline and age-related CK interpretation.

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Vascular injury with fracture or dislocation: add regional, CTA and repair imaging

The vascular injury with fracture or dislocation page now carries twenty reviewed teaching images across anatomy, examination, regional injury patterns, vascular imaging, surgical treatment and reperfusion risk. Source-verified figures demonstrate axillary-vessel danger from displaced proximal humeral trauma, elbow dislocation, popliteal occlusion, CTA runoff, pseudoaneurysm, transection, vein-graft and covered-stent repair, and deep-compartment swelling.

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Secondary causes of SUFE: add atypical-pattern and cause-finding imaging

The secondary causes of slipped upper femoral epiphysis page now carries thirteen reviewed teaching images across recognition, differential diagnosis, diagnostic narrowing and investigation. Live-licence-verified figures teach diagnostic signs, Klein and Southwick measurements, delayed bone age, hypothyroidism, renal and hyperparathyroid bone disease, epiphyseal dysplasia, malignant marrow mimics and traumatic avulsion.

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Sclerotic vertebra: add pattern, differential and workup imaging

The sclerotic vertebra page now carries twenty-four reviewed teaching images across recognition, differential diagnosis, diagnostic narrowing and investigation. Live-licence-verified figures teach ivory vertebra, Paget disease, haemangioma, rugger-jersey and sandwich vertebrae, osteopetrosis, metastatic disease and treatment response, lymphoma, spondylodiscitis, fluorosis, mastocytosis, myelofibrosis, Modic change, whole-body MRI, PET and SPECT-CT.

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Sclerotic cortical lesion: add pattern, differential and workup imaging

The sclerotic cortical lesion page now carries twenty-nine reviewed teaching images across recognition, differential diagnosis, diagnostic narrowing and investigation. Live-licence-verified figures teach osteoid osteoma, stress injury, non-ossifying fibroma, adamantinoma, Brodie abscess, osteomyelitis, SAPHO, melorheostosis, osteosarcoma, lesion-margin grading, matrix and periosteal-reaction analysis, CT localisation, ablation planning and whole-bone staging.

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Sclerotic bone lesion: add pattern, differential and workup imaging

The sclerotic bone lesion page now carries twenty-two reviewed teaching images across pattern recognition, differential diagnosis, diagnostic narrowing and investigation. Live-licence-verified figures teach matrix and periosteal-reaction analysis, enostosis, infarct, sclerosing dysplasias, POEMS, Paget disease, osteomyelitis, Brodie abscess, stress injury, SAPHO, treatment flare, biopsy targeting, sarcoma staging and metastatic superscan interpretation.

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Regional osteopenia: add pattern, differential and investigation imaging

The regional osteopenia page now carries nineteen reviewed teaching images across recognition, differential diagnosis, diagnostic narrowing and investigation. Live-licence-verified figures teach serial density loss and recovery, CRPS, transient osteoporosis, insufficiency fracture, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, myeloma, Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy, MRI marrow patterns and the strengths and limits of bone scintigraphy.

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Lucent bone lesion: add pattern, differential and workup imaging

The lucent bone lesion page now carries twenty-one reviewed teaching images across radiographic description, the differential, diagnostic narrowing and targeted investigation. Live-licence-verified figures teach Lodwick–Madewell margins, lesion density and matrix, periosteal reaction, non-ossifying fibroma, Ewing sarcoma, giant cell tumour, aneurysmal bone cyst, chondroblastoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Brodie abscess, metastasis, telangiectatic osteosarcoma, fibrous dysplasia, dedifferentiation, CT nidus localisation and MRI staging.

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Generalised osteosclerosis: add pattern and differential imaging

The generalised osteosclerosis page now carries eighteen reviewed teaching images across pattern recognition, the dense-bone differential, location-based narrowing and targeted investigation. Two low-value focal lesions were withdrawn; source-verified CC BY figures now teach osteopetrosis, myelofibrosis, renal osteodystrophy, fluorosis, Paget disease, Camurati-Engelmann disease, focal sclerosing dysplasias, metabolic and metastatic superscans, and marrow trephine interpretation.

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Generalised ligamentous laxity: add examination and syndrome imaging

The generalised ligamentous laxity page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images across pattern recognition, the heritable-disorder differential and targeted investigation. A third-party Beighton illustration reproduced with permission was withdrawn; twelve live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures now teach formal manoeuvres and goniometry, skin and scar clues, Marfan hand signs, EDS and osteogenesis imperfecta patterns, echocardiography, aortic angiography and cervical instability.

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Diaphyseal bone lesion: add pattern, differential and algorithm imaging

The diaphyseal bone lesion page now carries twenty-two reviewed teaching images. Two figures whose source papers carry only unversioned licence statements were withdrawn and replaced, and twenty-one live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add cortical thickening and flame-shaped margins, Brodie abscess, Ewing and LCH permeative patterns, osteofibrous dysplasia versus adamantinoma, NF1 bowing, osteoid osteoma, sclerosing dysplasias, fibrous dysplasia distribution, histology and the diaphyseal algorithm.

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Limb length discrepancy: add measurement, physeal-bar and congenital-spectrum imaging

The limb length discrepancy page now carries twenty-two reviewed teaching images. A noncommercial-licensed figure was withdrawn and replaced, and twenty live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add standing-film and scanogram measurement technique, the physeal bar and its post-traumatic origin, fibular and tibial hemimelia, congenital short femur and PFFD, bone age and the Fishman maturation stages.

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Canadian C-Spine Rule: add the injury spectrum the rule exists to catch

The Canadian C-Spine Rule page now carries fourteen reviewed teaching images. Eleven live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add subtle CT injuries, the bow-tie, headphones, hamburger-bun, naked-facet and floating-vertebra sign set, C1 ligamentous injury, missed injuries, an elderly odontoid fracture, facet dislocation with cord compression and a CCS-versus-NEXUS protocol table.

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Acro-osteolysis: replace unverifiable figures with nine verified patterns

The acro-osteolysis page now carries ten reviewed teaching images. Two figures whose source paper carries only an unversioned licence statement were withdrawn and replaced, with nine live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 radiographs adding foot involvement, tuft-resorption scoring, osteomyelitis, hyperparathyroid resorption, psoriatic and scleroderma patterns, neuropathic progression and band-like resorption.

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Stem cells and MSCs: add characterization, source and outcome imaging

The stem cells and MSCs page now carries sixteen reviewed teaching images. Twelve live-licence-verified CC-licensed figures add MSC morphology and ISCT flow-cytometry characterization, adipose and cord sources, the paracrine exosome mechanism, BMAC-treated nonunion, osteonecrosis and serial cartilage MRI, plus an original potency-hierarchy schematic.

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Radiological signs in bone tumours: add pattern recognition and staging imaging

The radiological signs in bone tumours page now carries eleven reviewed teaching images. Eight live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add aggressive and non-aggressive lesion patterns, chondroid tumour differentiation, pathological fracture, multimodality characterisation and local plus pulmonary staging.

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Pittsburgh Knee Rules: add occult and paediatric fracture imaging

The Pittsburgh Knee Rules page now carries six reviewed images. Three live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add Segond fracture with lipohaemarthrosis, the modified Meyers–McKeever tibial-spine avulsion spectrum and bilateral patellar sleeve fractures.

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Ottawa Knee Rules: re-verify fracture imaging and criteria diagram

The Ottawa Knee Rules page retains three reviewed teaching images after a fresh section-targeted search: the five-criterion diagram, a vertical patellar fracture and a subtle lateral tibial plateau fracture. Both web-sourced radiographs were live-resolved to their exact Wikimedia records and permissive licences.

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Inflammation and cytokines: add fracture, infection and treatment mechanisms

The inflammation and cytokines page now carries eight reviewed images. Five live-licence-verified CC-licensed figures add the immune-cell timeline of fracture healing, wear-debris osteolysis, bacterial osteoimmunology, JAK–STAT inhibitor selectivity and RANKL blockade with denosumab.

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Böhler angle: add fracture, positioning and postoperative measurement imaging

The Böhler angle page now carries six reviewed images. Three live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add acute calcaneal-fracture morphology, the effect of projection and positioning on measurement, and postoperative Böhler and Gissane landmark lines.

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Paediatric imaging principles: add maturation, pathology and safeguarding imaging

The paediatric imaging principles page now carries eleven reviewed images. Eight live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add childhood CT dose-response evidence, wrist maturation, osteomyelitis and Ewing sarcoma MRI, growth-plate ossification, inflicted-injury patterns and pathway, and computed-radiography artefact recognition.

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Obturator nerve anatomy: add branch ultrasound and entrapment imaging

The obturator nerve anatomy page now carries seven reviewed images. Four live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add anterior-versus-posterior branch ultrasound, a practical motor-conduction setup, tumour-related canal entrapment on MRI and CT, and the two-plane ultrasound-guided block technique.

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Musculocutaneous nerve anatomy: add ultrasound and LACN localisation

The musculocutaneous nerve anatomy page now carries eleven reviewed images. Eight live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add proximal and intramuscular ultrasound, biceps and brachialis motor-branch localisation, LACN electrodiagnostic and injury imaging, distal-biceps surgical anatomy and a peripheral-nerve injury algorithm.

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Long thoracic nerve anatomy: add differential imaging and ultrasound

The long thoracic nerve anatomy page now carries six reviewed images. Four live-licence-verified figures add thoracic-wall nerve mapping, a static-versus-dynamic winging algorithm, CT and specimen correlation for scapular osteochondroma, and labelled long-thoracic-nerve ultrasound; a partially undressed clinical photograph was withdrawn.

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Leg compartments anatomy: add neurovascular ultrasound and wound care

The leg compartments anatomy page now carries seven reviewed images. Four live-licence-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add anterior and deep-posterior compartment ultrasound, staged fasciotomy wound closure and post-exercise shear-wave elastography for chronic exertional compartment syndrome.

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Systematic elbow imaging: add trauma, ultrasound and tumour differentials

The systematic elbow imaging page now carries eight reviewed images. Five live-licence-verified CC BY figures add ultrasound scanning windows, an occult paediatric transphyseal injury, the capitellar double-arc sign, a Monteggia radiocapitellar dislocation and an olecranon pathological fracture on radiographs and CT.

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Brachial plexus anatomy: add ultrasound and trauma localisation

The brachial plexus anatomy page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven live-licence-verified CC BY figures add level-by-level MRI, interscalene trunk and infraclavicular cord ultrasound, axillary and suprascapular branch anatomy, postganglionic rupture, lower-root avulsion and traumatic MR neurography.

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Musculoskeletal ultrasound: add scanning, pathology and intervention imaging

The musculoskeletal ultrasound page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven live-licence-verified CC BY figures add subacromial bursitis, a reproducible median-nerve scan, ultrasound-MRI cuff-tear correlation, in-plane needle guidance, carpal tunnel severity, paediatric distal-radius fracture categories and shear-wave elastography.

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Plantar plate insufficiency: add dynamic imaging and repair mechanics

The plantar plate insufficiency page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven live-licence-verified figures add the plantar drawer and radiographic correlate, normal and torn dynamic ultrasound, MRI comparison, direct-repair suture tunnels, Weil osteotomy alignment and the floating-toe complication.

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Ottawa ankle rules: add paediatric and Maisonneuve imaging

The Ottawa ankle and foot rules page now carries eight reviewed images. Five live-licence-verified CC BY figures add an Ottawa-positive lateral malleolar fracture, paediatric occult ankle injury, Tillaux fracture imaging and the radiographic and mechanistic Maisonneuve safety-net; the rules diagram was also corrected by removing a contradictory weight-bearing footer.

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Nuclear medicine: add hybrid, tumour and infection imaging

The nuclear medicine page now carries eleven reviewed images. Eight live-licence-verified CC BY figures add SPECT-CT equipment, false-negative tumour scintigraphy, osteoid-osteoma localisation, phase comparison, PET-CT and labelled-leucocyte imaging of prosthetic joint infection, marrow comparison and vertebral Paget disease.

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Femoral nerve: add ultrasound, MRI and surgical anatomy

The femoral nerve anatomy page now carries nine reviewed images. Six live-licence-verified CC BY figures add inguinal neurovascular ultrasound, femoral-triangle and adductor-canal landmarks, distal saphenous anatomy, iliopsoas-haematoma MRI, femoral block technique and infrapatellar-branch dissection.

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Common peroneal nerve: add ultrasound, MRI and treatment imaging

The common peroneal nerve anatomy page now carries nine reviewed images. Six live-licence-verified Europe PMC figures add fibular-head ultrasound, nerve-injury MRI, superficial and deep fibular nerve entrapment anatomy, proximal tibiofibular-joint ganglion imaging and a mechanism-based foot-drop treatment algorithm.

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Bone signalling: add pathway and metabolic-disease figures

The bone-signalling pathways page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven source-verified CC BY figures add osteocyte control of remodelling, integrated osteoblast differentiation, Ihh-PTHrP growth-plate organisation, Notch crosstalk, FGF23 phosphate homeostasis, and the pathway mechanisms of glucocorticoid and oestrogen-deficiency bone loss.

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Articular cartilage: add matrix, mechanics and repair imaging

The articular-cartilage structure page now carries eleven reviewed images. Eight source-verified CC BY figures add extracellular-matrix and pericellular architecture, lubricin boundary lubrication, the human osteochondral junction and osteoarthritis tissue, viscoelastic load responses, quantitative MRI grading and arthroscopic marrow-stimulation technique.

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AO/OTA classification: add code, segment and fracture-pattern imaging

The AO/OTA classification page now carries nine reviewed images. Six source-verified CC BY figures add proximal-femur code examples, Heim square segment boundaries, side-by-side 41-B2, 41-B3 and 41-C3 morphology, and multimodal CT/3D planning.

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Venous thromboembolism: add diagnostic, prophylaxis and complication imaging

The comprehensive VTE page now carries twelve reviewed images. Nine source-verified CC BY figures add saddle pulmonary embolus, popliteal DVT and V/Q imaging, risk-stratified prophylaxis, IVC-filter placement and fracture, post-thrombotic syndrome, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and HIT-associated thrombosis; the retained clinical photograph was corrected from left-leg to right-leg DVT.

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Torg ratio: add multimodal measurement and cord-risk imaging

The Torg ratio page now carries ten reviewed images. Eight source-verified CC BY figures add radiographic, CT and MRI ratio measurement, focal and dynamic cord compression, hyperextension injury in a developmentally narrow canal and chronic cord signal change; one anatomically inaccurate synthetic diagram was withdrawn.

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TKA alignment: add planning, CPAK and resection imaging

The TKA alignment philosophies page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven source-verified CC BY figures add functional-alignment planning and gap assessment, restricted-kinematic workflow, CPAK classification and angle geometry, soft-tissue-guided tibial resection and calipered femoral resurfacing.

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Proximal row carpectomy: add selection, anatomy and failure imaging

The proximal row carpectomy page now carries eleven reviewed images. Nine source-verified CC BY figures add SLAC/SNAC and Kienböck selection, dorsal capsular and scapholunate anatomy, operative interposition and radiocapitate failure imaging; one anatomically inaccurate synthetic schematic was withdrawn.

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Physis anatomy: add signalling, injury and growth-arrest imaging

The physis anatomy page now carries eight reviewed images. Six source-verified CC BY figures add the groove of Ranvier and stem-cell niche, PTHrP-Ihh signalling, endocrine and paracrine control, premature physeal closure, longitudinal limb-length surveillance and MRI diagnosis of periosteal entrapment; a non-human rabbit histology image was withdrawn.

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Pelvic discontinuity: add diagnosis and reconstruction imaging

The pelvic discontinuity page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Source-verified CC BY figures add AP, Judet, CT and intraoperative confirmation, Paprosky classification, cup-cage, acetabular distraction, custom triflange planning and implantation, nonunion salvage, infected reconstruction, migration surveillance and a treatment algorithm; three generic or duplicate hip-replacement images were withdrawn.

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Latarjet procedure: add planning, nerve-safety and graft-position imaging

The Latarjet procedure page now carries nine reviewed images. Seven source-verified CC BY figures add bipolar bone-loss planning, subscapularis splitting, protected coracoid harvest, cadaveric nerve anatomy, fluoroscopic fixation, hardware failure and serial CT graft-position remodelling; an anatomically inaccurate synthetic diagram was removed.

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Herring lateral pillar: correct prognosis caption and add classification imaging

The Herring lateral pillar page now carries nine reviewed images. Seven source-verified CC BY figures add group B and C longitudinal courses, head-at-risk signs, healed-shape assessment, containment osteotomy and dynamic arthrography; an inaccurate synthetic B/C-border diagram was removed and the untreated-course caption was corrected against its source.

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Cement-in-cement revision: add mantle, planning and surveillance imaging

The cement-in-cement femoral revision page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven source-verified CC BY figures add occult-fracture CT correlation, cement working phases, mantle fill, polished-stem geometry, offset and leg-length templating, long-term surveillance and serial subsidence measurement.

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Cell and molecular biology: add organelle, checkpoint and signalling figures

The cell and molecular biology page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven source-verified open-licence figures add active-osteoblast ultrastructure, G1/S checkpoint control, RNA processing and fate, collagen mutation and crosslink chemistry, intrinsic/extrinsic apoptosis and IL-1 signal transduction.

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Suprascapular nerve entrapment: add notch, cyst and decompression imaging

The suprascapular nerve entrapment page now carries ten reviewed images. Eight source-verified CC BY figures add cadaveric notch and nerve relations, osseous morphology, ganglion and intraosseous cyst MRI, spinoglenoid ultrasound, arthroscopic release and operative safe-zone anatomy; an exposed-back clinical photograph was removed under the decency rule.

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SPECT-CT applications: add fused, prosthesis and quantitative examples

The SPECT-CT applications page now carries eleven reviewed images. Eight source-verified CC BY figures add systematic planar-to-fused localisation, heterotopic ossification, spine and tibial infection examples, painful-TKA assessment, standardised tracer zones and quantitative volume-of-interest analysis.

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Rhomboids: add dorsal scapular nerve and surgical anatomy

The rhomboids page now carries nine reviewed images. Six source-verified CC BY figures add the C5 and middle-scalene course of the dorsal scapular nerve, rhomboid major/minor dissection, nerve-entry variation, interscapular ultrasound and the deep dorsal scapular neurovascular bundle.

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PRP and orthobiologics: add preparation, injection and BMAC imaging

The PRP and orthobiologics page now carries eight reviewed images. Five source-verified open-licence figures add platelet activation electron microscopy, double-spin preparation, ultrasound-guided tendon delivery, serial patellar-tendon MRI and iliac-crest BMAC processing.

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MRI contraindications and implants: add safety and device examples

The MRI contraindications and implants page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven source-verified open-licence figures add MRI access zones, material-dependent artefact, CT around hardware, gadolinium risk, cardiac and neurostimulator devices, cochlear-implant artefact, retained bullet fragments and field-strength-dependent hip-arthroplasty correction.

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Levator scapulae anatomy: add nerve, ultrasound and operative imaging

The levator scapulae anatomy page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures add dorsal scapular nerve dissection and ultrasound, muscle-activation biomechanics, snapping-scapula MRI and CT, arthroscopic bursectomy and superomedial-angle resection, modified Eden-Lange transfer steps and spinal accessory nerve safety.

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Imaging the pelvis and hip: add measurement, trauma and MRI examples

The systematic pelvis-and-hip imaging page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Thirteen source-verified open-licence figures add radiographic measurement, multimodality and CT selection, sacral and pelvic-ring assessment, osteonecrosis staging, dysplasia measurements, transient osteoporosis, subchondral fracture and abductor-pathology MRI.

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Imaging the knee: add MRI, patellofemoral and ultrasound examples

The systematic knee-imaging page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures add meniscal-root signs, osteochondral multimodality assessment, ACL bone-bruising, Merchant-view and trochlear measurements, benign patellar mimics, cartilage injury and practical ultrasound of the meniscus, extensor mechanism, effusion and Baker cyst.

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Hip disarticulation and forequarter amputation: add decision and technique imaging

The hip disarticulation and forequarter amputation page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven source-verified CC BY figures add shoulder-girdle tumour extent, brachial-plexus anatomy, femoral-vessel control, forequarter fillet-flap reconstruction, postoperative chest assessment, phantom-pain evidence and powered hip-disarticulation prosthetic control.

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Gastrocnemius anatomy: add surgical anatomy, imaging and technique figures

The gastrocnemius anatomy page now carries seventeen reviewed images. Fourteen source-verified CC BY figures add accessory-head and popliteal anatomy, aponeurotic and Achilles subtendon architecture, fascicle ultrasound, gait biomechanics, strain imaging, recession-level selection, endoscopic and ultrasound-guided release, complication anatomy and medial-head flap coverage.

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Flexor digitorum profundus: add anatomy, examination and repair imaging

The flexor digitorum profundus anatomy page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures add lumbrical and pulley relations, AIN supply, Camper chiasm variants, dual innervation, isolated DIP examination, ultrasound, jersey-finger repair, zone II anatomy and rerupture.

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Dermatomes and myotomes: add localisation, reflex and cauda equina imaging

The dermatomes and myotomes page now carries ten reviewed images. Seven source-verified open-licence figures add cervical and lumbar root compression, electrodiagnostic localisation, patellar-reflex reinforcement, transitional anatomy, cauda-equina compression and ISNCSCI classification.

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Anconeus anatomy: add imaging, surgical intervals and variant anatomy

The anconeus anatomy page now carries sixteen reviewed images. Thirteen source-verified open-licence figures add radial-nerve supply, capsular adherence, ultrasound and palpation, anconeus epitrochlearis MRI, Boyd exposure, olecranon osteotomy, posterolateral soft-tissue coverage, interposition arthroplasty and neurovascular preservation.

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Surgical instruments: add identification, mechanics and safety imaging

The surgical-instruments page now carries sixteen reviewed images. Thirteen source-verified open-licence figures add powered drills, hand-held and self-retaining retractors, bone forceps, Mayo scissors, periosteal elevation, the Gigli saw, drilling thermography, plunge control, glove damage and safe sharps transfer.

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Rheumatoid hand and wrist: add deformity, tendon and reconstruction imaging

The rheumatoid hand and wrist page now carries nineteen reviewed images. Sixteen source-verified open-licence figures add staged erosive radiographs, Doppler synovitis, Vaughan-Jackson rupture, thumb fusion, wrist arthrodesis, tendon grafting, silicone MCP arthroplasty and implant complications.

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MRI cartilage assessment: add sequence, repair and pitfall imaging

The cartilage MRI page now carries seventeen reviewed images. Fourteen source-verified open-licence figures add multiplanar defect assessment, DESS and quantitative mapping, repair-tissue follow-up, shoulder, elbow and ankle cartilage imaging, and key subchondral mimics.

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Fluoroscopy principles: add scatter, detector and navigation imaging

The fluoroscopy page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Twelve source-verified open-licence figures add staff-position and procedure-specific scatter maps, image-intensifier and flat-panel equipment, detector construction, projection-dependent anatomy, multi-view fixation sequences, low-dose 3D imaging and cone-beam CT overlay navigation.

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Epithelioid sarcoma: add distal, proximal and metastatic imaging

The epithelioid-sarcoma page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven exact-diagnosis open-licence figures add distal nodules, granuloma-like histology, intra-articular MRI, pulmonary and nodal staging, real INI1 immunohistochemistry, proximal resection, radiotherapy and recurrent disease.

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DXA bone densitometry: add acquisition, artefact and complication imaging

The DXA page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven open-licence figures add positioning, diagnostic sites, vendor follow-up, one-third-radius technique, vertebral fracture assessment, artefact recognition, atypical femoral fracture, jaw osteonecrosis and QCT comparison.

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Clinodactyly: add delta-phalanx, mimic and physiolysis imaging

The clinodactyly page now carries twelve reviewed images. Nine open-licence figures add triphalangeal-thumb morphology, Kirner-deformity differentiation, measured delta-phalanx angulation, Vickers physiolysis with fat interposition and long-term correction.

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Proximal hamstring avulsion: expand MRI and operative imaging

The proximal-hamstring-avulsion page now carries sixteen reviewed images. Thirteen open-licence figures add partial and complete MRI patterns, endoscopic sciatic anatomy, anatomic-zone classification, staged repair, chronic allograft reconstruction and sciatic entrapment.

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Radiculopathy versus peripheral nerve lesion: expand localisation imaging

The localisation page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven open-licence clinical figures add cervical and lumbar root compression, Froment testing, nerve-conduction comparison, extraspinal sciatic entrapment, peripheral-nerve ultrasound and selective root blocks.

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Nerve anatomy and physiology: add microstructure and injury imaging

The nerve-anatomy page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified open-licence figures add cadaveric nerve course, three-dimensional fascicular organisation, connective-tissue microstructure, myelinated fibres, the node of Ranvier, compression injury and degeneration.

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Haemangioma: add multimodal diagnosis and treatment imaging

The soft-tissue haemangioma page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified open-licence figures add intramuscular MRI, ultrasound, histology, slow-flow malformation terminology, phleboliths, synovial arthroscopy and aggressive vertebral disease.

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Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: add biphasic pathology and treatment imaging

The dedifferentiated-chondrosarcoma page now carries twelve reviewed images. Nine source-verified CC BY figures add the defining biphasic junction, high-grade variants, serial bimorphic imaging, metastatic staging, biopsy targeting, wide resection, endoprosthetic reconstruction and recurrence.

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Thoracolumbar fractures: add morphology, PLC and reconstruction imaging

The thoracolumbar-fracture page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add A3 and A4/B2 morphology, PLC and conus injury, non-operative selection, minimally invasive and open reduction, corpectomy reconstruction and recurrent kyphosis.

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Subaxial cervical fractures: add morphology, reduction and fixation imaging

The subaxial cervical-fracture page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add burst and teardrop morphology, locked facets, disco-ligamentous and vertebral-artery injury, traction reduction, anterior reconstruction and posterior salvage.

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Stress fractures: add site-specific MRI, CT and progression imaging

The stress-fracture overview now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add lumbar-pedicle, pubic, first-rib, tibial, femoral-neck, proximal-fifth-metatarsal and sacral patterns, MRI grading, nonunion and a risk-based management pathway.

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Smith fractures: add volar shear, fixation and flexor-tendon risk imaging

The Smith fractures page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add reverse-Barton classification, volar displacement mechanics, reduction measurements, spring-wire and volar buttress fixation, postoperative alignment, Soong grading and flexor-tendon risk.

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Pisiform fractures: add dedicated views, CT and excision imaging

The pisiform fractures page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add occult standard radiographs, a dedicated semisupination projection, CT confirmation, displaced and comminuted patterns, cast follow-up, pisiformectomy specimens and postoperative imaging.

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Osteoid osteoma: add variants, localisation and ablation technique imaging

The osteoid osteoma page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add nidus histology, spinal and intra-articular variants, bone-scan and SPECT localisation, CT-guided radiofrequency ablation, neural protection, recurrence, cryoablation and arthroscopic excision.

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Nora lesion: add multimodal diagnosis, recurrence and surface-lesion differentials

The Nora lesion page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add acral BPOP radiographs, CT and MRI, recurrence, marginal excision, long-term follow-up, and direct comparison with osteochondroma, parosteal osteosarcoma, periosteal chondrosarcoma and reactive surface lesions.

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Non-ossifying fibroma: add staging, fracture-risk and treatment imaging

The non-ossifying fibroma page now carries thirteen reviewed images. Ten source-verified CC BY figures add gross and microscopic pathology, Ritschl progression, physeal migration, the CT Pac-Man fracture-risk sign, aggressive-lesion mimics, multifocal disease, curettage and grafting, and pathological-fracture fixation.

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Metastatic spine disease: add NOMS imaging, separation surgery and SBRT figures

The metastatic spine disease page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures add destructive CT and MRI, real high-grade ESCC, post-radiotherapy collapse, separation surgery, radiolucent fixation, SBRT registration and contours, thermal ablation and vertebral augmentation.

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Maisonneuve fractures: add mechanism, CT planning and reduction figures

The Maisonneuve fractures page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures add syndesmotic anatomy, pronation–external-rotation progression, full-length and CT diagnosis, direct incisura reduction, fibular length and translation control, postoperative fixation review and CT malreduction assessment.

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Hamstring injuries: add ultrasound, MRI, classification and repair figures

The hamstring injuries page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures add proximal ultrasound anatomy, BAMIC and tendon-zone classification, multiplanar avulsion MRI, operative positioning, nerve-safe exposure, anchor fixation, footprint reinsertion and criterion-based rehabilitation.

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Gymnast's wrist: add MRI differentials, growth-arrest and salvage imaging

The gymnast's wrist page now carries eight reviewed images. Five source-verified CC BY figures show regional physeal water-signal changes, dorsal and ulnar impingement, paediatric ulnar-variance measurement, progression from distal-radial growth arrest to ulna plus and ulnar-shortening salvage.

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Elbow dislocations: add stability, classification and reconstruction figures

The elbow dislocations page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures show the dislocation mechanism, four-column and collateral-ligament anatomy, terrible-triad failure, coronoid classifications, CT planning, examination under anaesthesia, sequential reconstruction, suture-lasso fixation and important complications.

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Baker cyst: add valve, rupture and operative imaging

The Baker cyst page now carries fourteen reviewed images. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures show the communicating neck and valve mechanism, recurrent refilling, complex and dissecting morphology, rupture, image-guided aspiration, neurovascular compression, open decompression and arthroscopic treatment.

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Atlantoaxial instability: add dynamic diagnosis, reduction and fixation figures

The atlantoaxial instability page now carries nineteen reviewed images. Sixteen source-verified CC BY figures show Fielding-Hawkins rotatory patterns, open-mouth and CT diagnosis, dynamic ADI measurement, closed reduction, congenital and acquired mechanisms, navigated C1-C2 fixation, screw containment, construct selection and postoperative fusion.

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Ankylosing spondylitis: add inflammatory imaging, fused-hip reconstruction and Andersson lesion figures

The ankylosing spondylitis page now carries eighteen reviewed images. Fifteen source-verified CC BY figures show spinal enthesitis and bone remodelling, sacroiliitis and its mimics, established spinal patterns, psoriatic and DISH differentials, conversion arthroplasty for fused hips, and Andersson-lesion diagnosis and reconstruction.

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Adamantinoma: add subtype pathology, staging imaging and reconstruction figures

The adamantinoma page now carries fifteen reviewed images. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures show the biphasic epithelial pathology, OFD-like and dedifferentiated variants, classic radiographic and MRI appearances, the OFD differential, failure after curettage, wide-resection reconstruction, and pulmonary and nodal metastasis.

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Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma: add differential MRI and reconstruction sequence

The undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma page now carries five reviewed images. New source-verified CC BY figures contrast a fat-containing pleomorphic liposarcoma on MRI and show wide calf sarcoma excision followed by rotation-flap coverage.

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Triquetral fractures: add morphology, ligament and instability imaging

The triquetral fracture page now carries nine reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Six source-verified CC BY figures add volar lunotriquetral ligament anatomy, ulnar-carpus load transmission, the distinction between body and dorsal cortical fractures, the arcs of Gilula, CT of combined dorsal triquetral and hamate injury, and an avulsion accompanying volar lunate dislocation.

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Tendon healing: add enthesis, mechanobiology and repair-construct figures

The tendon healing page now carries eleven reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eight source-verified CC BY figures add the inflammatory-proliferative-remodelling sequence after tendon-bone injury, the four-zone enthesis, flexor core-suture configurations, rotator cuff host-risk pathways, mechanotransduction and physical-stimulation mechanisms, and Achilles repair imaging and construct comparisons.

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Cervical teardrop fractures: add mechanism, teardrop sign and stabilisation figures

The cervical teardrop fracture page now carries eleven reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eight source-verified CC BY figures add the flexion distraction mechanism, hyperextension distraction with prevertebral swelling as the extension counterpart, the teardrop sign with a floating vertebra at C6-C7, an AO SLIC F2 facet fracture, serial ASIA impairment charts at baseline and twelve weeks, the map of concurrent spinal and non-spinal injuries, MRI cord compression with facet dislocation, and combined anterior corpectomy with posterior instrumentation.

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SLAC wrist: add carpal ligament, Gilula arc and salvage figures

The SLAC wrist page now carries fourteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures add the dorsal capsular ligaments as secondary restraints, the scapholunate interval seen intraoperatively, dorsal intercalated segment instability with established arthritis on CT, the arcs of Gilula, the six positions used to provoke scapholunate widening, a four-view instability series, the stage II to III salvage algorithm, the modified dorsal approach with retinaculum Z-plasty, scaphoid excision with capitolunate fusion, three-month postoperative alignment, and a serial series to six months after plate fixation.

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Rhabdomyosarcoma: add histology, site-specific imaging and late-effect figures

The rhabdomyosarcoma page now carries thirteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Ten source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add epithelioid variant histology with its TTF-1 cross-reactivity trap, alveolar architecture, the full haematoxylin and eosin plus myogenic immunohistochemistry panel, parameningeal CT and orbital MRI, a tongue primary on diffusion-weighted MRI, the extremity sarcoma MRI protocol, surgical nodal staging outcomes in 198 extremity cases, and measured muscle growth impairment after paediatric proton therapy.

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Pseudo-Jones fractures: add tuberosity anatomy and ossicle differential figures

The pseudo-Jones fracture page now carries thirteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Ten source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the measured peroneus brevis footprint on the tuberosity, the lateral plantar intrinsics anchoring the base, fracture morphology types on three-dimensional CT, the midfoot accessory ossicle map, os vesalianum contrasted directly against an old non-united apophyseal fragment, symptomatic os vesalianum, the paediatric apophysis in Iselin disease, and cast immobilisation with its application sequence.

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Posterolateral rotatory instability: add LUCL anatomy, pivot-shift and coronoid figures

The elbow posterolateral rotatory instability page now carries sixteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Thirteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the colour-coded lateral collateral complex isolating the LUCL, the stabiliser triangle showing progressive restraint failure, native proximal ulnar varus angles, the O Driscoll anterolateral versus anteromedial coronoid planes, the lateral pivot-shift sequence, a diagnostic algorithm separating microinstability from tendinopathy, MRI of the lateral soft-tissue injury, terrible triad 3D CT including a variant with olecranon fracture, anteromedial coronoid exposure and plating, the age-versus-stability repair ladder, and the anteromedial coronoid facet fracture with ulnar collateral ligament anatomy.

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Phantom limb pain: add mechanism, neuroma imaging and TMR versus RPNI figures

The phantom limb pain page now carries fifteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Twelve source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the multilevel peripheral, spinal, supraspinal and immune model, central sensitisation, Wallerian degeneration with regeneration along Bungner bands, an illustration separating neuroma from residual limb from phantom pain, Tinel mapping of referred phantom sensation, residual limb nerve anatomy against prosthetic stem geometry, neuroma ultrasound with serial measurement, segmented neuroma histology, the TMR versus RPNI versus transposition comparison, the RPNI signal mechanism, a nerve-specific surgical algorithm, and the five stages of virtual reality graded motor imagery.

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Patellar height abnormalities: add index measurement and pitfall figures

The patellar height page now carries sixteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Thirteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add patellar tracking determinants and Dejour trochlear depth, Insall-Salvati and Caton-Deschamps measured on radiographs, the effect of patellar tilt on projected articular surface length, pre- and post-operative parameters at differing flexion angles, EOS with sagittal MRI indices, the patellotrochlear index, dynamic MRI through an arc, patella alta presenting with lateral displacement, MPFL graft fixation, tibial tubercle osteotomy nonunion, and patellar height referenced to the new joint line after arthroplasty.

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Osteoblasts and bone formation: add lineage, remodelling and regulation figures

The osteoblast biology page now carries ten reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Seven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add bone functions with the osteostasis balance, the two-lineage cellular hierarchy on a long bone, the three-phase remodelling cycle, osteocyte signalling through sclerostin, DKK1, RANKL, OPG, DMP1 and FGF23, receptor variants shifting the formation-resorption balance, angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling, and a high bone mass gene map separating osteoblast from osteoclast pathways.

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Multiple myeloma of the spine: add marrow, whole-body imaging and augmentation figures

The spinal myeloma page now carries twelve reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Nine source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add CD138 marrow immunohistochemistry, whole-body MRI for marrow disease, PET showing a solitary femoral plasmacytoma, a myeloma case initially misdiagnosed as an osteoporotic fracture alongside its serum electrophoresis, kyphoplasty under fluoroscopy with cement distribution patterns, the indications for separation surgery, and Congo red cardiac and soft-tissue amyloid with apple-green birefringence.

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Shoulder biomechanics: add glenoid geometry, rhythm and ligament figures

The shoulder biomechanics page now carries eleven reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eight source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add glenoid version measurement, standardised CT slice orientation, bony and labral stability ratio measurement, scapulohumeral rhythm with the separation of humeral abduction from scapular upward rotation, the glenohumeral ligament pattern variants, the anterior labral-ligamentous complex on ultrasound, and a retracted supraspinatus tear as coronal force-couple failure.

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Isthmic spondylolisthesis: add spinopelvic, pars CT and pedicle failure figures

The isthmic spondylolisthesis page now carries nineteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Sixteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add sagittal parameter definitions, annotated standing spinopelvic alignment, the pars angle comparison and the shear consequence of pelvic incidence and lordosis mismatch, adolescent bilateral spondylolysis against a chronic lysis gap with ossicles, facet subluxation on radiograph and 3D CT, sacral slope and lumbar lordosis measurement, dynamic slip across upright, supine, flexion and extension, MRI grading with the pars defects, pars measurements and fracture-location mapping for direct repair, and pedicle fracture as both a presenting and a postoperative complication.

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Internal impingement: add labral anatomy, SLAP staging and arthroscopy figures

The internal impingement page now carries fourteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eleven source-verified CC BY figures add glenoid labroligamentous anatomy, infraspinatus stiffness measurement, supine range-of-motion measurement for the internal rotation deficit, labral clock-face and quadrant nomenclature, SLAP type II alongside the sublabral recess comparison and the Oreo cookie sign, MRI and arthroscopy correlation of a superior labral tear, articular-sided cuff tear with tendon thickness measurement, articular-side repair with biceps augmentation, and portal placement in lateral decubitus.

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Freiberg disease: add Smillie staging, osteotomy and osteochondral graft figures

The Freiberg disease page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY figures add the Smillie stage I to V drawings, the stage-driven treatment algorithm, clinical appearance with toe shortening and goniometer measurement of the metatarsophalangeal arc, metatarsal length measurement, radiograph, CT and MRI of the head with subchondral cysts, intraoperative confirmation of dorsal cartilage loss over an intact plantar surface, dorsal exposure and open debridement, dorsiflexion osteotomy with its schematic and a twenty-eight month case sequence, and osteochondral plug reconstruction with knee donor harvest and graft shaping.

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Fifth metatarsal stress fractures: add zone, biomechanics and screw failure figures

The fifth metatarsal stress fracture page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY figures add the zone diagram with fracture-incidence proportions, zone radiographs, a colour-coded three-dimensional model and a cadaveric specimen with the zones marked, gait force vectors and a displacement map showing why the watershed fails, cavus foot examination with the Coleman block test and weightbearing cavovarus radiographs, medullary canal measurement for screw sizing, the screw and cerclage construct, hard-soled and non-weightbearing casts, and non-union salvage alongside a new stress fracture at an over-long screw tip.

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Congenital constriction bands: add prenatal imaging, mimics and release figures

The congenital constriction band page now carries nineteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Sixteen source-verified CC BY figures add limb bud signalling for contrast with extrinsic disruption, the oedema-to-arterial-compromise cycle, ainhum and hair tourniquet syndrome as acquired mimics, double bands with lymphoedema and skin loss, a hand with both banding and intrauterine amputation, a band with associated clubfoot, prenatal ultrasound of band constriction and cord entanglement, a hand radiograph showing phalangeal shortening, band excision with Z-plasty closure, the staged release and fat graft sequence, acrosyndactyly separation markings, postoperative limbs after Z-plasty, and oedema resolution at one-year follow-up.

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Complex MCP dislocation: add interposition anatomy and reduction figures

The complex metacarpophalangeal dislocation page now carries eleven reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eight source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add short-axis metacarpal head anatomy with the deep transverse metacarpal ligament, the sagittal band ring, intraoperative volar plate interposition with the repaired plate, the clinical and radiographic appearance of an index MCP dislocation, the volar approach showing the buttonholed metacarpal head, division of the transverse metacarpal ligament, the push-not-pull reduction manoeuvre, and functional recovery at twelve weeks.

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Paediatric cavus foot: add Coleman block test, measurement and technique figures

The paediatric cavus foot page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add a Charcot-Marie-Tooth pedigree with nerve conduction traces and intrinsic muscle wasting, the Coleman block test alongside calcaneocavus appearance and callosity mapping, the lateral talocalcaneal angle and the four weightbearing radiographic measurements, lateralising calcaneal osteotomy and tibialis posterior transfer with intraoperative fixation, recurrent deformity and subtalar degeneration, and a twenty-four-month outcome.

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Capitellum fractures: add anatomy, Dubberley staging and fixation figures

The capitellum fracture page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add labelled distal humerus anatomy and the lateral collateral complex, MRI effusion with synovitis and the lateral pivot-shift sequence, the Dubberley classification with its posterior comminution subtypes, Hahn-Steinthal radiographs, the preoperative radiograph and 3D CT set with three-plane CT of a type IIIB pattern, the fixation sequence and knotless suture-bridge technique, three-month union CT, and osteonecrosis mapping with two heterotopic ossification cases.

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Both-column acetabular fractures: add Letournel, Judet view and approach figures

The both-column acetabular fracture page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the cadaveric posterior column, a finite-element comparison of column fixation constructs, the full ten-pattern Letournel set, the floating-acetabulum definition and lateral-fall mechanism, Judet oblique geometry with its blind area, the preoperative radiograph/CT/3D set, percutaneous screw corridor curvature, the illustrated Kocher-Langenbeck approach, staged fix-and-replace and posterior wall fixation, femoral head osteonecrosis, and postoperative CT assessment of reduction quality.

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Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome: add anatomy, imaging and constriction figures

The AIN syndrome page now carries twenty-one reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Eighteen source-verified CC BY figures add the cadaveric nerve course and its branching variations, a persistent median artery adherent to the nerve, absent thumb interphalangeal flexion and weak pinch on examination, the ultrasound and MRI denervation pair, the constriction-to-torsion schematic with intraoperative and ultrasound hourglass constrictions, MR neurography, the AIN-as-donor and AIN-to-PIN transfer diagrams, the in-continuity decision pathway, and recovery and tendon-transfer outcome figures.

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Angiosarcoma: add immunohistochemistry, staging and outcome figures

The angiosarcoma page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the radiation DNA damage pathway, the endothelial marker panel, vascular channel histology with hobnailing, ERG immunostaining, cutaneous limb lesions, Stewart-Treves in a lymphoedematous limb, the diagnostic immunohistochemistry panel, PET showing multifocal disease, resection with flap reconstruction, the reconstructive ladder, a systemic therapy swimmer plot, survival by resection margin and anatomical site, and the post-radiotherapy surveillance algorithm.

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Thumb CMC arthritis: add real radiographs, anatomy and technique figures

The thumb carpometacarpal arthritis page previously carried only teaching schematics and now has eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY figures add trapeziometacarpal ligament anatomy with cadaveric dissection, thenar muscle layers, capsule histology, the Eaton-Littler stages on real radiographs, bilateral disease, the Robert view and three-view series, suspension technique illustrations, ligament reconstruction through a transosseous tunnel, sequential release stages, an implant arthroplasty series, post-trapeziectomy subsidence with thumb length measurement, the superficial radial nerve in the snuffbox and comparative outcome data.

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THA fixation options: add classification, templating and registry figures

The total hip arthroplasty fixation options page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add wear osteolysis treated by liner exchange, failed and septically loose fixation, the AAOS and Paprosky acetabular classifications, the femoral neck cut, proximal femoral morphological indices and canal flare measurement, broaching technique, subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy, taper-slip B2 revision, periprosthetic fracture revision, cemented versus cementless practice trends with a complication forest plot, a registry cumulative-revision curve and an intraoperative Paprosky defect.

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Syndesmotic instability: add measurement, arthroscopy and malreduction figures

The syndesmotic instability page now carries nineteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Sixteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add cadaveric syndesmotic ligaments, a four-panel ankle ligament atlas, ligament force during external rotation, neutral versus external-rotation CT, the three plain-film measurements, weightbearing comparison, MRI of AITFL rupture, the CT measurement schematic and bilateral alignment technique, a CT indication algorithm, suture-button insertion and device, arthroscopic widening grades, an intraoperative assessment framework, malreduction CT and the early-versus-delayed weightbearing evidence.

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SNAC wrist: add carpal anatomy, staging and salvage figures

The SNAC wrist page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the dorsal carpal ligaments, the arcs of Gilula, scapholunate angle measurement, an arthroscopic view of the scapholunate ligament, the SLAC and SNAC staging diagram, a stage II radiograph, humpback correction, nonunion CT, wrist MRI, four-corner and capitolunate fusion cases at long follow-up, FCR and ECRB midcarpal tenodesis schematics, hardware failure with radiolunate arthritis and circular plate fixation.

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Shoulder hemiarthroplasty: add tuberosity, glenoid erosion and outcome figures

The shoulder hemiarthroplasty page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add shoulder sensory innervation, the fracture imaging panel, a fracture-dislocation radiograph, failed fixation converted to arthroplasty, a head-split treated by replacement, the tuberosity fixation construct, primary arthroplasty with a healed tuberosity, a tension-band tuberosity variant, serial tuberosity healing films, the Favard glenoid erosion grades, axial alignment comparison, one-year glenoid remodelling, the staged rehabilitation programme, offset measurement and stress-shielding grades.

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Periprosthetic joint infection: add diagnostic, nuclear imaging and revision figures

The periprosthetic joint infection page now carries nineteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Sixteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add clinical and radiographic presentations, the EBJIS and MSIS criteria table, bone scan with SPECT/CT, MRI of septic loosening, the preoperative diagnostic algorithm, next-generation sequencing performance in culture-negative disease, DAIR effectiveness by timing, spacer hardware with the explanted implant, a two-stage sequence complicated by spacer fracture, one-stage revision, failed DAIR, two-stage outcome pathways and survival curves by DAIR timing and by primary versus revision arthroplasty.

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Pellegrini-Stieda lesion: add ultrasound, stress radiograph and grading figures

The Pellegrini-Stieda lesion page now carries fifteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Twelve source-verified CC BY figures add adductor magnus insertion anatomy, a cadaveric medial-knee dissection, the weight-bearing flexed PA radiograph, bilateral radiograph and ultrasound, a radiograph and MRI pair, ultrasound with colour Doppler, valgus stress radiograph measurement, ultrasound-guided debridement with the post-lavage film, heterotopic ossification grading and outcome by grade.

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Metatarsal stress fractures: add MRI, mimic and nonunion figures

The metatarsal stress fracture page now carries twelve reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Nine source-verified CC BY figures add gait loading vectors, the fifth metatarsal fracture zones, a high-grade bone stress injury with a cortical fracture line, second metatarsal MRI in a dancer, base-of-second-metatarsal and Lisfranc footprint oedema, the os vesalianum mimic, a non-operative healing series and salvage of a second metatarsal nonunion.

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MRONJ: add pathogenesis, radiographic atlas and prescribing-timing figures

The medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the pathogenesis cycle, RANKL and sclerostin pathways with their drug targets, panoramic and cone beam CT feature atlases, exposed necrotic bone, canal involvement and pathological fracture, sequestrum specimen and CT, PENTO healing outcomes, patient-specific bridging plate, postoperative healing, the denosumab rebound timeline, risk-stratified prescribing and the radiation dose-response curve that separates osteoradionecrosis.

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Little League shoulder: add throwing mechanics and elbow screening figures

The Little League shoulder page now carries thirteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Ten source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the pitching cycle phases, pelvis and trunk rotation, the effect of stride length on phase timing, endochondral ossification, the windmill softball pitch, goniometric measurement of internal rotation and the neutral starting position, plus medial epicondylar avulsion, olecranon apophysitis and capitellar osteochondritis dissecans for elbow screening.

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Soft-tissue leiomyosarcoma: add pathology, reconstruction and surveillance figures

The soft-tissue leiomyosarcoma page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY figures add H&E with smooth muscle actin, the desmin and h-caldesmon marker panel, grading histology, clinical presentation with wide excision, three-plane staging MRI, propeller flap planning and the reconstructive ladder, en-bloc sciatic nerve resection, resection with flap coverage, recurrence with nodal and pulmonary metastases, serial chest CT response assessment, whole-body MRI follow-up and survival curves by grade.

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Jones fractures: add zone anatomy, mimic and fixation figures

The Jones fracture page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY figures add HR-pQCT zone anatomy with density mapping, gait loading vectors, a fracture-model strain map, the zones drawn on a radiograph and on a specimen with their frequency distribution, three-view assessment radiographs, the os vesalianum mimic with comparison views, early and delayed weightbearing fixation series, non-operative immobilisation, screw fixation to union and the implant options.

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Intradural extramedullary tumours: add MRI, operative and complication figures

The intradural extramedullary tumour page now carries eighteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add meningioma histology, dumbbell meningioma MRI, an Eden type IV schwannoma, a giant myxopapillary ependymoma, the full MRI sequence panel, nerve-selective sequences, dumbbell resection diagrams, intraoperative dissection, postoperative decompression, ventral meningioma with dural tail, anterior reconstruction, post-facetectomy alignment follow-up, pseudomeningocele, CSF-leak revision and recurrence.

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Ollier disease: add physeal-lesion, reconstruction and transformation figures

The enchondromatosis (Ollier disease) page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY figures add columnar physeal lesions and their ossification with growth, hand nodules with matching radiographs, the diagnostic hands and forearms pattern, a lesion with cortical fracture, a Maffucci comparison with histology, severe unilateral deformity correction, humeral rail lengthening, the reaming curettage effect, pre- and post-correction femoral radiographs, malignant transformation, deformity with pathological fracture and IDH-associated tumour surveillance.

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Enchondroma: add pathology, mimic and curettage-complication figures

The enchondroma page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the gross curetted specimen, Maffucci syndrome and multiple-lesion cement filling, two-view phalangeal presentation, calcified-matrix radiograph, CT/MRI comparison with osteochondroma, Lodwick-Madewell margin patterns, the fibrous dysplasia mimic, post-curettage remodelling, cortical-window curettage technique, long-term and pathological-fracture cases, post-curettage fissure and fracture, and MRI surveillance growth.

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Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: add natural history, reconstruction and rod figures

The congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia page now carries seventeen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Fourteen source-verified CC BY figures add the natural history on serial radiographs, hamartomatous periosteum at operation, the molecular pathways, the bowing-to-fracture transition, fibular pseudarthrosis, long-term deformity and limb-length outcome, union cross-sectional measurement, Ilizarov fixation, vascularised fibular transfer, telescoping rod design and results, nail insertion technique and rod migration with refracture.

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Congenital patellar dislocation: add real imaging and realignment figures

The congenital patellar dislocation page now carries fifteen reviewed images placed inside the sections they teach. Thirteen source-verified CC BY figures add preoperative multimodal imaging, axial and bilateral MRI, skyline and immature-knee radiograph/CT series, clinical assessment and outcome, quadricepsplasty, medial retinaculum plasty, pes anserinus transfer, quadriceps Z-lengthening repair, Galeazzi tenodesis and Roux-Goldthwait transfer. A synthetic pathoanatomy illustration was withdrawn.

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Cleft hand: add bilateral ray-deficiency and first-web reconstruction figures

The cleft-hand page now carries eleven reviewed images across clinical imaging, classification, clinical presentation, investigations, management, surgical technique and complications. Eight source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add bilateral asymmetric clinical and radiographic central-ray deficiencies, a split-hand phenotype spectrum, tetradactylous ectrodactyly correlation, four-flap Z-plasty and a revision-requiring first-web reconstruction.

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Chauffeur fractures: add fracture-dislocation, arthroscopy and fixation figures

The Chauffeur fracture page now carries ten reviewed images across clinical imaging, classification, investigations, management, surgical technique and complications. Seven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add a trans-styloid perilunate three-view series, Fernandez IV CT anatomy, Geissler IV scapholunate arthroscopy, traction and portal setup, radial styloid headless-screw fixation and stage II SLAC.

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Biceps femoris short head: add cadaveric, ultrasound and nerve figures

The biceps femoris short-head page now carries eleven reviewed images across detailed anatomy, neurovascular supply, clinical significance, pathology, investigations and management. Nine source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add isolated and in-situ hamstring specimens, the long-head/short-head interface, the short-head origin, common peroneal nerve relations, fibular-head anatomy, T-junction ultrasound, entrapment imaging and operative nerve release.

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Athletic AC joint injuries: add dynamic imaging and reconstruction figures

The athletic AC joint injury page now carries eleven reviewed images across ligament anatomy, Rockwood classification, investigations, dynamic horizontal-instability assessment, management, surgical technique, complications and postoperative follow-up. Eight source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real AP, true AP, axial and Alexander radiographs, TightRope and hook-plate technique comparisons, tunnel and Endobutton details, loss-of-reduction imaging and serial repair follow-up.

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Sartorius anatomy: add neurovascular, ultrasound and harvest figures

The sartorius-anatomy page now carries twelve reviewed images across overview and surface anatomy, neurovascular relations, clinical assessment, pes anserine pathology and management, and hamstring-harvest technique. Three additional source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures show femoral-triangle topography, the distal sartorius-saphenous neurovascular relationship and adductor-canal ultrasound.

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Scapulothoracic dissociation: withdraw an inaccurate algorithm figure

The scapulothoracic-dissociation page now relies on its text decision pathway after visual review found that the prior management flowchart conflated Damschen Type IIA vascular injury with Type IIB neurologic injury and intact vessels. The misleading figure was removed; no fabricated or misleading clinical image remains.

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Quadriceps contusions: add initial, fasciotomy and follow-up figures

The quadriceps-contusions page now carries six reviewed images across clinical imaging, surgical technique and complications: three source-verified CC BY 4.0 Cureus figures add initial thigh radiograph/MRI, decompressive fasciotomy with staged shoelace closure, and three-month follow-up imaging showing haematoma resorption without myositis ossificans alongside the retained MRI and two original teaching diagrams. Arrow-annotated and non-target candidates were rejected.

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Meniscus tears: add tear-pattern, root-repair and follow-up figures

The meniscus-tears page now carries 18 reviewed images across zonal anatomy and vascularity, tear classification, clinical assessment, parameniscal cysts, MRI and extrusion measurement, management, arthroscopic repair technique, root-repair tunnel planning and outcomes. Fifteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add Cooper zones, micro-CT vascularity, arthroscopic tear patterns, flap ultrasound, cyst and tear MRI, posterior-horn instability, bucket-handle and radial-repair follow-up, horizontal repair, posterior-root suture and tunnel technique, and root-healing MRI.

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MPNST: add staging, pathology and resection figures

The malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour page now carries 14 reviewed images across molecular pathogenesis, histopathology and classification, investigations and staging, surgical technique, and management. Eleven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add pelvic and pulmonary CT, gluteal and thigh MRI, histology and immunohistochemistry, sciatic-branch resection planning, and gross resection specimens alongside the retained transformation diagram, management algorithm and Commons MRI.

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Liposarcoma: add subtype MRI, molecular pathology and staging figures

The liposarcoma page now carries 12 reviewed images across subtype classification, histology and molecular pathology, investigations and staging, management, prognosis and surveillance, and retained clinical imaging. Nine source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add myxoid-pleomorphic and pleomorphic MRI, myxoid histology, dedifferentiated molecular pathology, pleomorphic immunohistochemistry, retroperitoneal CT, pulmonary nodule staging, a resection specimen and postoperative surveillance CT.

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Tumour imaging: add Lodwick, periosteal and multimodality staging figures

The tumour-imaging page now carries 14 reviewed images across clinical imaging, Lodwick classification, periosteal reaction, matrix mineralisation, MRI staging and classic tumour appearances. Eleven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add modified Lodwick-Madewell patterns, radiograph/histology examples, periosteal reaction, osteosarcoma and Ewing staging, chondroid matrix, and MRI examples of chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, osteoid osteoma and osteochondroma alongside the retained Commons radiographs and ABCDS illustration.

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Ilizarov external fixation: add frame, bone-transport and safe-zone figures

The Ilizarov external fixation page now carries 10 reviewed images across overview, management, surgical management, deformity correction and bone transport, and postoperative care. Seven source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add tibial bone-transport sequences, Taylor Spatial Frame construction and wire tensioning, and proximal fibular safe-zone anatomy alongside the retained frame photograph, distraction schematic and external-fixation composite.

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Heterotopic ossification: add pathophysiology, imaging and excision figures

The heterotopic-ossification page now carries 13 reviewed images across pathophysiology, classification, investigations, management, surgical technique, complications, postoperative care, clinical imaging and outcomes. Ten source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add BMP-2 and neural-immune mechanisms, myositis ossificans MRI/ultrasound, recurrent hip and knee radiographs, iliofemoral CT planning, postoperative radiographs, and elbow CT and range-of-motion examples alongside the retained radiograph and teaching diagrams.

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Hip arthroscopy: add labral repair, complication and dysplasia figures

The hip-arthroscopy page now carries nine reviewed images across clinical imaging, surgical management, complications, special considerations and management. Six source-verified CC BY figures add arthroscopic labral assessment and repair, psoas-tunnel anchor perforation, postoperative heterotopic ossification, and combined periacetabular osteotomy/labral-repair radiography alongside the retained cam, fluoroscopy and decision-algorithm images.

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Acute compartment syndrome of the leg: add anatomy, fasciotomy and wound-care figures

The acute compartment syndrome of the leg page now carries 12 reviewed images across overview, anatomy, investigations, surgical technique, complications, postoperative care and outcomes. Nine source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add four-compartment anatomy, a fracture radiograph, an investigational ultrasound adjunct, two-incision fasciotomy, muscle viability and necrosis, staged closure, flap-coverage complication and six-month healing examples.

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Cervical myelopathy: add MRI, dynamic radiograph and decompression figures

The cervical myelopathy page now carries 17 reviewed images across pathophysiology, congenital canal stenosis, classification, investigations, management, anterior and posterior techniques, and outcomes. Fourteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add cord compression, Torg-Pavlov and K-line measurements, OPLL planning, ACDF follow-up and posterior decompression imaging.

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Adjacent segment disease: add biomechanics, imaging and revision figures

The adjacent segment disease page now carries 16 reviewed images across clinical imaging, pathophysiology, risk-factor classification, clinical assessment, investigations and surgical technique. Thirteen source-verified CC BY 3.0/4.0 or CC BY-SA 3.0 figures add dynamic instability, adjacent-level progression, facet protection, posterior-tension-band preservation, alignment correction and cervical revision examples.

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Achilles tendinopathy: add MRI, measurement and reconstruction figures

The Achilles tendinopathy page now carries 13 reviewed images across clinical imaging, clinical assessment, investigations and surgical technique. Ten source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add ultrasound-localisation and Thompson testing, mid-portion, insertional, paratendinopathy and bursal MRI, Haglund measurements, calcaneal reshaping and FHL-transfer fixation.

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ACDF: add anatomy, fusion, complication and alternative-procedure figures

The ACDF page now carries 15 reviewed images across clinical imaging, surgical anatomy, investigations, management, surgical technique, complications, postoperative care and outcomes. Twelve source-verified CC BY 4.0 or CC BY-SA 4.0 figures add vertebral-artery anatomy, level localisation, fusion and alignment assessment, airway and implant complications, adjacent-segment disease, and arthroplasty or hybrid-surgery comparisons.

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THA heterotopic ossification: add Brooker, CT and excision figures

The tha-heterotopic-ossification page now carries nine reviewed images across Brooker classification, investigations, management, excision technique and outcomes. Six source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add real classification radiographs, severe AP/CT ankylosis, mature long-term follow-up, high-grade implant examples and operative excision views alongside the retained radiograph and decision schematics.

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THA dislocation: add spinopelvic, repair and intraprosthetic-dislocation figures

The tha-complications-dislocation page now carries 13 reviewed images across pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigations, posterior soft-tissue repair, complications and prevention. Ten source-verified CC BY 4.0 or Open Access CC BY figures add spinopelvic measurements, navigation, anterior dislocation, posterior repair, intraprosthetic dislocation and offset restoration alongside the retained dislocated-THA radiograph and decision schematics.

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Shoulder arthroplasty complications: add revision, fracture and surveillance figures

The shoulder-arthroplasty-complications page now carries 18 reviewed images across pathophysiology, classification, clinical presentation, investigations, management, surgical technique, implant-specific complications, revision and outcomes. Sixteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add axillary-nerve anatomy, notching, periprosthetic fracture fixation, glenoid revision, infection spacer, CT planning and long-term radiographic follow-up; study charts and answer-spoiling candidates were rejected.

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Paediatric ACL injury: add maturity, MRI and reconstruction figures

The paediatric-acl-injury page now carries 19 reviewed images across clinical imaging, anatomy, classification, presentation, investigations, management and maturity-specific reconstruction technique. Sixteen source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add tibial-spine radiographs, Meyers–McKeever classification, ACL and meniscal MRI, open-physis reconstruction schematics and operative sequences alongside the existing maturity and assessment diagrams.

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Median nerve anatomy: add forearm, ultrasound and surgical-risk figures

The median-nerve-anatomy page now carries 11 reviewed figures across neurovascular anatomy, clinical assessment, investigations, carpal-tunnel technique and anatomical variants. Nine source-verified CC BY 2.0/4.0 images add labelled forearm and hand nerve maps, bifid-nerve and persistent-artery ultrasound, recurrent-branch anatomy and digital neurovascular relationships.

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Lumbosacral plexus anatomy: add trauma, MR neurography and nerve-localisation figures

The lumbosacral-plexus-anatomy page now carries 11 reviewed images across classification, surface anatomy, clinical assessment, differential diagnosis, investigations and surgical technique. Eight source-verified Public Domain or CC BY 2.0/4.0 figures add sacral-zone mapping, pelvic trauma, root decompression, lumbar-plexus MRI, LFCN ultrasound and sacral-plexus PET-CT; generic, low-context, duplicate and indecent candidates were rejected.

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Hip blood supply: add vascular, fracture and surgical-approach figures

The hip-blood-supply page now carries 11 reviewed images across neurovascular anatomy, Garden classification, dislocation assessment, osteonecrosis, surgical technique and prognosis. Eight source-verified public-domain or CC BY 3.0/4.0 figures add circumflex-artery anatomy, Garden I/II fractures, posterior dislocation, post-fracture osteonecrosis, Ganz exposure and long-term follow-up; unversioned-licence, off-topic and low-context candidates were rejected.

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HAGL lesions: add humeral-side anatomy and MRI examples

The HAGL lesions page now carries six reviewed images across pathophysiology and MRI interpretation. Three source-verified figures add the glenohumeral-ligament insertion model and paired anterior and posterior HAGL MR sequences; the J-sign schematic, Gray anatomy plate and Bankart/Hill-Sachs comparison radiograph were retained after review, while wrong-lesion, study-chart and unrelated candidates were rejected.

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Little League elbow: add ultrasound, examination and fracture-spectrum figures

The Little League elbow page now carries 14 reviewed images across classification, clinical presentation, investigations, lateral-compartment disease, management and complications. Five source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add medial epicondyle ultrasound morphology and measurements, dynamic stress assessment, structural abnormalities and the moving valgus stress test; existing fracture, OCD, fixation and entrapment figures were repositioned beside the decisions they teach.

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Paediatric forearm fractures: add fracture-pattern and fixation radiographs

The forearm-fractures-pediatric page now carries 12 reviewed images across clinical imaging, classification, investigations, cast quality, surgical technique, complications and Monteggia special considerations. Nine source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add both-bone ESIN, buckle/greenstick, serial displacement and refracture, cast-index measurement, ESIN fluoroscopy, medullary-canal planning and Monteggia radiographs; the staged rater-classification chart and wrong-anatomy candidates were rejected.

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Fat embolism syndrome: add cerebral, pulmonary and fixation figures

The fat-embolism-syndrome page now carries 12 reviewed images across clinical imaging, investigations, cerebral fat embolism and prevention. Nine source-verified CC BY 2.0 or CC BY 4.0 figures add starfield DWI, DWI/ADC correlation, CT-versus-MRI brain imaging, pulmonary CT and radiographs before and after tibial fixation; exposed-torso petechiae photographs, generic hip films, duplicates and unrelated retinal figures were rejected.

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Diabetic neuropathy: add Charcot, pressure and off-loading figures

The diabetic-neuropathy page now carries nine reviewed images across seven teaching sections. Six source-verified CC BY 2.0 or CC BY 4.0 figures add a protective-footwear comparator, acute-Charcot MRI and follow-up, a CRPS mimic, plantar-pressure analysis and a felt off-loading application; the three retained OrthoVellum/experimental assets were re-reviewed on sight and study charts, mixed nerve-biopsy panels and low-context wound candidates were rejected.

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Corrosion mechanisms: add taper, metallosis and imaging figures

The corrosion-mechanisms page now carries 14 reviewed images across eight teaching sections. Eleven source-verified PMC figures add radiographs, cross-sectional imaging, retrieval photographs, histology, taper contact, corrosion grading and operative cyst exposure; the three existing SEM and OrthoVellum schematic/algorithm assets were re-reviewed and retained.

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Chronic exertional compartment syndrome: add dynamic pressure and fasciotomy figures

The chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome page now carries nine reviewed images across clinical imaging, investigations, management and surgical technique. Six source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add dynamic pressure recovery, emerging elastography, limited-incision release steps and ultrasound nerve mapping; the three retained images were re-reviewed on sight.

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Cervical spondylosis: add dynamic, alignment and surgical imaging

The cervical-spondylosis page now carries 10 reviewed images across clinical imaging, vertebral-artery anatomy, investigations, surgical technique and postoperative care. Seven source-verified CC BY or CC BY-SA figures add dynamic radiographs, cervical MRI and alignment measurements, operative ACDF steps and postoperative implant review; off-topic DISH figures, a redundant preoperative montage and a mismatched download were rejected.

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Supinator anatomy: align nerve, safe-zone and surgical figures

The supinator-anatomy page now carries 12 reviewed images across clinical imaging, anatomy, surface imaging and proximal-radius surgical approaches. Three source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add supinator elevation, safe retractor placement and nerve-transfer donor anatomy; the 11 retained figures were re-reviewed on sight, PMC licences were re-resolved, and galleries, captions and manifest sections were aligned to the teaching sections.

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Pectoralis major rupture: add tear-pattern MRI teaching figures

The pectoralis-major-rupture page now carries seven reviewed images across anatomy, classification and investigations. Three source-verified CC BY 4.0 MRI figures add myotendinous, partial-width and complete humeral-avulsion patterns; the retained source licences were re-resolved, manifest paths were repaired, and the anatomy illustration was reduced to its safe anatomy-only panel.

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Ceramic bearings: add materials, fracture and revision teaching figures

The ceramic-bearing-surfaces page now carries 12 reviewed images across material science, bearing selection, investigations, management, surgical technique and complications. Nine source figures were verified as CC BY 4.0 against Europe PMC, including bearing classifications, ceramic head and liner fracture radiographs, the femoral neck-bite CT sign, retrieved fragments and revision components; the generic composites chart was rejected as off-topic.

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Tourniquet use: add application, device and documentation figures

The tourniquet-use page now carries nine reviewed images across equipment, safe application, complications, emergency haemorrhage control and global practice. Three source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add the application sequence, tourniquet-system comparison and operative-note proforma; the six retained assets were re-read on sight, their PMC licences were re-resolved, and manifest paths and credits were corrected.

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Paediatric tibial fractures: add pattern, alignment and fixation radiographs

The paediatric tibial-fractures page now carries 11 reviewed images across investigations, proximal-tibial remodelling, management, surgical technique, postoperative care and differential diagnosis. Eight source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures add proximal tibia-valga sequences, tibial-spine radiograph/CT and follow-up, arthroscopic preparation, ESIN healing and occult hyperextension patterns; all captions and credits were aligned to the visible teaching point.

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Seymour fracture: add clinical and serial radiographic teaching figures

The Seymour-fracture page now places two source-verified CC BY 4.0 case-report figures beside clinical presentation and investigations: a 14-year-old preoperative/postoperative/follow-up hand sequence and serial oblique, AP and lateral radiographs. Three previously reviewed OrthoVellum diagrams remain in the anatomy, management and operative sections; unversioned-licence candidates were rejected.

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Calcium homeostasis: re-verify metabolic-bone images and licences

The calcium-homeostasis page now carries 13 retained images beside its physiology, metabolic-bone, vitamin-D and emergency sections. Twelve third-party figures were re-resolved against Europe PMC as CC BY 2.0, CC BY 3.0 or CC BY 4.0; two unversioned-licence figures were withdrawn, and manifest paths, captions and credits were corrected.

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Needlestick and sharps injury: align glove and disposal figures

The needlestick page now places three reviewed images beside the blood-borne-virus risk, clinical-imaging and operating-theatre prevention sections: a first-party transmission-risk chart, a source-verified indicator-glove perforation figure and a source-verified overfilled sharps-container photograph. The two PMC figures were re-resolved as CC BY 4.0, captions and manifest paths were corrected, and no low-context study charts were added.

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The surgical sieve: align reasoning, Bayesian and bias figures

The surgical-sieve page now places four reviewed images beside the sections they teach: the category funnel, two Fagan nomograms for pre-test and post-test probability, and a clinical anchoring-bias pathway. PMC licences were re-resolved as CC BY 4.0, CC BY 2.0 and CC BY 4.0; captions, source paths and attribution were corrected, and no low-context study charts were added.

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Revision total knee arthroplasty: add loosening, reconstruction and complication figures

The revision-TKA page now places 10 reviewed images beside classification, investigations, surgical technique, two-stage infection revision and complications: AORI and constraint schematics plus source-verified radiographs of tibial subsidence/loosening, component alignment, antibiotic spacer treatment and periprosthetic distal-femur fracture fixation, with an intraoperative tracker-pin exposure. All seven new PMC figures were re-resolved as CC BY 4.0; captions and visible anatomy were checked, and no identifying patient material was retained.

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Paediatric Monteggia fractures: add bow-sign, reduction and reconstruction figures

The paediatric Monteggia page now places 13 reviewed images beside its investigations, management, chronic reconstruction, complications and surgical-technique sections: real radiographs for plastic ulnar deformation and the Støeren line, serial closed-reduction follow-up, chronic CT/MRI, treatment flowchart, operative exposure, fixation and fluoroscopy. The ten new PMC figures were source-verified as CC BY 4.0; captions were checked against the visible anatomy and no identifying patient material was retained.

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Lumbar microdiscectomy: add concordant MRI and operative anatomy

The lumbar-microdiscectomy page now places 12 reviewed images across its investigations, clinical-imaging and surgical-technique sections: concordant L4–L5 and L5–S1 MRI, postoperative decompression, multilevel planning, labelled nerve-root anatomy, endoscopic operative sequences, fluoroscopic setup and retrieved disc fragments. PMC licences were re-resolved as CC BY 4.0; stenosis-only, duplicate, low-context and study-outcome candidates were rejected.

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Lumbar laminectomy: add dynamic instability and canal-measurement figures

The lumbar-laminectomy page now places four reviewed figures beside its investigations and clinical-imaging sections: flexion-extension radiographs with sagittal MRI for dynamic stability, axial CT for transverse osseous canal diameter, sagittal MRI for anteroposterior canal diameter and axial MRI for ligamentous interfacet distance. PMC licences were re-resolved as CC BY 4.0 or CC BY 2.0; unrelated, duplicate, low-context and restricted candidates were rejected.

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Teriparatide: align vertebral, atypical-fracture and DXA figures with the teaching points

The teriparatide page now carries 13 reviewed images across its mechanism, clinical imaging, indications, fracture-healing and safety sections: vertebral measurement and compression radiographs, MRI, DXA, atypical-femoral-fracture imaging, healing series and a forearm region-of-interest schematic. PMC licences were re-resolved as CC BY 2.0 or CC BY 4.0; captions were corrected to describe visible measurements and alignment rather than unshown scores or implant failure.

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Flexible paediatric flatfoot: expand examination, imaging and reconstruction

The flexible-flatfoot page now adds a fellowship-level examination sequence, measurement and cross-sectional imaging guidance, a symptom-led management ladder, deformity-specific Evans, medial-slide and Cotton technique detail, and conditional equinus correction. Four original teaching schematics, four source-verified accessory-navicular clinical/radiographic figures and three source-verified coalition radiographs/CT figures sit beside the sections they teach; licences, captions and visual relevance were checked before publication.

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Bone morphogenetic proteins: add fracture-callus and carrier figures

The BMP page now places five reviewed figures beside its signalling, investigation, clinical-application and management sections: a source-verified osteoclastogenesis diagram, Smad pathway schematic, rhBMP-2 decision algorithm, BMP-2 fracture-callus immunohistochemistry and BMP-2 carrier radiographs. Captions label the animal studies as preclinical rather than clinical efficacy; unrelated chitosan scaffold figures were rejected.

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Diabetic foot: add classification, osteomyelitis and gangrene images

The diabetic-foot page now places seven reviewed images beside clinical imaging, classification, investigations, infection management and amputation sections: a Charcot radiograph, neuropathic-ulcer photograph, Wagner-Armstrong chart, calcaneal osteomyelitis MRI/radiograph, soft-tissue-gas radiograph, necrotic forefoot photograph and management algorithm. Licences and captions were checked against the PMC and Wikimedia records; study outcome charts and duplicate clinical photographs were rejected.

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Radial longitudinal deficiency: add centralisation and follow-up figures

The radial longitudinal deficiency page now places two CC BY 2.0 clinical and radiographic figure panels from Indian Journal of Orthopaedics beside Wrist Reconstruction and Follow-Up and Counselling. The panels show the displaced superficial median nerve during centralisation, immediate correction and maintained one-year alignment; exposed paediatric, unrelated and traumatic candidates were rejected.

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Pulmonary embolism: add risk-stratification and intervention imaging

The pulmonary-embolism page now places seven source-verified clinical images beside the diagnostic, investigation, risk-stratification, intervention and complication sections: high- and non-high-risk diagnostic algorithms, bilateral emboli on CT, a risk-adjusted management pathway, extracted thrombus after catheter thrombectomy, a pulmonary-artery filling defect and pulmonary infarction. Duplicate, off-topic, low-quality and unversioned-licence candidates were rejected.

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Growth factors in bone healing: add cytokine, VEGF and BMP teaching figures

The growth-factor page now places three source-verified CC BY 4.0 figures beside the cytokine, VEGF and therapeutic-use sections: early T-cell/IL-17F fracture biology, reduced VEGF signalling in fracture callus and a clearly labelled preclinical BMP2 bone-defect radiograph. Unversioned, non-commercial, near-duplicate and off-topic candidates were rejected.

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Screw biomechanics: add cannulated fixation radiographs

The screw biomechanics page now places a verified CC BY 4.0 patellar cannulated-screw series beside the cannulation section and a CC BY 3.0 anterior-column acetabular screw radiograph beside the clinical applications section. Both images have source-checked licences, teaching-focused captions and explicit alt text.

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Hip joint biomechanics: add force, moment-arm and trabecular teaching images

The hip biomechanics topic now places its verified force-analysis radiograph, VIMS modelling figure, abductor moment-arm diagram and proximal-femur trabecular radiograph beside the sections they teach. Creative Commons records and captions were corrected against the source articles; unrelated and low-quality candidates were rejected.

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Loose body in the knee: clarify radiograph and MRI mimics

The loose-body page now uses an explicitly licensed CC BY 2.0 normal knee radiograph and adds a CC BY 4.0 MRI composite showing lipoma arborescens as a non-calcified mimic. An unversioned arthroscopy image and unrelated elbow/surgical candidates were removed rather than published with weak provenance or misleading anatomy.

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Bone tumour radiograph: add CT and MRI investigation examples

The bone tumour radiograph page retains its verified orthogonal shoulder radiographs with explicit CC BY 3.0 PMC records and adds a clean CT/MRI pair to the Next Investigation section. The new panels demonstrate subchondral detail, marrow extent and articular-surface involvement without adding an unverified or misleading scan.

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Curly toes: syndromic clinical example added

A source-verified CC BY 2.0 close-up now anchors the clinical-assessment section, showing the flexion-and-varus pattern while reminding readers to investigate atypical neurological, skin or skeletal findings.

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Anterior vertebral beaking: verify dysostosis multiplex radiographs

The anterior vertebral beaking page retains its visually verified Hurler dysostosis-multiplex and attenuated MPS I cervical radiographs, with explicit PMC licence records (CC BY 4.0 and CC BY 2.0). Targeted searches for Morquio, achondroplasia, hypothyroidism, pseudoachondroplasia and limbus-vertebra images found no additional licence-clean candidates, so no misleading radiograph was added.

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Superficial peroneal nerve: add fasciotomy anatomy sequence

The superficial peroneal nerve anatomy page now places its verified compartment plates in the Overview and adds a CC BY 2.0 cross-sectional fasciotomy sequence to Clinical Relevance. The retained images are captioned to match the nerve course, compartment variation and operative injury risks; study-outcome charts were excluded.

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Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: clarify staging and treatment teaching

The posterior tibial tendon dysfunction page retains its visually verified Johnson-Strom staging and stage-driven management illustrations. Image metadata now maps each illustration to the exact teaching section; targeted searches found no licence-clean PTTD MRI, ultrasound or pathological weight-bearing radiograph, so no misleading scan was added.

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Fibrous dysplasia: add verified clival and craniofacial CT montages

The fibrous-dysplasia page adds two CC BY-SA 4.0 CT montages: clival ground-glass disease and extensive craniofacial involvement. A watermarked punched-out lytic-lesion radiograph was rejected as the wrong diagnosis; no fabricated scans were retained.

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Haglund syndrome: retain verified teaching diagrams

The Haglund syndrome page retains its verified anatomy and radiographic-measurement diagrams. Targeted searches found no licence-clean lateral radiograph, MRI, ultrasound or retrocalcaneal-bursitis figure; no fabricated scan was added.

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Ischiofemoral impingement: retain verified MRI and anatomy diagram

The ischiofemoral-impingement page retains its verified axial MRI showing quadratus femoris oedema and its anatomy/clinical-sign diagram. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean MRI, radiograph, ultrasound or operative-planning figure.

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Levels of evidence: retain the verified pyramid and forest plot

The levels-of-evidence page retains its evidence pyramid and CC BY 4.0 hypertrophy forest plot. Six staged forest plots were visually reviewed and rejected as off-topic or redundant; no new image was embedded.

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Posterior vertebral apophyseal ring fracture: retain verified imaging

The posterior apophyseal ring-fracture page retains its verified limbus-vertebra MRI/radiograph montage and cropped mechanism illustration. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean CT, MRI, radiograph or operative-planning figure.

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Marjolin ulcer: retain verified clinical photograph and illustration

The Marjolin-ulcer page retains its verified de-identified scalp photograph and cropped clinical illustration. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean chronic-wound photograph, histology or staging figure; no fabricated scan was added.

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Metal-on-metal hip complications: retain verified schematics

The metal-on-metal hip-complications page retains its verified ARMD pathophysiology and cup-edge-loading schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean MARS MRI, metallosis radiograph, pseudotumour image or revision figure; no fabricated scan was added.

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Mucopolysaccharidoses: retain verified paddle-rib radiograph and algorithm

The mucopolysaccharidoses page retains its CC BY paddle-rib radiograph and verified management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean dysostosis-multiplex, Morquio cervical-spine, odontoid or hand radiograph; no patient photographs or fabricated scans were added.

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Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia: retain verified radiograph and illustration

The multiple-epiphyseal-dysplasia page retains its CC BY-SA radiograph montage and cropped epiphyseal-anatomy illustration. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean hip, knee, ankle or genetic-pathology radiograph; no fabricated scan was added.

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OPLL: retain verified cervical and thoracic CT images

The OPLL page retains its verified cervical sagittal and thoracic axial/sagittal CT images. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean double-layer-sign CT, MRI cord-compression, K-line radiograph or operative figure; no fabricated scan was added.

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Peroneal tendon tears: add a verified reconstruction photograph

The peroneal-tendon-tears page adds one CC BY-SA 4.0 operative photograph to the surgical-technique section. The image shows a real lateral-ankle reconstruction field without identifying information; the existing anatomy diagram and management algorithm were retained.

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Congenital knee dislocation: retain verified classification schematics

The congenital-knee-dislocation page retains its verified pathoanatomy and Tarek-grade schematics. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean newborn radiograph, clinical or serial-casting photograph, classification figure or quadricepsplasty image; the fabricated radiograph remains excluded and no fabricated scan or patient photograph was added.

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CT imaging principles: retain verified physics schematics

The CT-imaging-principles page retains its verified CT-acquisition and Hounsfield-unit schematics. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean fracture, window/level, metal-artefact, dose, dual-energy or weight-bearing CT teaching image; previously rejected off-topic/low-value candidates remain excluded and no fabricated scan was added.

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Lumbar instability: retain verified imaging and algorithm

The lumbar-instability page retains its verified degenerative-spondylolisthesis CT/radiograph composite and management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean dynamic radiograph, neutral-zone/Panjabi diagram, facet-effusion MRI, pars CT, fluoroscopy or fusion-alignment image; no fabricated scan was added.

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MRI imaging principles: retain verified sequence visuals

The MRI-imaging-principles page retains its verified CC BY STIR MRI and original T1/T2/STIR signal chart. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean sequence, relaxation-physics, k-space, artefact, gadolinium, cartilage/ligament or marrow-oedema image; rejected off-topic material remains excluded and no fabricated scan was added.

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Popliteal artery entrapment: retain verified vascular images

The PAES page retains its verified CC BY-SA angiogram and original popliteal-fossa anatomy diagram. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean dynamic CTA/MRA, duplex, Love-Whelan classification, surgical-release or thrombosis/bypass image; no fabricated scan was added.

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Adductor brevis anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The adductor-brevis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain medial-thigh anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean obturator-nerve, medial-hip-approach, MCFA, profunda-perforator or ultrasound teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Coccydynia: retain verified coccyx imaging

The coccydynia page retains its verified Postacchini coccyx-morphology schematic and CC BY-SA coccyx radiograph. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean dynamic radiograph, sacrococcygeal anatomy, ganglion-impar, coccygectomy, injection-fluoroscopy or chordoma-differential image; the previously rejected fabricated scan remains excluded.

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Deltoid anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The deltoid page retains its verified CC BY-SA deltoid anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean axillary-nerve safe-zone, deltoid-split, deltopectoral, reverse-arthroplasty tensioning, muscle-flap or nerve-palsy teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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ERAS protocols: retain verified perioperative diagrams

The ERAS page retains its verified pathway algorithm and opioid-sparing multimodal-analgesia infographic. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean ERAS pathway, early-mobilisation, carbohydrate-loading, TXA, analgesia or discharge-criteria teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Flexor carpi radialis anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The FCR anatomy page retains its verified public-domain FCR anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean FCR tunnel, volar distal-radius/scaphoid approach, palmar-cutaneous nerve, radial-artery, LRTI harvest or tendinopathy-ultrasound teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Flexor digitorum longus anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The FDL anatomy page retains its verified CC BY/CC BY-SA FDL anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean knot-of-Henry, FDL-transfer, tarsal-tunnel, quadratus-plantae, lumbrical, claw-toe or flexor-tenotomy teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Flexor digitorum superficialis anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The FDS anatomy page retains its verified public-domain FDS anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean Camper-chiasm, FDS-arcade, zone-II pulley, vinculum, independent-digit, FDS-slip harvest or tendon-repair teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Flexor pollicis longus anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The FPL anatomy page retains its verified public-domain FPL anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean anterior-interosseous-nerve, FPL-rupture, volar-plate, thumb-pulley, Linburg-Comstock, Mannerfelt-lesion or tendon-repair teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Latissimus dorsi anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The latissimus dorsi anatomy page retains its verified public-domain and CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean thoracodorsal-pedicle, latissimus-transfer, humeral-insertion, nerve, flap, birth-palsy or radial-nerve-harvest teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Lumbrical muscles: retain verified anatomy plates

The lumbrical muscles page retains its verified CC BY and CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean lumbrical-plus, quadriga, lumbrical-canal, deep-transverse-metacarpal-ligament, intrinsic-plus or dual-innervation teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Palmaris longus anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The palmaris longus anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA and public-domain anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean tendon-graft harvest, median-nerve relation, carpal-tunnel incision, agenesis test, Camitz opponensplasty, palmaris profundus or ultrasound teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Pectoralis major anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The pectoralis major anatomy page retains its verified CC BY and public-domain anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean bilaminar rupture, repair footprint, pectoral-nerve, thoracoacromial-pedicle, subscapularis-transfer, musculocutaneous-nerve, Poland-syndrome or flap teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Pectoralis minor anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The pectoralis minor anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA and public-domain anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean coracoid-insertion, axillary-artery, pectoralis-minor-syndrome, scapular-dyskinesis, Latarjet-release, medial-pectoral-nerve or aberrant-insertion teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Peroneus longus anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The peroneus longus anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean cuboid-tunnel, os-peroneum, Coleman-block, cavovarus, superficial-peroneal-nerve, tendon-subluxation or peroneus-longus-to-brevis teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Popliteus anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The popliteus anatomy page retains its verified public-domain and CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean posterolateral-corner, popliteofibular-ligament, popliteal-hiatus, dial-test, reconstruction or arthroplasty-impingement teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Pronator quadratus anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The pronator quadratus anatomy page retains its verified public-domain anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean deep/superficial-head, anterior-interosseous-nerve, volar-Henry, Soong/watershed-line, pronator-quadratus-repair or DRUJ-biomechanics teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Pronator teres anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The pronator teres anatomy page retains its verified public-domain anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean two-head/median-nerve, pronator-syndrome, tendon-transfer, Henry-approach, ligament-of-Struthers, radial-bow or provocative-test teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Proteoglycans and collagen: add verified cartilage matrix images

The proteoglycans and collagen page now includes a CC0 cartilage-zone histology image and a CC BY-SA 4.0 cartilage extracellular-matrix schematic, alongside its previously verified molecular illustrations. The new images add real cartilage context without fabricated scans or PHI.

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Quadratus femoris anatomy: retain verified surgical plates

The quadratus femoris anatomy page retains its verified public-domain and CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean medial-circumflex-femoral-artery, short-external-rotator, ischiofemoral-impingement MRI, space-measurement, posterior-repair or nerve/articular-branch teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Radiation safety: retain verified theatre schematics

The radiation safety page retains its verified OrthoVellum radiation-protection and double-badge schematics. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean fluoroscopy-scatter, inverse-square-law, ALARA, protective-equipment, dosimetry, radiobiology or dose-limit teaching image; off-topic sterile-field photography remains excluded and no fabricated scan was added.

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Serratus anterior: retain verified anatomy plates

The serratus anterior page retains its verified CC BY-SA anatomy plates. A targeted search found one additional CC BY-SA 4.0 scapular-winging photograph, but it was rejected and deleted because it showed an exposed patient torso/back; no fabricated or unsafe image was added.

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Soleus anatomy: retain verified plates

The soleus anatomy page retains its verified public-domain and CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean soleal-arch entrapment, soleus-flap, venous-sinus, Silfverskiold or popliteal-artery teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Teres major anatomy: retain verified plates

The teres major anatomy page retains its verified public-domain and CC BY-SA anatomy plates. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean teres-major insertion, named-space, lower-subscapular-nerve, radial-nerve or transfer teaching image; no fabricated image was added.

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Tibialis anterior: remove mismatched anatomy plate

The tibialis-anterior page now retains only its verified tibialis-anterior plate. A pre-existing tibialis-posterior plate with an incorrect caption was removed from the page and deleted; targeted replacement searches found no additional licence-clean teaching image, so no fabricated image was added.

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Tibialis posterior: add verified insertion map

The tibialis-posterior page retains its verified retromalleolar dissection and posterior-compartment plate and now adds a public-domain plantar attachment map showing the navicular and midfoot slips. The candidate was visually reviewed; no fabricated or unsafe image was added.

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Vastus intermedius: retain verified anatomy plates

The vastus-intermedius page retains its verified tensor reconstruction and public-domain origin/insertion plate. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean layered quadriceps tendon, articularis genu, suprapatellar pouch, quadricepsplasty or graft-harvest image; no fabricated or unsafe image was added.

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Arthrography techniques: retain verified CT arthrograms

The arthrography-techniques page retains its two verified Hellerhoff CC BY-SA 4.0 CT arthrography studies showing elbow injection technique/result and a knee cartilage defect. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean direct MR arthrography, shoulder labral, glenoid bone-loss, wrist contrast-flow or hip labral image; no fabricated or unsafe image was added.

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Four-corner fusion: retain verified surgical diagrams

The four-corner-fusion page retains its verified SLAC staging and surgical-anatomy diagrams, with captions clarified to identify the overview and operative teaching points. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean four-corner fusion, SLAC/SNAC radiograph or fixation image; no fabricated scan or unsafe image was added.

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Hand replantation: remove unsafe repair-sequence diagram

The hand-replantation page retains its verified Wikimedia clinical photograph of a viable replanted finger and removes a generated repair diagram whose prominent flexor-before-extensor sequence contradicted the page BEFANV teaching. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean replantation anatomy, operative, radiographic or monitoring image.

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Bending moment distribution: retain verified mechanics diagrams

The bending-moment-distribution page retains its verified CC BY-SA beam mechanics diagram and original neutral-axis/tension-band biomechanics schematic. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean working-length, plate-bending, section-modulus or implant-fatigue figure; no fabricated scan or irrelevant chart was added.

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Type I and Type II errors: retain verified statistical schematics

The type-I-ii-errors page retains its verified Type I/II decision matrix and alpha-beta-power distribution schematic. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean error matrix, power, multiple-comparison or clinical-decision teaching figure; no fabricated scan or irrelevant chart was added.

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Remplissage: retain verified technique and bipolar bone-loss images

The remplissage page retains its verified remplissage anatomy/engagement illustration and CC0 Hill-Sachs/Bankart radiograph. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean MRI, arthroscopy photograph, bipolar-bone-loss radiograph or infraspinatus-tenodesis technique image; fabricated imaging remains excluded and no fabricated scan was added.

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Tumoral calcinosis: retain verified anatomy and hand radiograph

The tumoral-calcinosis page retains its verified periarticular anatomy/mechanism illustration and real CC BY-SA hand radiograph. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean hip/shoulder radiograph, CT, MRI or periarticular-calcification image; fabricated imaging panels remain excluded and no fabricated scan was added.

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Sternoclavicular dislocation: retain verified anatomy and CT images

The sternoclavicular-dislocation page retains its verified anatomy/mediastinal-risk illustration and real CC BY-SA axial CT. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean CT, radiograph, reconstruction photograph or anatomy image; the fabricated CT inset remains excluded and no fabricated scan was added.

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Sagittal balance parameters: add a verified SVA measurement composite

The sagittal-balance-parameters page adds one CC0 Wikimedia educational composite showing C7/S1 reference points and the millimetre sagittal vertical axis measurement. Existing verified spinopelvic-parameter and management-algorithm illustrations were retained; no fabricated scan was added.

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Paget sarcoma: retain verified Paget imaging and transformation schematic

The Paget-sarcoma page retains its verified pagetic-femur radiograph/bone-scan composite and sarcomatous-transformation schematic. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean sarcoma radiograph, MRI, histology or pelvic osteosarcoma image; fabricated scans remain excluded and no fabricated scan was added.

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P-values and confidence intervals: retain verified teaching schematics

The p-values-confidence-intervals page retains its verified p-value/CI and absolute-versus-relative-effect schematics. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean forest-plot, NNT or medical-statistics teaching image; no fabricated scan was added.

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PROMs: retain verified taxonomy and MCID diagrams

The outcome-measures-proms page retains its verified outcome-measure taxonomy and MCID conceptual diagrams. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean PROM questionnaire, MCID, WOMAC/DASH/SF-36 or patient-reported-outcome infographic; no fabricated scan was added.

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Capitellar OCD: retain verified anatomy and staging schematics

The capitellar OCD page retains its verified radiocapitellar anatomy/mechanism and stage I-III schematics. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean capitellar MRI, radiograph, arthroscopy photograph or Panner-disease radiograph; fabricated imaging panels remain excluded and no fabricated scan was added.

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Metatarsalgia: retain verified pathomechanics and management images

The metatarsalgia page retains its verified metatarsal-head overload/pad-placement diagram and management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean weight-bearing radiograph, plantar-plate MRI, Weil-osteotomy photograph or metatarsal-pad image; no fabricated scan was added.

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EPL rupture: retain verified anatomy and retropulsion illustration

The extensor-pollicis-longus-rupture page retains its verified EPL anatomy/rupture illustration and representative retropulsion clinical illustration. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean MRI, Lister-tubercle radiograph, EIP-to-EPL transfer photograph or retropulsion-test image; no fabricated scan was added.

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Cyclops lesion: retain verified MRI and ACL anatomy illustration

The cyclops-lesion page retains its verified ACL/cyclops anatomy illustration and genuine sagittal knee MRI. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean cyclops MRI, arthroscopy photograph, radiograph or excision image; no fabricated scan was added.

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Contrast safety: retain verified NSF photographs and reaction algorithm

The contrast-agents-safety page retains its verified NSF clinical photographs and acute contrast-reaction management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean contrast-extravasation, acute-reaction, nephrotoxicity or gadolinium-safety image; no fabricated scan was added.

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Bristow-Latarjet: retain verified radiograph and technique illustration

The Bristow-Latarjet page retains its verified postoperative coracoid-transfer radiograph and labelled technique illustration. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean operative photograph, CT/radiograph, surgical-technique or glenoid-bone-loss diagram; no fabricated scan was added.

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Blood management: retain verified blood-bag illustration and PBM algorithm

The blood-management-strategies page retains its verified labelled blood-bag illustration and patient-blood-management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean cell-salvage, TXA, massive-transfusion or transfusion-safety image; no fabricated scan was added.

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Paediatric trigger thumb: retain verified anatomy and algorithm

The paediatric trigger-thumb page retains its verified thumb-specific pathoanatomy diagram and age-stratified management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean paediatric radiograph, clinical photograph, ultrasound or operative image; no patient photograph or fabricated scan was added.

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TKA periprosthetic fractures: retain verified classification and nailing images

The TKA-periprosthetic-fractures page retains its verified Lewis-Rorabeck schematic and genuine retrograde-nailing radiograph series. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean distal-femur, tibial, patellar or distal-femoral-replacement fracture image; no fabricated scan was added.

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Thoracic disc herniation: retain verified anatomy and algorithm

The thoracic-disc-herniation page retains its verified disc-cord anatomy illustration and management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean thoracic-disc MRI, CT, radiograph or operative image; no fabricated scan was added.

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THA aseptic loosening: reject duplicate radiograph candidate

The aseptic-loosening page retains its verified Gruen/DeLee-Charnley zone diagram and radiograph. The only staged licence-clean candidate was byte-identical to the embedded radiograph and was removed as a duplicate; no additional image or fabricated scan was added.

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Tenosynovial giant cell tumour: retain verified histology and overview

The TGCT page retains its verified H&E histology micrograph and labelled TGCT overview illustration. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean PVNS MRI, radiograph, ultrasound or synovectomy image; no fabricated scan was added.

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Revision shoulder arthroplasty: retain verified construct radiograph and algorithm

The revision-shoulder-arthroplasty page retains its verified reverse-TSA radiograph and management algorithm. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean revision-specific glenoid-bone-loss CT, failed-implant radiograph or operative image; no fabricated scan was added.

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Plantar fibromatosis: retain verified clinical images

The plantar-fibromatosis page retains its verified plantar-fascia anatomy illustration and real CC BY-SA 3.0 plantar-nodule photograph. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean Ledderhose photograph, ultrasound, MRI or operative image; no fabricated scan was added.

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Cervical facet dislocations: retain the verified classification diagrams

The facet-dislocations page retains its verified public-domain unilateral facet diagram and perched-versus-locked schematic. Targeted searches found no licence-clean subaxial cervical facet-dislocation radiograph, CT or MRI; no new image was embedded.

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Crush syndrome: add a verified fasciotomy exposure photograph

The crush-syndrome page retains its pathophysiology and management diagrams and adds one CC0 operative fasciotomy photograph to the lower-leg technique section. The image is explicitly presented as a compartment-syndrome teaching photograph, not a crush-specific case; seven other staged candidates were rejected after visual review.

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Brodie abscess: retain the verified radiograph and STIR MRI pair

The Brodie-abscess page retains its verified distal-tibial radiograph and STIR MRI. The staged radiograph was byte-identical to the embedded image; targeted searches found no additional licence-clean penumbra-sign MRI, CT, histology or operative image.

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Long-head biceps pathology: retain the verified anatomy and treatment schematic

The biceps-tendon-pathology page retains its verified anatomy and management schematic. Targeted searches found no licence-clean long-head biceps MRI, MR arthrogram, ultrasound or tenodesis imaging; no new image was embedded.

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Baxter neuropathy: retain the verified neuroanatomy and pathology diagrams

The Baxter-neuropathy page retains its verified neuroanatomy and pathology schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean Baxter neuropathy MRI, ultrasound or denervation imaging; no new image was embedded.

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Basilar invagination: retain the verified MRI and McRae-line CT

The basilar-invagination page retains its verified sagittal MRI and McRae-line CT. Targeted searches found no additional licence-clean MRI, CT, radiograph or operative-planning figure; no new image was embedded.

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Trapezium fractures: retain the verified pattern diagrams

The trapezium-fractures page retains its verified anatomy/fracture-pattern and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean trapezium body or ridge fracture radiograph/CT; no new image was embedded.

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Tranexamic acid use: retain the verified mechanism and management diagrams

The tranexamic-acid-use page retains its verified mechanism and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean TXA mechanism, CRASH-2 infographic or orthopaedic blood-loss evidence figure; no new image was embedded.

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Total elbow arthroplasty: retain the verified implant set

The total-elbow-arthroplasty page retains its verified CC BY-SA linked implant photograph and AP/lateral arthroplasty radiographs. Targeted searches found no licence-clean loosening or periprosthetic-fracture radiograph, ulnar-nerve anatomy diagram or approach image; no new image was embedded.

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Syringomyelia: retain the verified sagittal and axial MRI pair

The syringomyelia page retains its verified CC BY sagittal and CC BY-SA axial syrinx MRIs. Targeted searches found no licence-clean Chiari-associated, post-traumatic or syrinx-associated scoliosis MRI, and no Charcot-shoulder radiograph; no new image was embedded.

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Synovial sarcoma: retain the verified histology and management set

The synovial-sarcoma page retains its verified CC BY-SA monophasic H&E micrograph and management schematic. Targeted searches found no licence-clean synovial-sarcoma MRI, calcification radiograph/CT, biphasic histology or lung-metastasis imaging candidate; no new image was embedded.

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Sternoclavicular joint injuries: retain the verified emergency diagrams

The sternoclavicular-joint-injuries page retains its verified anterior-versus-posterior direction and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean posterior dislocation CT, serendipity-view radiograph or medial clavicular physeal-fracture image; no new image was embedded.

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Proximal junctional kyphosis: add verified clinical CT examples

The proximal-junctional-kyphosis page now includes three CC BY clinical imaging figures showing postoperative proximal junctional kyphosis progression and upper-construct implant failure. The existing PJA measurement and management schematics remain; one isolated screw-loosening candidate was rejected as less direct.

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Primary bone tumours of the spine: retain the verified staging set

The primary-bone-tumors-spine page retains its verified WBB staging and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean chordoma MRI, spinal chondrosarcoma CT, primary spinal osteosarcoma radiograph or Ewing-sarcoma spine image; no new image was embedded.

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Plain radiography principles: retain the verified physics set

The plain-radiography-principles page retains its verified X-ray tube schematic and radiation-dose comparison. Targeted searches found no licence-clean radiographic-density, projection-geometry, scatter-grid or systematic-interpretation teaching image; no new image was embedded.

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Periosteal osteosarcoma: remove a metastasis image and retain verified MRI

The periosteal-osteosarcoma page now retains only the verified periosteal osteosarcoma MRI. A previously embedded distal-humeral metastasis from gallbladder small-cell carcinoma and three Nora-lesion candidates were rejected after source and visual review.

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Muscle injury and healing: retain the verified teaching set

The muscle-injury-healing page retains its verified healing-phase and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean clinical muscle-strain MRI, ultrasound, contusion radiograph or regeneration figure; no new image was embedded.

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Metabolic bone disease imaging: add a verified Looser zone radiograph

The metabolic-bone-imaging page now includes a licence-clean tibia and fibula radiograph demonstrating a distal tibial Looser zone in severe osteomalacia. Four unrelated staged candidates were rejected after visual and source review.

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Malunion and nonunion: add verified clinical radiographs

The malunion-delayed-union page now includes three licence-clean clinical figures: medial femoral condyle nonunion radiographs with CT, pelvic sacral and pubic-ramus nonunion imaging, and a distal tibial delayed-union sequence. Off-topic candidates were rejected after visual review.

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Lunate fractures: retain the verified teaching set

The lunate-fractures page retains its verified blood-supply and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean lunate fracture radiograph, CT, fracture-dislocation radiograph or MRI image; no new image was embedded.

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Coronoid fractures: retain the verified teaching set

The coronoid-fractures page retains its verified Regan-Morrey classification and management schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean coronoid fracture CT, fracture-dislocation radiograph or fixation image; no new image was embedded.

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Total ankle arthroplasty: retain the verified implant set

The total-ankle-arthroplasty page retains its verified implant-design and management schematics. Targeted searches staged four off-topic ankle CT/specimen-methodology figures and one total-knee HKA radiograph; all were rejected after visual review and no new image was embedded.

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Adult spinal deformity: retain the verified reconstruction radiographs

The adult-spinal-deformity page retains its two verified full-length pre/post reconstruction radiographs. Targeted searches found no licence-clean alignment, pelvic-parameter, pedicle-subtraction osteotomy or proximal-junctional-kyphosis candidate; no new image was embedded.

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Ulnar tunnel syndrome: retain the verified Guyon's canal set

The ulnar-tunnel-syndrome-guyons-canal page retains its verified Guyon's canal anatomy diagram and management algorithm. Targeted searches found no licence-clean canal anatomy, hook-of-hamate CT, ultrasound or surgical-anatomy image; no new image was embedded.

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THA neurovascular injury: retain the verified prevention set

The THA-neurovascular-injury page retains its verified two-track management algorithm and Wasielewski acetabular screw safe-zone diagram. Targeted searches found no licence-clean nerve-injury, vascular-complication, screw or hip-neurovascular image; no new image was embedded.

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THA leg-length discrepancy: add a verified measurement radiograph

The THA leg-length-discrepancy page now includes a genuine Wikimedia Commons CC0 annotated AP pelvic radiograph showing acetabular teardrop, transischial and lesser-trochanter reference landmarks, alongside the existing measurement diagram and management algorithm.

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Statistical power and sample size: retain the verified schematics

The statistical-power-sample-size page retains its verified power-distribution and trial-design confidence-interval schematics. Targeted searches found no licence-clean external statistical-power or sample-size diagram; no new image was embedded.

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Scapholunate dissociation: retain the verified imaging set

The scapholunate-dissociation page retains its verified multimodality diagnostic image and management algorithm. Targeted searches found no licence-clean stress radiograph, arthroscopy, Watson-test or SLAC-wrist candidate; no new image was embedded.

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Osgood-Schlatter disease: add a verified lateral radiograph

The Osgood-Schlatter page now includes a genuine Wikimedia Commons lateral knee radiograph showing tibial-tubercle apophyseal fragmentation and a small ossicle, alongside the existing verified radiograph and traction-apophysitis schematic.

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Navicular stress fracture: retain the verified classification diagrams

The navicular-stress-fracture page retains its verified anatomy/mechanism and Saxena classification diagrams. A targeted search found no licence-clean tarsal MRI, Saxena CT, athlete radiograph or screw-fixation image; no new image was embedded.

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Navicular fractures: retain the verified CT and management algorithm

The navicular-fractures page retains its verified navicular-body CT and management algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean navicular radiograph, stress-fracture MRI, Sangeorzan CT or avulsion image; no new image was embedded.

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Medial tibial stress syndrome: retain the verified MRI and algorithm

The MTSS page retains its verified coronal STIR MRI and management algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean MTSS MRI, Fredericson-grade, tibial-stress-radiograph or ultrasound image; no new image was embedded.

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Lateral compression pelvic injuries: retain the verified force diagram

The lateral-compression page retains its verified pelvic-force diagram and LC management algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean LC pelvic-ring radiograph, Young-Burgess CT, crescent-fracture or LC-III image; no new image was embedded.

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Adult forearm shaft fracture: retain the verified ORIF schematics

The adult forearm-fracture page retains its verified two-bone anatomy and ORIF-plating schematics. A targeted search found no licence-clean adult forearm radiograph, plated radius-ulna fracture, radial-bow or surgical-approach image; no new image was embedded.

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Chondromyxoid fibroma: retain the verified staging and management diagrams

The chondromyxoid-fibroma page retains its verified Enneking staging schematic and CMF management algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean CMF radiograph, MRI, lobular-histology or curettage-follow-up image; no new image was embedded.

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Tumour biopsy principles: retain the verified tract diagrams

The biopsy-principles page retains its verified tract-placement diagram and biopsy algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean image-guided core-biopsy, biopsy-tract radiograph, CT-guided bone-biopsy or sarcoma-biopsy image; no new image was embedded.

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Turf toe: retain the verified plantar-plate diagrams

The turf-toe page retains its verified plantar-plate mechanism diagram and Anderson-grade management algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean turf-toe radiograph, sesamoid-migration, plantar-plate MRI or repair image; no new image was embedded.

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Paediatric torticollis: retain the verified CMT diagrams

The torticollis page retains its verified clinical/anatomy diagram and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean CMT ultrasound, clinical, cervical-radiograph or stretching image; no new image was embedded.

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Total shoulder arthroplasty: retain the verified implant teaching set

The total shoulder arthroplasty page retains its verified glenohumeral OA radiograph and anatomic-versus-reverse implant diagram. A targeted search found no licence-clean arthroplasty radiograph, Walch CT or loosening image; no new image was embedded.

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TKA stiffness: retain the component-position radiograph

The tka-stiffness page retains its verified annotated component-position radiograph and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean arthrofibrosis, manipulation or revision-malposition image; no new image was embedded.

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Tibial tubercle fractures: retain the Ogden schematic

The tibial-tubercle-fractures page retains its verified Ogden classification schematic and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean avulsion radiograph, CT or fixation image; no new image was embedded.

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THA wear and osteolysis: retain the particle-disease cascade

The tha-wear-osteolysis page retains its verified particle-disease cascade and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean osteolysis radiograph, CT or liner-exchange image; no new image was embedded.

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Dual-mobility THA: retain the verified bearing cross-section

The tha-dual-mobility page retains its verified dual-mobility bearing cross-section and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean implant, intraprosthetic-dislocation, revision-instability or fracture-arthroplasty image; no new image was embedded.

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THA bearing surfaces: retain the verified couple comparison

The tha-bearing-surfaces page retains its verified bearing-couple comparison and selection algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean bearing-couple radiograph, dual-mobility implant or metal-on-metal complication image; no new image was embedded.

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Spinopelvic parameters: retain the geometry diagram

The spinopelvic-parameters page retains its verified parameter diagram and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean standing radiograph, pelvic-incidence measurement, sagittal-vertical-axis or Roussouly classification image; no new image was embedded.

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Proximal humerus fractures: keep the valgus-impacted CT

The proximal-humerus-fractures page retains its verified valgus-impacted fixation CT and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean Neer classification, traumatic fracture, fracture-dislocation or fixation candidate; no new image was embedded.

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Open-book pelvis: retain the verified diastasis radiograph

The open-book-pelvis page retains its verified AP diastasis radiograph and management flowchart. A targeted search found no licence-clean complementary APC radiograph, symphysis-plating, binder or pelvic-ring external-fixation image; no new image was embedded.

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Lateral epicondylitis: keep verified schematics after a clean search

The lateral-epicondylitis page keeps its verified lateral-elbow anatomy schematic and management algorithm. A targeted search found no licence-clean complementary ultrasound, radiographic/MRI or surgical-release image; no new image was embedded.

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Genu valgum and varum: reject off-topic ankle figures

The genu-valgum-varum page retains its verified public-domain deformity illustration and mechanical-axis schematic. A fresh search returned three licence-clean paediatric ankle-valgus figures rather than knee angular-deformity images; all were rejected after visual review to avoid misleading the page.

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Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: show an occult cement leak

The vertebroplasty-kyphoplasty page retains its verified before-and-after kyphoplasty radiograph and management algorithm and now adds a CC BY 2.0 radiograph/CT figure showing epidural cement leakage through a violated medial pedicle wall. Generic fluoroscopy equipment, redundant leak films, off-target fixation images and an unlabelled malignant-metastasis MRI were rejected after visual review.

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TKA neurovascular injury: clarify the nerve bifurcation

The TKA neurovascular injury page retains its verified popliteal-fossa dissection and emergency management algorithm and now adds a CC BY 4.0 sciatic-nerve/paraneural-sheath schematic. A Chinese-labelled duplicate and a redundant English-labelled dissection were rejected after visual review; no PHI or fabricated scans were retained.

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Open tibial fractures: verify the external-fixation sequence

The open-tibial-fractures page retains its verified fracture radiograph and management algorithm and now adds a focused CC BY pinless-external-fixator sequence for the surgical-technique section. Visual review rejected the remaining staged candidates as low-resolution, generic, multi-case or paediatric; no PHI or fabricated scans were retained.

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Scaphoid nonunion: verify location classification

The scaphoid-nonunion page retains its verified waist-nonunion radiograph and management flowchart and now adds a CC BY 2.0 Schernberg location-classification schematic. Three Ilizarov duplicates, a redundant low-resolution radiograph and an SLAC (not SNAC) schematic were rejected after visual review.

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Multidirectional instability: verify the sulcus sign and management algorithm

The multidirectional-instability page retains its two original OrthoVellum diagrams; visual review confirms the inferior humeral-head translation, sulcus grading and Stanmore-to-rehabilitation-to-stabilisation pathway. Heading overlap was corrected in the sulcus schematic, the management branch now names structural Type I/II disease without conflating the subtypes, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary MDI image.

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Lunate and perilunate dislocations: verify the radiograph and management timing

The lunate-dislocations page retains its verified CC BY perilunate-dislocation radiograph and OrthoVellum management flowchart; visual review confirms the Mayfield III anatomy, urgent-reduction pathway and repair-to-salvage timing branches. The acute flowchart label and synchronised captions now read under 2 weeks, best within 7-14 days, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary lunate/perilunate image.

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Flexor pollicis brevis: verify the thenar dissection

The flexor-pollicis-brevis-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA labelled thenar dissection; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary recurrent-motor-branch or dual-innervation image.

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Gracilis: verify the attachment diagram

The gracilis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain origin-to-pes diagram; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary pedicle, pes-anserinus dissection or free-transfer image.

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Iliacus: verify the pelvic muscle illustration

The iliacus-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY 3.0 posterior pelvic illustration; its source description now matches the labelled image, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary femoral-nerve, haematoma or approach image.

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MRI sequences: verify the signal reference table

The mri-sequences-orthopaedics page retains its clearly labelled MRI signal reference table; fresh licence-clean searches found no suitable complementary orthopaedic sequence panels or teaching scans.

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Common orthopaedic pathogens: verify the SEM and management algorithm

The common-pathogens-orthopedics page retains its CC BY 4.0 Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm SEM and original infection-management algorithm; visual review confirms the organism annotations, culture/source-control flow, empiric and pathogen-directed branches, PJI ladder and monitoring, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary pathogen image.

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Polyethylene bearings: verify the XLPE pathway and arthroplasty algorithm

The polyethylene-uhmwpe-xlpe page retains its two original schematics; visual review confirms the XLPE manufacturing pathway, cross-linking and stabilisation trade-offs, liner-thickness rule, bearing-selection branches, osteolysis surveillance and revision triggers, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary polyethylene image.

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Tribology: verify wear mechanisms and implant-surveillance algorithms

The tribology-wear page retains its two original OrthoVellum schematics; visual review confirms the adhesive, abrasive, third-body and fatigue mechanisms, low-wear bearing and positioning branches, third-body protection, radiographic wear/osteolysis surveillance, escalation imaging and revision pathway, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary tribology image.

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Common statistical tests: verify the test-selection and diagnostic-table diagrams

The common-statistical-tests page retains its two original OrthoVellum schematics; visual review confirms the five test-selection columns, non-parametric and time-to-event mappings, diagnostic TP/FP/FN/TN placement, sensitivity/specificity/PPV/NPV and likelihood-ratio formulas, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary statistical-methods diagram.

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Osseointegration: verify ongrowth/ingrowth and fixation algorithms

The osseointegration page retains its two original OrthoVellum schematics; visual review confirms the ongrowth-versus-ingrowth distinction, direct bone-contact definition, primary-stability gate, surface and press-fit optimisation, loading branches, surveillance and loosening/infection work-up, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary bone-implant interface image.

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UKA: verify the medial prosthesis radiographs and compartment schematic

The unicompartmental-knee-arthroplasty page retains its public-domain medial UKA AP/lateral radiographs and original compartment schematic; visual review confirms implant laterality, preserved native compartments, UKA-versus-TKA resurfacing and the fibular orientation marker, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary UKA image.

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Clinical practice guidelines: verify the evidence pyramid and application algorithm

The clinical-practice-guidelines page retains its CC BY 4.0 evidence-hierarchy diagram and original guideline-use flowchart; visual review confirms the 6S and study-design ladders, GRADE/AGREE II appraisal, strong-versus-conditional recommendation branches, shared decision-making, implementation support and updating, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary guideline image.

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Forearm compartment syndrome: verify the anatomy and fasciotomy algorithm

The forearm-compartment-syndrome page retains its public-domain Gray’s Anatomy cross-section and original management flowchart; visual review confirms the flexor, extensor and mobile-wad anatomy, neurovascular structures, pressure decision branch, urgent volar/carpal-tunnel release, dorsal release when indicated and second-look pathway, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary forearm-compartment image.

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Study design types: verify the classification and evidence pyramid

The study-design-types page retains its two original OrthoVellum diagrams; visual review confirms the experimental-versus-observational classification, prospective/retrospective cohort branch, case-control and cross-sectional definitions, and therapeutic Levels I-V evidence pyramid, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary study-design image.

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Thumb hypoplasia: verify the Blauth series and pollicization algorithm

The thumb-hypoplasia page retains its CC BY-SA 3.0 hand-only Blauth clinical series and original management flowchart; visual review confirms Types II-V, the IIIA-versus-IIIB CMC-stability pivot, reconstruction versus index pollicization and timing, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary thumb-hypoplasia image.

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TKA implant design: verify the constraint ladder and selection algorithm

The tka-implant-design page retains its two original OrthoVellum raster schematics; visual review confirms the CR/PS/CCK/hinge constraint spectrum, PCL and post-cam mechanisms, collateral and bone-loss branches, HXLPE/fixation decisions and bone-stress trade-off, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary TKA implant-design image.

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Intercondylar distal humerus fractures: verify bicolumnar anatomy and plating configurations

The intercondylar-fractures page retains its two original OrthoVellum distal-humerus schematics; visual review confirms the medial/lateral columns, trochlea, capitellum, T fracture and parallel versus orthogonal dual-plating constructs, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary fracture or plating image.

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Bone remodeling: verify the cycle and RANKL pathway diagrams

The bone-remodeling page retains its verified CC BY-SA cellular-cycle diagram and original RANK/RANKL/OPG schematic; visual review confirms the labelled resorption/reversal/formation sequence, osteoclast pathway and denosumab relationship, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary bone-remodelling image.

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SSI prevention perioperative: verify the bundle and management algorithms

The surgical-site-infection-prevention-periop page retains its two original OrthoVellum raster infographics; visual review confirms the prevention bundle, depth/implant management branches, DAIR criteria and safety footer, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary SSI algorithm or bundle image.

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Moment arms and levers: verify the biomechanics diagrams

The moment-arms-levers page retains its two original OrthoVellum raster diagrams; visual review confirms the lever-class order, orthopaedic examples, management branches and failure surveillance, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary biomechanics diagram.

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Stippled epiphyses: verify the rhizomelic-shortening radiograph

The stippled-epiphyses page retains its verified CC BY upper-limb radiograph; visual review confirms the markedly short humerus, the caption now avoids overclaiming low-resolution stippling, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary chondrodysplasia-punctata image.

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Soft-tissue calcification versus ossification: verify the knee comparison

The soft-tissue-calcification-versus-ossification page retains its verified CC BY paired knee radiographs; visual review confirms the patellar lucency and effusion as an explicitly labelled negative comparison, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary mineralisation or heterotopic-ossification image.

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Predicting bone tumour by age: verify the giant-cell-tumour panel

The predicting-bone-tumour-by-age page retains its verified CC BY proximal-femur radiograph and coronal T2 MRI; visual review confirms the giant-cell-tumour panel and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary age-stratified bone-tumour imaging.

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Lytic lesion with a sclerotic rim: verify the foot radiograph

The lytic-lesion-with-a-sclerotic-rim page retains its verified CC BY fifth-metatarsal radiograph; visual review confirms the eccentric lucency and surrounding sclerosis, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary rimmed-lucency or benign bone-lesion differential image.

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Frayed metaphysis: verify the paediatric radiograph montage

The frayed-metaphysis page retains its verified CC BY knee and ankle radiographs; visual review confirms the arrowed distal-femur and proximal-tibia metaphyseal changes, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary rickets, dysplasia or injury radiograph.

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Bone-in-bone vertebra: verify the differential radiograph montage

The bone-in-bone-vertebra page retains its verified CC BY spine, pelvis and knee radiograph montage; visual review confirms the source-legend findings and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary vertebral, metaphyseal-band or osteopetrosis image.

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Perioperative antibiotics: verify the prophylaxis algorithm

The perioperative-antibiotics page retains its original labelled OrthoVellum decision flowchart; visual review confirms the timing, selection, redosing, duration and open-fracture branches, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary prophylaxis algorithm or dosing image.

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Multimodal analgesia: verify the pathway illustration

The multimodal-analgesia page retains its original labelled OrthoVellum pain-pathway illustration; visual review confirms the surgical nociceptor, regional block, neuraxial/dorsal-horn, descending-inhibition and non-opioid panels, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary analgesic-ladder or perioperative pain-pathway image.

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Ganz surgical hip dislocation: re-verify the vascular-safety illustration

The surgical-hip-dislocation-ganz page retains its original labelled OrthoVellum illustration; visual review confirms the depicted trochanteric flip, capsulotomy, posterior sleeve and MFCA/retinacular-vessel legend, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary surgical-dislocation or intra-operative image.

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Superior gluteal nerve: remove the misleading sacral dissection

The superior-gluteal-nerve-anatomy page is now intentionally text-based after visual review found that its prior photograph showed a posterior sacral dissection rather than the superior gluteal nerve or hip abductor anatomy; fresh licence-clean searches found no suitable replacement.

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Superficial radial nerve: verify the forearm dissection plate

The superficial-radial-nerve-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain anterior forearm dissection; the caption now limits claims to the visible muscles, tendons and radial-sided vessels, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary superficial-radial-nerve, Wartenberg or first-compartment image.

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Posterior interosseous nerve: verify the radial-nerve schematic

The posterior-interosseous-nerve-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA radial-nerve schematic; the caption now limits claims to the visible root, forearm branch and extensor-supply course, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary radial-tunnel, arcade-of-Frohse or operative image.

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Vastus medialis: verify the medial femoral attachment plate

The vastus-medialis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain outline plate; the caption now limits claims to the visible medial course and distal attachment area, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary VMO, medial-approach or saphenous-nerve image.

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Vastus lateralis: verify the femoral attachment plate

The vastus-lateralis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain outline plate; the caption now limits claims to the visible red-shaded attachment areas and shaft course, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary lateral-approach, perforator or ALT-flap image.

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Triceps brachii: verify the three-head render

The triceps-brachii-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA render; the caption now limits claims to the visible bilateral three-head arrangement, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary radial-nerve, posterior-approach or distal-triceps image.

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Teres minor: verify the posterior anatomical render

The teres-minor-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA render; the caption now limits claims to the visible muscle course and relations, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary axillary-nerve, quadrangular-space or MRI image.

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Superior gemellus: verify the labelled deep-gluteal dissection

The superior-gemellus-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA dissection; the caption now describes the visible short-external-rotator and nerve landmarks precisely, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary ischial-spine or conjoint-tendon image.

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Semitendinosus: verify the pes attachment map

The semitendinosus-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain outline plate; the caption now limits claims to the visible course and pes insertion, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary harvest or nerve image.

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Semimembranosus: correct the attachment-plate caption

The semimembranosus-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain outline plate; its caption no longer falsely describes routine graft harvest and now identifies the distal expansion region, while a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary posteromedial image.

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Scalene muscles: verify the anterior-scalene render

The scalene-muscles page retains its verified CC BY-SA anterior-scalene render; the caption now limits claims to the visible muscle course, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary labelled triangle, cervical-rib or block image.

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Rectus femoris: verify the two-head attachment map

The rectus-femoris-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain outline plate; the caption now identifies the visible direct and reflected origin regions precisely, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary MRI, avulsion or transfer image.

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Quadratus plantae: verify the plantar attachment plate

The quadratus-plantae-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain attachment plate; the caption now distinguishes the visible calcaneal origin from the text-described tendon and Baxter-nerve relations, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary image.

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Psoas major: verify the posterior muscle illustration

The psoas-major page retains its verified CC BY 3.0 OpenStax muscle illustration; its caption now limits claims to the visible anatomy, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary plexus, abscess or transpsoas image.

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Posterior shoulder spaces: verify the labelled dissection

The posterior-shoulder-spaces-intervals page retains its verified CC BY-SA posterior dissection; the caption now describes the visible landmarks precisely, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary labelled space or portal image.

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Plantar interossei: remove the wrong dorsal plate

The plantar-interossei page is now intentionally text-based after visual review found that its only plate depicted dorsal interossei rather than the target plantar muscles; no safe licence-clean plantar-interossei replacement was found.

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Peroneus brevis: verify the lateral-compartment render

The peroneus-brevis-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA anatomical render; its attribution wording now matches the source, and a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary fracture, split-tear or retinacular image.

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Pectineus: verify the attachment diagram

The pectineus-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain origin-to-insertion diagram; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary dual-innervation, femoral-triangle, MCFA or Ludloff-approach image.

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Palmaris brevis: remove the wrong superficial plate

The palmaris-brevis-anatomy page is now intentionally text-based after visual review found that its superficial dissection did not identify palmaris brevis or the Guyon canal structures; no safe licence-clean replacement was found.

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Palmar interossei: verify the volar anatomy diagram

The palmar-interossei page retains its verified public-domain numbered volar hand diagram; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary ulnar-nerve, claw-hand or anti-claw reconstruction image.

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Opponens pollicis: verify the thenar dissection

The opponens-pollicis-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA labelled palmar dissection; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary recurrent-motor-branch, Lanz-variant or opponensplasty image.

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Opponens digiti minimi: remove the wrong superficial plate

The opponens-digiti-minimi-anatomy page is now intentionally text-based after visual review found that its superficial dissection did not identify the deep muscle or Guyon canal anatomy; no safe licence-clean replacement was found.

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Flexor hallucis longus: remove the wrong FDL plate

The flexor-hallucis-longus-anatomy page is now intentionally text-based after visual review found that its only image depicted flexor digitorum longus; no safe licence-clean FHL replacement was found.

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Flexor hallucis brevis: verify the sesamoid radiograph

The flexor-hallucis-brevis-anatomy page retains its verified CC0 annotated foot radiograph; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary turf-toe, sesamoid-fracture or operative image.

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Flexor digitorum brevis: verify the plantar attachment diagram

The flexor-digitorum-brevis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain plantar attachment diagram; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary plantar-fascia, Baxter-nerve or operative image.

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Flexor digiti minimi brevis: verify the hypothenar dissection

The flexor-digiti-minimi-brevis page retains its verified CC BY-SA labelled hypothenar dissection; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary deep-motor-branch or decompression image.

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Flexor carpi ulnaris: verify the attachment plate

The flexor-carpi-ulnaris-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain ulnar-sided attachment plate; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary cubital-tunnel, Guyon-canal or operative image.

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Dorsal interossei: remove the wrong palmar plate

The dorsal-interossei page is now intentionally text-based after visual review found that its only public-domain image depicted palmar, not dorsal, interossei; no safe licence-clean replacement was found.

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Coracobrachialis: verify the muscle illustration

The coracobrachialis-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA bilateral muscle illustration; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary musculocutaneous-nerve, Latarjet or operative image.

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Brachioradialis: correct the anatomy illustration

The brachioradialis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain forearm plate after removal of a rectangular annotation spill outside the highlighted muscle.

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Brachialis: verify the anterior-arm illustration

The brachialis-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA anterior-arm illustration; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary dual-innervation, heterotopic-ossification or operative image.

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Adductor pollicis: verify the deep-palmar illustration

The adductor-pollicis-anatomy page retains its verified CC BY-SA deep-palmar illustration; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary operative or Stener-lesion image.

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Adductor magnus: verify the attachment plate

The adductor-magnus-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain attachment plate; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary hiatus, vascular or operative image.

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Adductor longus: verify the attachment plate

The adductor-longus-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain attachment plate; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary MRI, avulsion or operative image.

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Adductor hallucis: verify the plantar anatomy plate

The adductor-hallucis-anatomy page retains its verified public-domain plantar anatomy plate; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary operative or modern imaging image.

Content

Valgus extension overload: verify the elbow mechanism diagram

The valgus-extension-overload-elbow page retains its cleaned, scan-free mechanism illustration; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean elbow radiograph, CT or operative image.

Content

Oligodactyly: verify the split-hand clinical photograph

The oligodactyly page retains its verified CC BY-SA ectrodactyly photograph; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary radiograph or operative image.

Topics included in this update
Content

Limb salvage principles: verify the reconstruction workflow

The limb-salvage-surgery-principles page retains its verified five-panel CC BY workflow; a fresh search found no safe licence-clean complementary reconstruction image, so no padding was added.

Content

Desmoplastic fibroma: remove unsupported inset panels

The desmoplastic-fibroma page now uses a scan-free labelled long-bone illustration; the unsupported radiograph and histology inset panels were removed after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe topic-specific image.

Content

Trochanteric bursitis: preserve the verified GTPS anatomy diagram

The trochanteric-bursitis page retains its verified greater-trochanter anatomy illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe GTPS-specific MRI, ultrasound or operative image.

Topics included in this update
Content

SLE musculoskeletal disease: repair the clipped osteonecrosis label

The systemic-lupus-erythematosus-msk page retains its verified three-panel illustration; the clipped femoral-head osteonecrosis label was repaired after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe SLE-specific radiograph or operative image.

Content

Subungual melanoma: preserve the verified nail-unit illustration

The subungual-melanoma page retains its verified nail-unit clinical and anatomy illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe topic-specific clinical or operative image.

Topics included in this update
Content

Spastic equinovarus foot: preserve the verified muscle-imbalance diagram

The spastic-equinovarus-foot page retains its verified paediatric deformity and muscle-imbalance illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe spastic-CP radiograph or operative image.

Content

Rheumatoid foot and ankle: preserve the verified deformity illustration

The rheumatoid-foot-ankle page retains its verified clinical and mechanism illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe rheumatoid-foot-specific radiograph or operative image.

Content

Spinal pseudarthrosis: preserve the verified management algorithm

The pseudarthrosis-spine page retains its verified CT-to-revision management flowchart after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe pseudarthrosis-specific scan or operative image.

Topics included in this update
Content

Posteromedial corner knee injury: preserve the verified anatomy diagram

The posteromedial-corner-knee-injury page retains its verified medial-knee anatomy diagram after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe topic-specific MRI or operative image.

Content

Malignant hyperthermia: remove the unsafe clinical composite

The malignant-hyperthermia page is intentionally text-only after visual review rejected a composite depicting a partially undressed adult patient; no licence-clean replacement was found.

Content

Kingella kingae infection: preserve the verified paediatric pathogenesis diagram

The Kingella-kingae-osteoarticular-infection page retains its verified hip pathoanatomy, bacteraemic-seeding and clinical-sign illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe topic-specific MRI or clinical image.

Content

Glomus tumour of the hand: preserve the verified fingertip diagram

The glomus-tumour-hand page retains its verified subungual anatomy, mechanism and Love-test illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe clinical or operative replacement.

Topics included in this update
Content

Diastrophic dysplasia: remove the unsafe composite image

The diastrophic-dysplasia page is intentionally text-only after visual review rejected a composite that depicted a partially undressed child and used a scan-styled panel; no licence-clean replacement was found.

Topics included in this update
Content

Cozen fracture: preserve the verified paediatric valgus diagram

The Cozen-fracture page retains its verified metaphyseal-fracture, open-physis and valgus-drift diagram after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe age-appropriate radiograph or operative image.

Topics included in this update
Content

Conus medullaris syndrome: preserve the verified anatomy diagram

The conus-medullaris-syndrome page retains its verified labelled conus, cauda-equino and saddle-sensory-loss diagram after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe MRI or anatomy replacement.

Topics included in this update
Content

Blast extremity injuries: preserve the verified mechanism illustration

The blast-injuries-extremity page retains its verified three-panel mechanism, wound-zone and limb-threat illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe blast radiograph or operative image.

Content

Athletic pubalgia: retain the verified groin anatomy render

The athletic-pubalgia page retains its verified anterior-pelvis anatomy illustration after a fresh licence-clean search found no safe MRI or clinical replacement; the fabricated scan remains excluded.

Topics included in this update
Content

TKA alignment options: preserve the verified decision flowchart

The TKA-alignment-options page retains its verified mechanical-versus-kinematic decision flowchart; fresh licence-clean searches found no safe CPAK or alignment-axis figure, so exact geometric teaching is kept in text and tables rather than padded with unreliable imagery.

Content

Multi-ligament knee injury: preserve the neurovascular algorithm

The multi-ligament-knee-injuries page retains its verified vascular-triage and reconstruction flowchart; fresh licence-clean searches found no safe topic-specific anatomy or operative figures, so no unrelated or misleading image was added.

Topics included in this update
Content

Discoid lateral meniscus: preserve the correct anatomy schematic

The discoid-meniscus page retains its verified normal-versus-discoid lateral-meniscus schematic; fresh licence-clean searches found no topic-specific MRI or arthroscopy figures, so the page is not padded with wrong-meniscus imagery.

Topics included in this update
Content

ATLS primary survey: withdraw the partially exposed illustration

The ATLS primary-survey page removes a rendered-patient illustration that failed the absolute decency rule on visual re-review; no licence-clean, topic-specific replacement was found, so the process-heavy page remains intentionally image-sparse.

Content

Sinding-Larsen-Johansson: keep the correct origin-versus-insertion diagram

The Sinding-Larsen-Johansson page retains its verified extensor-mechanism diagram; fresh licence-clean searches found no topic-specific clinical images, so the paediatric page is not padded with Osgood-Schlatter or mislabelled radiographs.

Content

Scapulothoracic dissociation: retain one accurate emergency algorithm

The scapulothoracic-dissociation page retains its verified life-before-limb management algorithm; a fresh licence-clean clinical image search found no topic-specific radiographs or operative figures, so no misleading padding was added.

Topics included in this update
Content

Hip pointers: image the injury and its avulsion differential

The hip-pointer page now places a verified mechanism illustration, comparative ultrasound, adolescent avulsion imaging, late calcification follow-up and exceptional fixation CT beside the decisions they teach; unrelated and unsafe candidates were rejected.

Content

Curly toes: an honest sparse image pass

The curly-toes page keeps its verified management algorithm and records why unrelated or anatomically unsafe candidates were rejected rather than padding a paediatric deformity topic with misleading imagery.

Topics included in this update
Content

Capitate fractures: from occult injury to salvage

The capitate-fracture page now shows the scaphocapitate pattern, CT and MRI findings, fixation, non-union, avascular-necrosis surveillance and salvage reconstruction alongside the decisions they teach.

Topics included in this update
Content

Topics are getting a lot more pictures

We are going through the library topic by topic and adding the images each section actually needs - radiographs beside the imaging text, the measurement drawn on the film beside the paragraph that tells you to measure it, the growth-plate diagram beside the pathophysiology. Every picture is checked by hand against its source before it goes up, and anything mislabelled, off-topic or not decent to publish is thrown away rather than tidied up.

Clinical topics

Pattern and differential: reading the film backwards

Forty-five pages that start where a viva starts - with the finding in front of you rather than the diagnosis. Twenty radiographic signs (Erlenmeyer flask, wormian bones, ivory vertebra, vertebra plana, acro-osteolysis, periosteal reaction patterns, stippled epiphyses and the rest), twelve approaches to describing and narrowing a bone lesion by zone of transition, matrix, site and age, and thirteen clinical presentations - the loose body in the knee, the mass behind the knee, the painful total knee replacement, ulnar-sided and radial-sided wrist pain, the palmar lump, the child with multiple fractures. Each one carries the discriminator for every cause rather than a bare list, the order the questions are asked in, and a short block of the phrasing to use out loud.

Topics included in this update

Acro-osteolysis

Added / radiology

Anterior Vertebral Beaking

Added / radiology

Arthritis on Radiographs

Added / radiology

Bone-in-Bone Vertebra

Added / radiology

Causes of Limb Length Discrepancy

Added / pediatrics

Chondrocalcinosis

Added / radiology

Chronic Lateral Ankle Pain

Added / foot-ankle

Describing a Bone Tumour Radiograph

Added / radiology

Diaphyseal Bone Lesion

Added / radiology

Epiphyseal Bone Lesion

Added / radiology

Erlenmeyer Flask Deformity

Added / radiology

Frayed Metaphysis

Added / pediatrics

Generalised Ligamentous Laxity

Added / pediatrics

Generalised Osteopenia

Added / radiology

Generalised Osteosclerosis

Added / radiology

Ivory Vertebra: Pattern and Differential

Added / radiology

Lateral Elbow Pain: Pattern and Differential

Added / shoulder-elbow

Loose Body in the Knee

Added / sports-medicine

Lucent Bone Lesion

Added / radiology

Lytic Lesion with a Sclerotic Rim

Added / radiology

Mass Behind the Knee

Added / sports-medicine

Multiloculated (Bubbly) Bone Lesion

Added / radiology

Multiple Fractures in a Child

Added / pediatrics

Paediatric Back Pain

Added / pediatrics

Palmar Lump

Added / hand

Periosteal Reaction Patterns

Added / radiology

Platyspondyly

Added / radiology

Polyostotic Bone Lesions

Added / radiology

Predicting Bone Tumour by Age

Added / radiology

Radial-Sided Wrist Pain

Added / hand

Regional (Local) Osteopenia

Added / radiology

Schmorl Node

Added / radiology

Sclerotic Bone Lesion

Added / radiology

Sclerotic Cortical Lesion

Added / radiology

Sclerotic Vertebra

Added / radiology

Secondary Causes of SUFE

Added / pediatrics

Small Round Blue Cell Tumours of Bone

Added / radiology

Soft-Tissue Calcification versus Ossification

Added / radiology

Soft-Tissue Mass of the Foot

Added / foot-ankle

Stippled Epiphyses

Added / pediatrics

The Painful Total Knee Replacement

Added / adult-reconstruction

The Widened or Abnormal Physis

Added / pediatrics

Ulnar-Sided Wrist Pain

Added / hand

Vertebra Plana

Added / radiology

Wormian Bones

Added / pediatrics

Clinical topics

The per-structure anatomy atlas

Seventy-seven new topics completing the single-structure anatomy layer and closing the last of the rare-pathology gaps. Sixty-eight muscle, nerve and interval pages each give the attachments, innervation with root values, vascular pedicle, relations, surface anatomy and the isolation test, then the part that decides the exam - the safe zones in centimetres from a named landmark, the interval each structure bounds, its use as a tendon transfer, graft or flap donor, and the iatrogenic injury that matters. The nerve pages add the compression points in sequence. Alongside the atlas: the nine-compartment foot anatomy, the quadrangular and triangular spaces and interval, oligodactyly within the Oberg-Manske-Tonkin classification, calcifying aponeurotic fibroma, Goldenhar syndrome with its cervical-spine screening, and domestic and elder abuse for the fracture clinic. Every citation was verified against PubMed before publication, and the classical origin-and-insertion plates and dissections are reproduced from public-domain and Creative Commons sources.

Topics included in this update

Adductor Brevis Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Adductor Hallucis Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Adductor Longus Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Adductor Magnus Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Adductor Pollicis Anatomy

Added / hand

Anconeus Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Brachialis Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Brachioradialis Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Calcifying Aponeurotic Fibroma

Added / tumors

Coracobrachialis Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Deep Peroneal Nerve Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Deltoid Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Domestic and Elder Abuse

Added / trauma

Dorsal Interossei of the Hand

Added / hand

Flexor Carpi Radialis Anatomy

Added / hand

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Anatomy

Added / hand

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

Added / hand

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Flexor Digitorum Longus Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Flexor Digitorum Profundus Anatomy

Added / hand

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Anatomy

Added / hand

Flexor Hallucis Brevis Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Flexor Hallucis Longus Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Flexor Pollicis Brevis Anatomy

Added / hand

Flexor Pollicis Longus Anatomy

Added / hand

Gastrocnemius Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Goldenhar Syndrome

Added / paediatrics

Gracilis Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Iliacus Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Infraspinatus Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Latissimus Dorsi Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Levator Scapulae Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Lumbrical Muscles of the Hand

Added / hand

Oligodactyly

Added / hand

Opponens Digiti Minimi Anatomy

Added / hand

Opponens Pollicis Anatomy

Added / hand

Palmar Interossei of the Hand

Added / hand

Palmaris Brevis Anatomy

Added / hand

Palmaris Longus Anatomy

Added / hand

Pectineus Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Pectoralis Major Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Pectoralis Minor Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Peroneus Brevis Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Peroneus Longus Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Peroneus Tertius Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Plantar Interossei Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Plantaris Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Popliteus Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Posterior Interosseous Nerve Anatomy

Added / upper-limb

Posterior Shoulder Spaces and Intervals

Added / shoulder-elbow

Pronator Quadratus Anatomy

Added / hand

Pronator Teres Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Psoas Major

Added / lower-limb

Quadratus Femoris Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Quadratus Plantae Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Rectus Femoris Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Rhomboids

Added / shoulder-elbow

Scalene Muscles

Added / shoulder-elbow

Semimembranosus Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Semitendinosus Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Serratus Anterior

Added / shoulder-elbow

Soleus Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Superficial Peroneal Nerve Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Superficial Radial Nerve Anatomy

Added / hand

Superior Gemellus Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Superior Gluteal Nerve Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Supinator Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Supraspinatus Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Teres Major Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Teres Minor Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Tibialis Anterior Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Tibialis Posterior Anatomy

Added / foot-ankle

Trapezius Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Triceps Brachii Anatomy

Added / shoulder-elbow

Vastus Intermedius Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Vastus Lateralis Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Vastus Medialis Anatomy

Added / lower-limb

Platform

Every topic page is now completely free — viva scenarios, cheat sheets and landmark evidence included

Until today the revision cluster at the end of each topic — the viva scenarios, the exam-day cheat sheet and the landmark-evidence panel — needed a subscription. That gate is gone. The whole reference library, every section of every topic, is now free for everyone, signed in or not. Subscriptions now cover only the practice layer that sits alongside the library: the adaptive question banks, image and clinical cases, timed mock exams, live viva practice with Aster and readiness tracking.

Clinical topics

Revision, reconstruction and the rare end of the list

Thirty-two new topics covering the operations and diagnoses that were previously only mentioned in passing. The revision hip run is now complete end to end: pelvic discontinuity separated into the acute injury you can compress and heal and the chronic non-union you must bridge, the Paprosky acetabular and femoral grades with the reconstruction matched to each grade, and the exposures and salvage that go with them - extended trochanteric osteotomy, impaction grafting, cement-in-cement revision, custom triflanges, megaprostheses and total femoral replacement. Limb reconstruction covers the Masquelet induced membrane, hexapod frames, free vascularised fibula and allograft-prosthetic composites; pelvic and sacral oncology covers sacrectomy by level of root sacrifice, internal hemipelvectomy by Enneking zone, and the proximal amputations. The rare end of the list is here too: the chondrosarcoma variants that behave nothing like the conventional tumour, the two surface osteosarcomas, tumour-induced osteomalacia, and the diagnoses that get mistaken for infection or malignancy - SAPHO, hydatid disease of bone, mycetoma and sclerosing osteomyelitis. Every topic carries new decision diagrams: reconstruction ladders, classification grids, staged operative sequences and structures-at-risk panels, drawn to be read rather than decoded.

Topics included in this update

Acetabular Bone Loss: Paprosky Classification and Reconstruction

Added / adult-reconstruction

Allograft-Prosthetic Composite (APC) Reconstruction

Added / tumors

Atlantoaxial (C1-C2) Fusion

Added / spine

Cement-in-Cement Femoral Revision

Added / adult-reconstruction

Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma

Added / tumors

Conversion Total Hip Arthroplasty After Failed Proximal Femoral Fracture Fixation

Added / adult-reconstruction

Custom Triflange Acetabular Components

Added / adult-reconstruction

Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma

Added / tumors

Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy

Added / adult-reconstruction

Femoral Bone Loss in Revision Hip Arthroplasty: Paprosky Classification and Stem Selection

Added / adult-reconstruction

Femoral Impaction Bone Grafting

Added / adult-reconstruction

Free Vascularised Fibula Transfer

Added / tumors

Haemophilic Arthropathy: Prevention, Synovectomy and Arthroplasty

Added / general-ortho

Halo Vest Application and Management

Added / spine

Hexapod Frame Deformity Correction

Added / trauma

Hip Disarticulation & Forequarter Amputation

Added / tumors

Hydatid Disease of Bone (Skeletal Echinococcosis)

Added / general-ortho

Internal Hemipelvectomy and Pelvic Reconstruction

Added / tumors

Knee Arthrodesis

Added / adult-reconstruction

Maffucci Syndrome: Enchondromatosis, Haemangiomas and Malignancy Surveillance

Added / tumors

Masquelet Induced-Membrane Technique

Added / trauma

Megaprosthesis for Non-Oncologic Salvage (PFR and DFR)

Added / adult-reconstruction

Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma

Added / tumors

Müller-Weiss Disease

Added / foot-ankle

Mycetoma (Madura Foot): Orthopaedic Assessment and Management

Added / general-ortho

Occipitocervical Fusion

Added / spine

Parosteal Osteosarcoma

Added / tumors

Pelvic Discontinuity

Added / adult-reconstruction

Periosteal Osteosarcoma

Added / tumors

Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumour and Tumour-Induced Osteomalacia

Added / tumors

Sacrectomy for Primary Sacral Tumours

Added / tumors

SAPHO Syndrome

Added / general-ortho

Chronic Sclerosing Osteomyelitis of Garré

Added / general-ortho

Total Femur Replacement

Added / adult-reconstruction

VEPTR and Growing Rods for Early-Onset Scoliosis

Added / pediatrics

Clinical topics

Three complications now taught as decisions, not just names

Some complications are easy to name and hard to answer questions about. Three of those are now covered properly. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty carries the Levy classification of acromial and scapular spine stress fractures, framed by how much deltoid origin is destabilised - which is exactly why the grades predict outcome - together with the finding that the worst type tracks with a more lateralised, less distalised construct, and the meta-analysis showing these patients lose motion and Constant score even when treated conservatively, while their pain scores look reassuringly normal. Femoroacetabular impingement now explains why a cam after a slipped epiphysis is a different lesion rather than a bigger one: the head stays spherical and moves, leaving the metaphysis to strike the rim, which is what produces the Drehmann sign and the much higher alpha angles - plus why you must not osteotomise through the old slip site, and why post-Perthes hips fail extra-articularly instead. And iliopsoas impingement, the groin pain in a hip whose radiographs, bloods and aspirate are all normal, now has the examination finding that makes the diagnosis and the numbers behind the decision that follows: tenotomy carries a 2.3 percent complication rate against 15.7 percent for revising the cup, for about five points of difference in symptom relief - and it works even when the cup overhangs.

Clinical topics

Topics rebuilt to be the only resource you need for that condition

We have started a pass over the whole library with a single test in mind: if you are sitting a fellowship exam, does this page answer everything you could be asked about the condition, or would you still have to look somewhere else? Where the answer was "somewhere else", the page is being rebuilt. Adductor groin strain is the first: it now carries the epidemiology and the risk factors that actually predict injury, a full clinical assessment sequence, the grading systems side by side (the traditional I-III alongside the British Athletics MRI classification and the Munich consensus, and why the intratendinous suffix changes the timeline), when and why to image and what a normal scan does not exclude, and the complications - reinjury, progression to chronic adductor-related pain, and the honest position on operating. Two landmark papers have been added with the clinical implication spelled out, including the prevention trial finding that players believe in the exercises but fewer than half actually keep doing them. Allograft-prosthetic composite reconstruction has had the same treatment: how you actually get the graft to unite, the step-by-step operation, how to classify the bone loss that decides the reconstruction, what goes wrong and what each complication means for the patient, and an honest account of why the registries cannot answer this question. More topics follow.

Navigation

Topics now findable under every name they are known by

Plenty of conditions go by more than one name, and which one you meet depends on who taught you and who is examining you. Neuralgic amyotrophy and Parsonage-Turner syndrome are the same thing; so are eosinophilic granuloma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis, radial club hand and radial longitudinal deficiency, tibial plafond and pilon fractures. Until now, searching for the second name found nothing even though the page was sitting there. We have started recording the alternative names — eponyms, abbreviations, older names, and British and American spellings — against each topic, and the A–Z index now lists them as cross-references: look up "neuralgic amyotrophy" and the index points you straight to the page, the way the index at the back of a textbook does. A few titles have also been widened to carry the better-known second name, so "Adhesive Capsulitis" now reads "Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)". This is the first group of topics; the rest of the library follows.

Topics included in this update

Parsonage-Turner Syndrome (Neuralgic Amyotrophy)

Expanded / hand

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Eosinophilic Granuloma)

Expanded / oncology

Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)

Expanded / shoulder-elbow

Dupuytren's Disease

Expanded / hand

Pilon Fractures

Expanded / trauma

Radial Longitudinal Deficiency

Expanded / paediatric

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

Expanded / trauma

Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease

Expanded / paediatric

Kienböck's Disease

Expanded / hand

Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Meralgia Paraesthetica

Expanded / hand

De Quervain Tenosynovitis

Expanded / hand

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome

Expanded / hand

Osteitis Pubis

Expanded / sports-medicine

Scheuermann Kyphosis

Expanded / spine

Lateral Epicondylitis

Expanded / sports-medicine

Medial Epicondylitis

Expanded / sports-medicine

Charcot Neuroarthropathy

Expanded / foot-ankle

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Expanded / paediatric

Sever Disease

Expanded / paediatric

Clubfoot (Congenital Talipes Equinovarus)

Expanded / pediatrics

SNAC Wrist

Expanded / trauma

Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (OPLL)

Expanded / spine

Blount Disease (Tibia Vara)

Expanded / pediatrics

Haglund Syndrome and Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy

Expanded / foot-ankle

Baxter Neuropathy

Expanded / foot-ankle

Anterior Tibial Tendon Rupture

Expanded / foot-ankle

Discoid Lateral Meniscus

Expanded / paediatric

Bone Island (Enostosis)

Expanded / tumors

Non-Ossifying Fibroma (Fibrous Cortical Defect)

Expanded / oncology

Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia

Expanded / paediatric

Glomus Tumour of the Hand

Expanded / hand

Unicameral (Simple) Bone Cyst

Expanded / oncology

Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome

Expanded / hand

Navigation

A full contents page — every topic on the site, on one page you can read

Until now the only way to find a topic was to search for it or scroll the subspecialty cards, which works well when you know what you are looking for and much less well when you want to see the shape of a whole subspecialty. There is now a proper contents page. It lays the entire library out the way a textbook does: ten parts, each broken into clinical chapters, with every topic listed underneath — so you can look down Trauma and see all ten regions and every fracture we cover, or read through Basic Science and spot the areas you have not touched yet. There is also an A–Z index for the other way round: one alphabetical run of every entry, with a letter jump, for when you already know the name of the condition and just want the page. A search box narrows both views as you type, and each entry is marked with its exam priority so you can see at a glance where the high-yield reading is. You will find it under Learn, or from the topic library itself.

What changed
  • Contents — the whole library, structured

    Ten subspecialty parts divided into clinical chapters, from "Pelvis, Acetabulum & Sacrum" to "Research Method, Statistics & Evidence". Every topic appears exactly once, in the chapter where you would expect to find it.

  • A–Z index — look anything up

    One alphabetical listing of every entry with a sticky letter jump, each showing which part of the library it belongs to.

  • Priority at a glance

    Each entry carries its exam priority marking, so a chapter tells you not just what exists but where to start.

Question bank

Every question now explains itself — and Aster points you to the right page

A run through the question bank turned up a set of multi-scenario questions where only the first scenario carried a written explanation: you could answer scenarios two and three, but there was nothing to read afterwards. Those explanations are now written — option by option, saying why each statement is true or false and what the underlying principle is, to the same depth as the rest of the bank. Alongside that, forty-one topic pages have been through a line-by-line review: classification criteria checked against their original descriptions, guidance brought up to current recommendations, and the numbers that matter re-verified. Aster has also stopped being rigid about questions that wander off the current station: ask it about something else mid-viva and it will now tell you which topic page covers it and offer to start a session there, instead of simply asking you to stay on topic.

What changed
  • Explanations for every scenario, not just the first

    Questions that present two or three linked scenarios now explain all of them. Each option gets its own reasoning rather than a bare true or false, so a question you got wrong still teaches you something.

  • Aster answers the question you actually asked

    If you ask about a different condition partway through a viva, Aster now names the topic, tells you there is a page on it, and offers to move there — rather than repeating that you should stay on the current case.

Topics included in this update

Ankle Arthrodesis

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Total Ankle Arthroplasty

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Atlantoaxial Instability

Expanded / pediatrics

Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation

Expanded / spine

Ceramic Bearing Surfaces in Arthroplasty

Expanded / basic-science

Congenital Dislocation of the Knee

Expanded / paediatric

Decision-Making Capacity, Surrogates and End-of-Life

Expanded / professionalism

Down Syndrome Orthopaedic

Expanded / pediatrics

Ficat-Arlet Staging of Femoral Head Osteonecrosis

Expanded / hip

Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity

Expanded / foot-ankle

Hip Arthrodesis

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Hoffa Fractures

Expanded / trauma

Imaging the Shoulder

Expanded / radiology

Knee Osteoarthritis

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Lesser MTP Joint Arthritis

Expanded / foot-ankle

Letournel-Judet Classification of Acetabular Fractures

Expanded / trauma

Metastatic Bone Disease

Expanded / tumors

Mirels Score for Impending Pathological Fracture

Expanded / oncology

Mucous Cysts (Digital Mucoid Cysts)

Expanded / hand

Multiple Myeloma

Expanded / tumors

Paprosky Classification of Acetabular and Femoral Bone Loss

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Pathologic Fracture Management

Expanded / tumors

Pathological Fractures - Femur

Expanded / trauma

Posterolateral Rotatory Instability of the Elbow (PLRI)

Expanded / upper-limb

Revision Shoulder Arthroplasty

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Rickets

Expanded / general-ortho

Rotator Cuff Tears

Expanded / sports-medicine

Shoulder Arthroplasty Complications

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Sternoclavicular Joint Dislocation

Expanded / shoulder-elbow

Sternoclavicular Joint Injuries

Expanded / trauma

Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment

Expanded / shoulder-elbow

Total Hip Arthroplasty: Dislocation

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Dual Mobility Total Hip Arthroplasty

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Total Hip Arthroplasty Surgical Approaches

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

THA Wear and Osteolysis

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

TKA Alignment Options

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

TKA Implant Design

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Vancouver Classification of Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Wear Mechanisms in Orthopaedic Implants

Expanded / basic-science

Study tools

Your progress now follows you — and you choose how long a session runs

Two things you have asked for. First, every question and case you work through is now recorded against your account and gathered into one place on your dashboard: how much of the bank you have covered, your accuracy, and the subspecialties you are weakest in, drawn from MCQs, ISAWE, CIM and full mock exams together. It follows you between devices, and it keeps working offline — your device saves it and syncs when you reconnect. Second, a practice session is no longer a fixed 50 questions: choose 50, 100, 200, or take on the entire bank for that subspecialty, and pick up only the questions you have not seen before. You can also now browse the whole question bank rather than the first screenful.

What changed
  • One view of everything you have practised

    Your dashboard now shows questions answered, overall accuracy, ISAWE marks and CIM cases in a single panel — with your weakest subspecialties surfaced once you have done enough questions there for the number to mean something.

  • Sessions as long as you want them

    Choose 50, 100, 200 or every question in the subspecialty, and switch on unseen-only to skip what you have already answered. Useful for a quick ten minutes and for a full sitting alike.

  • Mock exam marking that matches the real papers

    Single-best-answer papers are now marked the way FRCS, ABOS and EBOT mark them — one mark for the right answer and nothing for a blank — so your mock score reflects the exam you are actually sitting.

Exam preparation

New: the Exam Frequency Index — see what the exams actually test

Candidates revise from opinion; examiners ask from habit. Our new Exam Frequency Index closes the gap: a public, citable analysis of 88,936 candidate-reported FRACS and FRCS exam items, distilled into the conditions the exams return to most. See the 25 most-reported conditions (developmental dysplasia of the hip leads by a wide margin), the image-scenario top 10, and how your revision hours should weight the subspecialties — paediatrics alone is one report in five. Every condition links straight to its OrthoVellum reference, so you can revise in frequency order. The honest finding: there is no short list — the ten hottest conditions cover barely 6% of what examiners show, and the Index says so plainly.

What changed
  • The 25 most-reported conditions, ranked

    Counted across seven question formats from real candidate recall collections — DDH, SCFE, periprosthetic joint infection, clubfoot and the supracondylar fracture lead the table, each linked to its full reference page.

  • A data-driven weighting for your revision hours

    Subspecialty shares of all reported image scenarios show where the marks live: paediatrics 19.7%, hand 11.7%, foot & ankle 11.1% — revise in proportion, not by preference.

  • Open and citable

    The Index is free to read, openly licensed (CC BY), and published with its methodology — useful to every candidate, trainee and teaching programme planning a syllabus.

Content improvement

Clearer teaching diagrams on two basic-science topics

Two teaching diagrams have been refreshed. The immunology topic now carries a clearer two-panel figure comparing MHC class I and class II antigen presentation — class I on any nucleated cell presenting to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and class II on antigen-presenting cells presenting to CD4+ helper T cells — in place of an older text-box graphic that repeated the on-page summary. The hip biomechanics topic has an updated single-leg-stance free-body diagram showing the abductor force, the body-weight and abductor lever arms, and the resulting hip joint reaction force.

Experience

A beautiful new look — OrthoVellum now reads like a living surgical atlas

We have given the whole platform a considered visual redesign. Every page now shares one calm, cohesive design language — a modern surgical atlas printed on soft paper. Topic and operative pages now read on a single clean sheet, with a refined display serif for headings, elegant hand-drawn anatomical engravings, and museum-style figures for the numbers that matter. Your study consoles, readiness scores and progress bars all speak the same visual language now, so the site feels like one place rather than many. We also added self-marking to the image cases (ISAWE) and the clinical CIM stations: after you reveal a model answer you can grade yourself — Got it, Partial or Missed — and your marks are remembered, so you can see how a case went last time and target what to revise. It is the same trustworthy content you know, presented far more beautifully and consistently.

What changed
  • One cohesive, atlas-quality look

    A single design language across every page — display-serif headings, a warm paper feel, hand-drawn anatomical engravings and one clean reading sheet — so the whole site feels considered and consistent.

  • Grade yourself on image & clinical cases

    ISAWE image cases and CIM stations now let you self-mark against the model answer (Got it / Partial / Missed) and remember your marks, so you can see how you did and focus your revision.

  • Clearer progress and readiness

    Readiness, analytics and dashboard bars now use one consistent, colour-coded meter — your mastery, coverage and weak spots read at a glance.

Experience

A more polished look — and clearer signposts to what you can unlock

We have given the main section pages — Topics, Question bank, ISAWE and CIM cases, Operative procedures, Viva, Mock exams and Revise — a visual refresh. Each now opens with a calm, hand-drawn anatomical or clinical illustration behind its header (bones and joints on the reference library, radiograph plates on the image-based cases, surgical instruments on the operative guides), so the site feels more crafted without ever getting in the way of the content. We have also made it clearer, right where you land, which tools are part of a subscription and where the free preview ends — with a one-tap link to the plans — so there is no more guessing about what unlocks what. And when you choose an exam, the exam page now guides you straight to your next step: practising if you already have access, or the right plan if you do not.

What changed
  • A calmer, more crafted look

    Section pages now open with a subtle anatomical or clinical illustration behind the header — refined, not flashy — so the site feels more considered while staying just as fast and readable.

  • Clearer about what you can unlock

    On the practice sections you can now see at a glance which tools a subscription includes and where the free preview ends, with a direct link to the plans — or a quiet note that it is already included when you are subscribed.

  • Every exam points to your next step

    Choosing an exam now leads somewhere useful: straight into practice and readiness tracking if you already have access, or the matching plan if you are getting started.

Experience

A faster, more polished study experience — on every device

We have made a round of quality-of-life improvements across the site so studying feels quicker and smoother, especially on your phone. You can now search the whole library — topics, MCQs and cases — straight from the mobile menu. In MCQ practice you can answer entirely from the keyboard (press 1–5 or a–e to choose, Enter to submit and again to move on), and the results screen now shows a review map so you can see at a glance which questions you missed and jump back into any one to re-read its explanation. The live viva examiner now runs the exact number of stations you choose, advancing you from one to the next. When you are signed in, the homepage greets you with a way to pick up where you left off and a shortcut to your dashboard. And side-by-side comparison tables now stack into tidy, readable cards on small screens instead of scrolling sideways.

What changed
  • Search from your phone

    The search box is now in the mobile menu, so you can jump to any topic, MCQ or case from a phone in one tap — not just on desktop.

  • Answer MCQs from the keyboard

    Press 1–5 (or a–e) to pick an option and Enter to submit, then Enter again to advance — fast, exam-realistic drilling without reaching for the mouse.

  • Review exactly what you missed

    The quiz-complete screen now shows a colour-coded results map of every question; tap any one to jump back and re-read its explanation.

  • Live viva, your chosen length

    The live examiner now runs the number of stations you select and moves you through them one by one, instead of stopping after a single case.

  • Pick up where you left off

    Signed in, the homepage now surfaces your in-progress topics and a shortcut to your dashboard, so you can get back to studying immediately.

Exam Practice

CIM cases now unfold stage by stage, like the real exam

Clinical Investigation & Management stations now play out the way they do on exam day — as a guided walk-through rather than one long page. You start with just the clinical scenario: read the history and examination, and decide your approach before anything else is shown. When you are ready, reveal the investigations and interpret them, then work through the examiner questions and compare with the model answers, and finally the teaching points and follow-ups. A stage tracker in the study console shows where you are and lets you jump back to any stage you have already seen, and you can restart the walk-through to drill a case again. It is a much closer rehearsal of the pressure and pacing of the real CIM viva.

What changed
  • Staged, exam-realistic reveal

    Each station is presented in order — clinical scenario, then investigations, then questions and model answers, then teaching and debrief — so you commit to a plan before the next piece of information appears.

  • A walk-through tracker you can navigate

    The study console shows every stage, marks the ones you have completed, and lets you jump back to review, with the countdown timer alongside so you can practise to time.

  • Restart and drill

    Once you have finished a station you can restart the walk-through in one tap to run it again from the top.

AI Mentor

Ask Aster anything — a grounded orthopaedic Q&A mentor

Your AI mentor, Aster, can now answer any orthopaedic question you type. Just ask — “What is the blood supply to the femoral head?”, “How do I classify tibial plateau fractures?”, “Compare cemented and uncemented hip replacement” — and Aster gives a clear, consultant-level answer drawn from OrthoVellum’s verified library, with links straight to the source topics so you can read deeper. The answer now streams in as it is written, so you never wait on a blank screen, and every reply comes with suggested follow-ups and a one-tap way to be examined on the same topic. It stays honest: where Aster adds general knowledge beyond our verified pages it says so plainly, and it always reminds you to confirm clinical decisions with your seniors.

What changed
  • Ask anything, grounded in verified content

    Type any orthopaedic question and Aster answers from OrthoVellum’s own referenced topic library, citing the exact pages it drew on so you can jump in and read the full detail.

  • Answers that stream as they are written

    Replies now appear progressively, word by word, so the mentor feels fast and responsive instead of leaving you waiting.

  • From a question to a viva in one tap

    Every answer offers suggested follow-ups and a “Practise this” button, so you can move straight from understanding a topic to being examined on it.

  • A refreshed, more futuristic mentor

    The AI Mentor overview and practice screens have a cleaner, more immersive look that leads with the new ask-anything experience alongside tutorials, vivas and MCQ drills.

Platform

Cleaner, easier-to-scan topic pages

Dense reference sections across every topic — anatomy, clinical assessment, investigations, management, complications and more — now lay out as clean, colour-coded cards instead of long single-column lists, so they are far quicker to scan and revise from. Where a section follows a natural order, like a clinical examination or post-operative care over time, it now reads as a clear step-by-step timeline.

What changed
  • Scannable section cards

    Long lists of clinical points are grouped into tidy, colour-coded cards that use the full width of the page, so the structure of each section is obvious at a glance.

  • Step-by-step timelines

    Genuine sequences — the look, feel, move clinical examination and immediate-to-long-term post-operative care — now display as a connected timeline that mirrors the order you would actually follow.

  • Clear, readable labels

    Every section is titled with a colour-coded label that stays crisp and easy to read in both light and dark mode.

Hand & Upper Limb

New fight bite mechanism schematic

The human bites and fight bites topic now includes a two-panel MCP joint schematic showing how a clenched-fist tooth puncture can enter the extensor tendon and joint capsule, then seal as the hand opens and the tissue layers slide out of alignment.

Rheumatology

New crowned dens syndrome CPPD diagram

The pseudogout and CPPD disease topic now includes a two-panel C1-C2 schematic showing axial and coronal views of periodontoid calcification around the dens, highlighting why crowned dens syndrome can mimic meningitis with acute neck pain and fever.

Topics included in this update
Paediatrics

New congenital scoliosis vertebral anomaly diagram

The congenital scoliosis topic now includes a four-panel schematic comparing hemivertebra, benign block vertebra, unilateral unsegmented bar, and bar plus contralateral hemivertebra, with curve direction and prognosis cues in one quick-reference view.

Topics included in this update
Anatomy

New sciatic nerve and piriformis variant diagram

The sciatic nerve anatomy guide now includes a clean Beaton and Anson classification diagram showing how the common peroneal and tibial divisions relate to the piriformis muscle, from the usual inferior course through the less common split and transmuscular variants.

Topics included in this update
Operative surgery

New dorsal wrist extensor compartment diagram

The forearm, wrist and hand surgical approaches guide now includes a clean axial anatomy diagram of the six dorsal wrist extensor compartments, showing the radius, ulna, extensor retinaculum, tendon groups and Listers tubercle in one quick-reference view.

Reference library

A complete Professionalism & Ethics reference library

Professionalism and ethics is a real, examinable domain on the boards — and until now you could practise questions on it but had nothing to read. We have added a full 15-topic reference library you can study from: core bioethics principles, informed consent and shared decision-making (Montgomery), disclosure of complications and the duty of candour, decision-making capacity and end-of-life, the impaired or disruptive colleague, conflicts of interest and industry relationships, medicolegal principles and negligence (Bolam/Bolitho), patient safety and wrong-site surgery prevention (the WHO checklist), medical error and root-cause analysis, systems-based practice and safety culture, value-based care and stewardship, research ethics and integrity, communication and teamwork, safe handover, and professional boundaries and social media. Each reads like a proper exam topic — the framework an examiner wants, worked viva scenarios, pearls and traps — and every reference was checked by hand against its original source. They sit alongside the existing professionalism question bank and the "safe surgeon" oral scenarios, so you can now both study the domain and test yourself on it.

ABOS exam prep

A much deeper US Boards (ABOS) Part II oral library, plus more image-based questions

The ABOS Part II Oral defends your own clinical decisions, so we have grown the oral library from a handful of cases into a comprehensive set of more than 200 — covering every domain you can be examined on: Trauma, Adult Reconstruction, Sports, Spine, Hand, Foot & Ankle, Shoulder & Elbow, Paediatrics and Orthopaedic Oncology, plus the "safe surgeon" professionalism and ethics station. Each case opens with a realistic scenario and imaging, then plays out as a structured case defence — the diagnosis and applied knowledge, your initial work-up, the operative options and how you choose between them, the key surgical steps, the post-operative plan and the complications to anticipate — with five examiner pointers on exactly what earns the mark. The cases go beyond the bread-and-butter into the harder calls examiners love: floating knee, exchange nailing for non-union, periprosthetic fracture and infection work-up, pelvic discontinuity, posterolateral-corner reconstruction, congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia, limb-salvage for sarcoma, metastatic spinal disease and more. Every case was reviewed individually for accuracy. We have also continued to grow the image-based question bank — the OITE and Part I lean heavily on films — so more of your single-best-answer practice now shows a real radiograph (bone tumours, implants and constructs, fractures and classic findings) and asks what you see or what you would do next, with every image checked by hand. Rehearse the orals domain by domain in the ABOS Part II oral hub.

FRCS exam prep

More FRCS Section 1 single-best-answer questions where the bank was thinnest

We have evened out the FRCS (Tr&Orth) Section 1 written bank so no topic feels light. The arthroplasty, knee and sports, and foot and ankle areas have a fresh set of single-best-answer questions on the subtopics that previously had only one or two — so every blueprint topic now has a solid floor of questions to drill, and a full mock pulls evenly across them. The new questions are deliberately spread across diagnosis, definitive management, complications and operative decision-making, each written in the UK single-best-answer style (NICE, BOA / BOAST and registry framing) at fellowship depth, with a worked explanation of why the best answer wins and why each distractor falls short. Every question was reviewed individually for accuracy before going live. Practise them in the FRCS qbank, by subspecialty, or inside a full timed mock.

Viva & orals

Every viva now flows like a real oral — branching examiner questions, not a single model answer

We have rebuilt the entire viva and orals bank so each case plays out like a real examiner table. Instead of one long model answer, every scenario now opens with the diagnosis and then escalates the way a real examiner does — through the anatomy and classification, interpreting the investigations, defending your management, talking through the operative steps, and then the curveballs: an intra-operative complication thrown at you mid-procedure, and the patient who comes back at three months with a problem. Across the whole bank that is roughly 850 cases, each with seven to nine progressive examiner prompts, and every prompt carries its own model answer, the key points to hit, and a one-line insight on what the examiner is actually rewarding. The questions probe operative and technical depth — distinct from the clinical-judgement vivas — so FRACS, FRCS, ABOS and EBOT candidates can rehearse the back-and-forth of the oral, not just read a textbook answer. Every fact has been checked against the source content.

What changed
  • It pushes you, like a real examiner

    Each case starts broad and gets harder — name the classification, read the film, defend the plan, then handle the complication. You practise thinking on your feet, not reciting.

  • Intra-operative curveballs

    Cases throw the kind of thing that actually happens in theatre — brisk bleeding, a fracture during implant removal, a screw that has gone too far — and ask what you do next.

  • The examiner’s insight, every step

    Every prompt reveals not just the model answer and key points, but a short note on what earns the mark at that exact moment.

Subscriptions

Subscribe to the US Boards (ABOS) or European Board (EBOT) on their own

You can now take out a single-exam subscription for the US Boards (ABOS / OITE) or the European Board (EBOT / FEBOT) on its own — exactly like FRACS and FRCS — instead of needing All Access. Each track is a complete preparation package: its own single-best-answer question bank, image interpretation, clinical investigation & management cases, timed mocks, readiness tracking and viva practice, with the live AI Mentor available as well. Pick your exam and pay only for the one you are sitting (Exam Access from A$29/month, or Exam + AI Mentor from A$49/month), or choose All Access if you want every track together. The pricing page now lets you choose any of the four exams directly.

ABOS exam prep

New image-based "best management" questions for the US Boards (ABOS)

The real ABOS Part I and the AAOS OITE are heavily image-based and love to show you a film and ask what you would do next, so we have added a large set of new image-stem single-best-answer questions in exactly that style. Each one presents a realistic radiograph, MRI, CT or clinical photo and asks for the most appropriate management, spanning trauma, adult hip and knee reconstruction, spine, sports medicine, hand, paediatrics and orthopaedic oncology — from a displaced hip fracture, open tibia, cauda equina and an unstable ankle to a pilon fracture, periprosthetic fracture, rotator cuff tear, scaphoid and Achilles injuries, a paediatric supracondylar fracture, and the safe work-up of a suspected bone tumour. Every image is checked by hand and every answer is referenced to current evidence. We have also tuned the ABOS question bank so these image questions appear more often, making your practice feel much more like the real exam.

Exam essays

New Generic Surgical Competency questions for the FRACS written paper

The FRACS written paper includes short-answer questions on the generic, non-clinical competencies every surgeon needs, and we have added a dedicated set to the Essays library to cover them. There are seven new short-answer questions, each with a worked first-person model answer, mapped to the RACS competencies: communicating with an angry family after a complication, providing culturally safe care for an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patient, safe clinical handover and a near-miss, leading the theatre team through an intraoperative crisis, advocating for a patient facing access and equity barriers, supervising a trainee who will operate, and professionalism online and in public. You will find them under the new "Generic Competency" filter in Essays.

Operative surgery

Four new upper-limb surgical approaches, in full

We have added four detailed surgical-approach guides that candidates ask for again and again: the anterolateral (anterior, brachialis-splitting) approach to the humerus, the anterolateral approach to the distal humerus, the direct approach to the ulnar shaft along its subcutaneous border, and the volar (Russe) approach to the scaphoid. Each one walks through positioning and landmarks, the internervous plane, the step-by-step dissection, the structures genuinely at risk and how to protect them, a clear comparison with the alternative approaches, model viva answers and an exam cheat-sheet — with verified anatomy and radiograph images and the supporting evidence gathered at the end. They round out the operative surgery library so the upper-limb approaches you are most likely to be examined on are all covered. Operative Surgery is now split into two clearly separate sections — Operative Procedures and Operative Approaches — so you can browse exposures on their own; find the new guides under Operative Approaches.

What changed
  • The radial nerve, handled carefully

    The humeral approaches make the brachialis split and the radial nerve crossing from the spiral groove to the front explicit — exactly the points examiners probe.

  • Approaches, compared

    Each guide sets its approach side by side with the alternatives (for example anterolateral versus posterior for the distal humerus, and volar versus dorsal for the scaphoid) so you can justify your choice.

  • Viva-ready

    Every approach ends with model viva answers, the classic traps, and a focused cheat-sheet for last-minute revision.

  • A dedicated Approaches section

    Operative Surgery is now two clearly separate sections — Operative Procedures and Operative Approaches — each with its own page, so you can browse surgical exposures on their own.

Operative surgery

The operative surgery library — redesigned, and now fully illustrated

Our whole operative surgery library has been rebuilt to be cleaner and faster to learn from, and every single one of its 459 procedures and approaches now carries a relevant clinical image. Each page now follows one simple, consistent flow — a snapshot, the imaging, indications, the operation (or the approach) step by step, complications, aftercare, and a focused viva-and-exam section — with all the supporting evidence and references gathered neatly at the end rather than scattered through the page. We have also reorganised the library so procedures sit under the right region: knee, shoulder, hand, foot and ankle and the rest are now grouped correctly, so browsing by area gets you where you expect. And to make every technique easier to picture, we have added a verified image to each one — post-operative radiographs, intra-operative exposures, arthroscopic views and clear anatomy — every image checked structure by structure for accuracy before it went live and labelled as an educational illustration. Browse it all from the Operative Surgery section.

What changed
  • One clean, consistent flow

    Every procedure and approach now reads the same simple way — snapshot, imaging, indications, the operation step by step, complications, aftercare and a focused viva section — with references gathered at the end.

  • Illustrated end to end

    All 459 operative topics now carry a relevant radiograph, intra-operative photo, arthroscopic view or anatomy image, each verified in detail before going live.

  • Grouped by the right region

    Procedures and approaches now sit under the correct subspecialty — knee, shoulder, hand, foot & ankle and more — so browsing by area lands where you expect.

Exam preparation

Pick your exam once — the whole site follows

Choosing which exam you are sitting is now front and centre. The homepage leads with a "Choose your exam" picker, and each of the four exams — FRCS (Tr & Orth), FRACS, ABOS / US Boards and EBOT / FEBOT — is a single click into its own tailored hub: a blueprint-weighted question bank, coverage map, readiness score and oral practice. Your choice is remembered and shown in the top bar, so the regional guidelines, registries and terminology on topic pages line up with the exam you are preparing for. EBOT / FEBOT now sits alongside the others in that selector, pointing European candidates to EFORT and the national European joint registries.

What changed
  • Choose your exam, front and centre

    The homepage hero and a dedicated picker let you jump straight into FRCS, FRACS, ABOS or EBOT / FEBOT preparation — no more hunting through menus.

  • Your exam is remembered

    The exam you pick is saved and shown in the top bar, and topic pages tailor their regional guidelines, registries and drug terminology to it.

  • EBOT / FEBOT included

    European candidates can now set their context too, with pointers to EFORT and the national European arthroplasty registers.

EBOT / FEBOT exam prep

A new EBOT / FEBOT exam track for the European Board

OrthoVellum now has a dedicated track for the European Board of Orthopaedics & Traumatology (EBOT / FEBOT), sitting alongside FRACS, FRCS and the US Boards. It is mapped to the real exam: Section 1 is a best-of-five single-best-answer paper across the five European sections — Upper Limb, Lower Limb, Spine, Paediatrics and Basic Science — and Section 2 is five structured 30-minute orals. The new track home gives you a blueprint-weighted adaptive question bank that draws on our best-of-five question pool (so you can sit a full 100-question mock shaped exactly like the real written paper), a coverage map of every subspecialty, a live readiness score, and a Section 2 orals hub that lets you rehearse each of the five oral sessions on clinical and imaging cases with model answers. Open it from the Exam Tracks page and pick EBOT / FEBOT.

What changed
  • Mapped to the real European exam

    Section 1 best-of-five written across Upper Limb, Lower Limb, Spine, Paediatrics and Basic Science, plus the five Section 2 orals — structured the way the EBOT / FEBOT actually runs.

  • A true-to-format written mock

    A blueprint-weighted adaptive question bank that builds a full 100-question best-of-five mock in the real section proportions, surfacing your weakest areas first.

  • Section 2 orals you can rehearse

    Five oral sessions — Upper Limb, Lower Limb, Spine, Paediatrics and Basic Sciences — each rehearsable on clinical and imaging cases with model answers, traps and follow-ups.

ABOS / US Boards prep

Image-based ABOS / OITE questions — real-looking films on the high-yield diagnoses

The ABOS and OITE question bank now looks far more like the real thing. The in-training and board exams are heavily image-based, so we have added a clean, exam-style film to more than fifty of the high-yield image-diagnosis questions — the kind where you interpret the picture and then choose your answer. You will now see the actual radiograph, MRI or clinical photograph at the top of these questions: fracture films (tibial plateau, femoral and tibial shaft, distal humerus, bimalleolar ankle, pelvic and acetabular injuries, scaphoid waist, paediatric femur), classic deformities and arthroplasty films (adult and early-onset scoliosis, hip and knee replacements and their revisions, megaprosthesis, dislocations and loosening), tumour and metabolic films (osteosarcoma, Ewing, giant-cell tumour, chondrosarcoma, metastasis, vertebra plana, healing callus), paediatric hips (DDH, Perthes, SCFE, cerebral-palsy hip surveillance, clubfoot), and soft-tissue MRI and clinical photos (ACL, PCL, meniscus, multi-ligament knee, lumbar disc herniation and stenosis, cervical disc, Achilles rupture, soft-tissue sarcoma, Dupuytren, trigger finger, distal-biceps rupture, diabetic foot, hallux rigidus, Lisfranc). Every single image was checked, structure by structure, against what it is meant to show before it went live, and each is labelled as an educational illustration. Practise them from the ABOS question bank and the full-length OITE-style mock.

What changed
  • See the film, then answer

    More than fifty high-yield ABOS/OITE diagnosis questions now open with the radiograph, MRI or clinical photo you interpret — matching the image-heavy real exam.

  • Across every domain

    Trauma, adult reconstruction, sports, spine, hand, foot & ankle, paediatrics, oncology and basic science all gained exam-style images on their classic visual diagnoses.

  • Checked image by image

    Each picture was verified in detail against the finding it is meant to show before going live, and is clearly labelled as an educational illustration.

FRCS exam prep

Deeper, harder FRCS (Tr&Orth) oral cases across every station

The FRCS Section 2 oral practice bank has grown again — now over 700 examiner-style cases — with a wave of the more advanced, frequently-tested viva topics that separate a pass from a strong pass. New cases include the applied basic-science questions examiners love (perioperative anticoagulation and reversal, nerve conduction studies and DEXA, statistics and critical appraisal, nuclear bone imaging, orthobiologics and graft substitutes, and implant-wear science), spinal cord injury physiology and metastatic-spine decision-making, deeper trauma principles, adult reconstruction and revision arthroplasty, small-joint hand arthritis and the vascular hand, knee reconstruction technique, sports-medicine special topics, musculoskeletal-oncology adjuncts, and shoulder arthroscopy with the rarer instability patterns. Every case is balanced across the four orals and the operative viva, and each one was checked individually for accuracy before it went live. Practise them from the Section 2 orals hub, by station, or inside the full timed Section 2 mock.

Study dashboard

A rebuilt study dashboard that shows your progress and what to do next

Your dashboard has been rebuilt from the ground up into a single study cockpit. It now opens with a personalised greeting and a clear strip of your key numbers — your day streak, topics studied, MCQs answered, accuracy and hours logged — followed by a "Jump back in" row that takes you straight back to the topics you have in progress (or, if you are just starting, a few good first steps). A new "Your library at a glance" section shows everything available to you across every format — topics, MCQs, image-and-short-answer scenarios, viva practice, operative surgery, clinical investigation and management, clinical exams and essays — each one a single click away. Below that you will find your daily challenge, exam readiness and focus areas, your performance trends, recent activity and viva history, and all your study tools (schedule, exam countdown, focus timer and progress export) in one tidy place. The whole page has been redesigned to be cleaner and easier to read, with consistent cards and a layout that adapts neatly to phone, tablet and desktop, and everything you do is saved automatically so it is there when you come back.

What changed
  • Your numbers at a glance

    A live snapshot of your streak, topics studied, MCQs answered, accuracy and study hours the moment you arrive.

  • Jump back in

    Resume the topics you have in progress in one click — or get clear first steps if you are just getting started.

  • Your whole library, one click away

    Every study format — topics, MCQs, ISAWE, viva, operative surgery, CIM, clinical exams and essays — surfaced with live counts and direct links.

  • Cleaner, consistent design

    A redesigned, easier-to-read layout with tidy cards that adapts smoothly across phone, tablet and desktop.

Exam essays

Every essay rewritten as a model viva-style answer you can actually use

We have rewritten the entire Essays library so each one reads the way you would actually answer in the exam. The question is now broken into clear numbered parts, just as an examiner would ask it, and the model answer is written in the first person and in plain, straightforward language — the way a candidate would talk through a case. For a clinical scenario it walks through it in order: an opening line on what the problem is and the plan, then the history I would take, how I would examine the patient, the investigations I would request and what I am looking for with each, the differential, and finally the management options with the reasons for the choice, ending in a short summary. Ethics and basic-science essays follow the same first-person style with a structure that suits them. All 183 essays across every subspecialty have been updated, with the clinical facts, classifications and references kept intact.

Flashcards

A rebuilt flashcard experience on a curated, exam-reviewed deck

Flashcards have been rebuilt from the ground up. You now open to a study hub that shows your overall mastery, how many cards you have studied, and what is due today, with a clear progress bar for every subspecialty. Choose how to study — work through cards that are due, start fresh with new cards, drill your weak spots, or browse the whole deck — and filter by type (Topics, Approaches, Operative) and level (Core, Intermediate, Advanced). Each card flips to reveal a concise, exam-pitched answer with a pearl, and you rate how well you recalled it; spaced repetition then schedules each card for the ideal moment, showing you the next review interval as you rate. Your progress is saved automatically, so if you stop part-way the hub greets you with a "Resume — X of Y done" so you can carry straight on. The deck itself is fully curated and individually reviewed for the FRCS, FRACS and ABOS exams and has grown to over 2,900 cards. It now includes a complete operative-surgery library — indications, key steps and complications for the full range of procedures — alongside a comprehensive surgical-approach atlas covering the internervous plane, landmarks and structures-at-risk for every classic approach across the limbs, spine and pelvis. The same deck powers the mobile app, so your revision is consistent wherever you study.

Exam essays

Fifty-seven new model essays across every subspecialty

We have substantially expanded the Essays library with fifty-seven new long-answer model essays covering many of the most frequently examined topics in the written fellowship papers, now including a full set of musculoskeletal oncology essays (Ewing sarcoma, metastatic bone disease from an unknown primary, osteochondroma and hereditary multiple exostoses, aneurysmal bone cyst, fibrous dysplasia, plasmacytoma and myeloma bone disease, and simple bone cyst). Each is a full, structured answer — introduction, classification, assessment, management and a synthesising conclusion — with a marking scheme, key references, common pitfalls and examiner tips, so you can see exactly how a top-scoring response is built. The new essays span trauma (Monteggia, pilon, tibial plateau, acetabular, femoral and tibial shaft, subtrochanteric and intertrochanteric hip, Galeazzi, olecranon and patella fractures), foot and ankle (talar neck, ankle and syndesmosis, tarsal coalition, fifth-metatarsal/Jones, Morton’s neuroma, navicular stress fracture, subtalar dislocation, turf toe, Freiberg and lesser-toe deformities), upper limb (clavicle, scaphoid, Kienböck, radial head, capitellum, Dupuytren and rotator cuff disease), the cervical spine (odontoid, Jefferson, facet dislocation, os odontoideum, atlantoaxial instability, craniocervical dissociation and cervical radiculopathy), paediatrics (lateral condyle and radial neck fractures, Blount disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, cerebral palsy, limb deficiencies, juvenile osteochondritis dissecans, discoid meniscus and tibial eminence fractures) and basic science (osteoporosis, Paget disease, heterotopic ossification and the spectrum of spondylolisthesis). Find them all under Essays, filterable by subspecialty.

Topic images

More real radiographs and clinical photos on the topic pages

We have started adding genuine, openly-licensed clinical images — real radiographs, MRI and clinical photographs rather than illustrations — to topics that were light on imagery. Every image is checked by eye before it goes up (so the caption matches exactly what the film shows) and is from a properly licensed, commercially-usable source with the credit shown. First topics in this wave include Charcot neuroarthropathy, Blount disease, Brodie abscess, boutonnière deformity, Köhler disease, scaphoid nonunion and more, with the wave ongoing.

Topics included in this update

Charcot Neuroarthropathy

Expanded / foot-ankle

Blount Disease (Tibia Vara)

Expanded / paediatric

Brodie Abscess

Expanded / trauma

Boutonnière Deformity

Expanded / hand

Genu Valgum and Genu Varum

Expanded / paediatric

Köhler Disease

Expanded / paediatric

Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia

Expanded / paediatric

Scaphoid Nonunion

Expanded / hand

Adamantinoma

Expanded / oncology

Multiple Myeloma (Spine)

Expanded / spine

Coccydynia

Expanded / spine

Clinodactyly

Expanded / hand

Transitional Fractures (Tillaux / Triplane)

Expanded / paediatric

Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia

Expanded / paediatric

Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot)

Expanded / paediatric

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Expanded / paediatric

OPLL (Ossification of the PLL)

Expanded / spine

Open-Book Pelvis

Expanded / trauma

Hammer Toes

Expanded / foot-ankle

Plantar Fibromatosis (Ledderhose)

Expanded / foot-ankle

Neuromuscular Scoliosis

Expanded / paediatric

Basilar Invagination

Expanded / spine

Syringomyelia

Expanded / spine

Cyclops Lesion

Expanded / sports-medicine

Segond Fracture

Expanded / trauma

Proximal Hamstring Avulsion

Expanded / sports-medicine

Smith's Fracture

Expanded / trauma

Pseudo-Jones Fracture

Expanded / trauma

Maisonneuve Fracture

Expanded / trauma

Paediatric Radial Neck Fractures

Expanded / trauma

Periprosthetic Joint Infection

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

SCIWORA

Expanded / paediatric

Reverse Hill-Sachs Lesion

Expanded / sports-medicine

THA Aseptic Loosening

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Proximal Row Carpectomy

Expanded / hand

Periacetabular Osteotomy

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Revision Shoulder Arthroplasty

Expanded / shoulder-elbow

Remplissage Procedure

Expanded / sports-medicine

Complex MCP Dislocation

Expanded / hand

Pediatric Monteggia Fractures

Expanded / paediatric

Patellar Tendinopathy (Jumper's Knee)

Expanded / sports-medicine

Haglund Deformity

Expanded / foot-ankle

Pectoralis Major Rupture

Expanded / sports-medicine

High Tibial Osteotomy

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Mucopolysaccharidoses

Expanded / paediatric

Angiosarcoma

Expanded / oncology

Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis

Expanded / oncology

Melorheostosis

Expanded / oncology

Split Cord Malformation

Expanded / paediatric

Tumoral Calcinosis

Expanded / oncology

Nora Lesion (BPOP)

Expanded / oncology

Non-Ossifying Fibroma

Expanded / oncology

Isolated Ulna (Nightstick) Fractures

Expanded / trauma

Freiberg Disease (Freiberg Infraction)

Expanded / foot-ankle

Hoffa Fracture

Expanded / trauma

Hallux Varus

Expanded / foot-ankle

Heterotopic Ossification

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumours

Expanded / spine

Isthmic Spondylolisthesis

Expanded / spine

Ficat–Arlet Staging (AVN)

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Kellgren–Lawrence Grading

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Tönnis Grade (Hip OA)

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Schatzker Classification

Expanded / trauma

Mason Classification

Expanded / trauma

Gartland Classification

Expanded / paediatric

Neer Classification

Expanded / trauma

Rockwood AC Classification

Expanded / trauma

Weber Ankle Classification

Expanded / trauma

Salter–Harris Classification

Expanded / paediatric

Vancouver Classification

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Frykman Classification

Expanded / trauma

Letournel–Judet Classification

Expanded / trauma

Catterall Classification

Expanded / paediatric

Crowe Classification

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Ogden Classification

Expanded / paediatric

Herbert Classification

Expanded / hand

Hardcastle Classification

Expanded / foot-ankle

Allman Clavicle Classification

Expanded / trauma

Garden Classification

Expanded / trauma

Bado Classification

Expanded / trauma

Brooker Classification

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Steinberg Staging (AVN)

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Denis Classification

Expanded / spine

Mayo Elbow Classification

Expanded / trauma

Levine–Edwards Classification

Expanded / spine

Dameron–Torg Classification

Expanded / foot-ankle

Nurick Grade

Expanded / spine

Mirels Score

Expanded / oncology

Kocher Criteria

Expanded / paediatric

Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS)

Expanded / spine

Gruen Zones

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Herring Lateral Pillar Classification

Expanded / paediatric

Stulberg Classification

Expanded / paediatric

Psoriatic Arthritis (Hand)

Expanded / hand

Phalangeal Fractures of the Foot

Expanded / foot-ankle

Open Tibial Fractures

Expanded / trauma

Ischiofemoral Impingement

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Latarjet Procedure

Expanded / sports-medicine

Fat Embolism Syndrome

Expanded / trauma

Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee

Expanded / sports-medicine

Paraspinal Abscess

Expanded / spine

Pathological Fractures (Humerus)

Expanded / oncology

Pathological Fractures (Femur)

Expanded / oncology

Paediatric Acute Osteomyelitis

Expanded / paediatric

Navicular Fractures

Expanded / foot-ankle

Polydactyly of the Foot

Expanded / paediatric

Popliteal Artery Entrapment

Expanded / sports-medicine

Radioulnar Synostosis

Expanded / paediatric

Shoulder Osteoarthritis

Expanded / shoulder-elbow

Triquetral Fractures

Expanded / hand

Toddler's Fracture

Expanded / paediatric

Vertebroplasty & Kyphoplasty

Expanded / spine

Wrist Arthrodesis

Expanded / hand

Rheumatoid Hand & Wrist

Expanded / hand

Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency

Expanded / paediatric

Teardrop Fractures

Expanded / spine

Nerve Sheath Tumours

Expanded / oncology

Neurofibroma

Expanded / oncology

Tibial Hemimelia

Expanded / paediatric

SNAC Wrist

Expanded / hand

Multiple Hereditary Exostoses

Expanded / oncology

Hand Replantation

Expanded / hand

Chordoma

Expanded / oncology

Böhler's Angle

Expanded / trauma

Segond Fractures

Expanded / trauma

Paediatric Tibial Fractures

Expanded / paediatric

Hip Arthroscopy

Expanded / sports-medicine

Sartorius Anatomy

Expanded / anatomy

Bado Classification (Monteggia)

Expanded / trauma

Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee

Expanded / adult-reconstruction

Spondylolisthesis

Expanded / spine

Non-Ossifying Fibroma

Expanded / oncology

Neurofibroma

Expanded / oncology

Marjolin's Ulcer

Expanded / oncology

Study tools

Landmark trials now appear right on the topic page

When you open a topic, you will now see the landmark trials that matter for that condition — the result and the one-line exam take-home — right at the bottom of the page, each linked to PubMed. So on the distal radius page you get DRAFFT and the elderly-wrist evidence; on the ACL page you get KANON, MOON, STABILITY and MARS; on the ankle fracture page you get AIM. It is drawn from our growing library of verified landmark trials and shows only where a trial genuinely applies.

What changed
  • The evidence, where you study the condition

    No need to leave the topic — the trials that examiners expect you to cite are summarised in place, with a link to browse the full library by domain.

ABOS exam prep

ABOS / US Boards: a landmark-trial evidence library, a full-length timed mock and a Part II oral hub

A big upgrade to the ABOS / US Boards (and OITE) lane. There is a new High-Yield Evidence library — the landmark trials the boards love to test, what each actually showed and the one-line exam take-home, organised by blueprint domain and linked straight to PubMed. There is a full-length (~275-question) mock that mirrors a real OITE / Part I sitting across all ten domains, with a live timer and a per-domain score at the end. And there is now a dedicated Part II Oral hub to rehearse case-defence orals domain by domain, including the “safe surgeon” ethics station. The evidence library and oral hub are free to browse.

What changed
  • High-yield evidence, by domain

    Fifty landmark trials and scoring systems across all eleven blueprint domains — SPRINT, FLOW, CRASH-2, PREVENT CLOT, HIP ATTACK, HEALTH, FAITH, TOPKAT, WHiTE 5, KANON, MOON, STABILITY, MARS, DRAFFT, SWIFFT, carpal tunnel, PROFHER, UKUFF, CSAW, shoulder-instability, Achilles, AIM, TARVA, Lisfranc, CRISTAL, the WHO checklist, Mirels, OVIVA, INFORM, the cervical-myelopathy, vertebroplasty, meniscectomy, cartilage-repair and spondylolisthesis evidence and more — each with its design, result and exam take-home, grouped by blueprint domain with a jump-to-domain nav and linked to PubMed. Free to browse.

  • A full-length, exam-realistic mock

    Sit a ~275-question paper drawn across all ten domains in blueprint proportions — the closest thing to the real all-day OITE / Part I sitting — alongside the quicker 75-question blueprint mock.

  • A live timer on every set

    Practice sets and mocks now show a running clock while you work and report your total time and seconds-per-question at the end, so you can pace yourself for the real exam.

  • A dedicated Part II oral hub

    Rehearse the Part II Oral Certifying exam domain by domain — Trauma, Adult Reconstruction, Sports, Spine, Hand, Foot & Ankle, Shoulder & Elbow, Paediatrics, Oncology — plus a “safe surgeon” professionalism and ethics station, each opening a focused case-defence session with model answers.

ABOS exam prep

ABOS / US Boards: a new Ethics & Professionalism domain, and every domain now drillable

The ABOS / US Boards lane just got a big upgrade. There is a brand-new Professionalism & Ethics domain — the part of the boards that tests informed consent, disclosing complications, patient safety, conflicts of interest and the “safe surgeon” judgement — covered both as single-best-answer questions and as Part II oral scenarios with model answers. You can now drill any ABOS blueprint domain on its own, sit a full blueprint-weighted mock, and get a per-domain score at the end so you know exactly where to focus.

What changed
  • A whole new Ethics & Professionalism domain

    Informed consent, disclosing complications, patient safety and wrong-site prevention, impaired colleagues, conflicts of interest, decision-making capacity and end-of-life, research ethics and more — as practice questions plus Part II “safe surgeon” oral scenarios with model answers and examiner tips.

  • Every ABOS domain is now drillable

    Pick any single blueprint domain — Trauma, Adult Spine, Adult Reconstruction, Sports, Hand, Foot & Ankle, Shoulder & Elbow, Paediatrics, Oncology, General Principles or Professionalism — and practise just that area.

  • A full-length mock with a per-domain score

    Sit a timed paper drawn across all domains in blueprint proportions, then see how you scored in each domain at the end — a clear, focused study to-do list.

FRCS exam prep

Sit a full, timed FRCS Section 2 mock

You can now run the whole FRCS (Tr&Orth) Section 2 oral exam end to end in one sitting. The new mock walks you through all four oral stations plus the operative viva in exam order, each timed as on the day, and finishes with a per-station readiness breakdown so you know exactly where you stand. Start it from the Section 2 orals hub.

What changed
  • The whole exam in one sitting

    Adult & Spine, Trauma, Children’s & Hand, Applied Basic Sciences and the operative viva, presented in exam order with a live countdown for each station — a realistic exam-day rehearsal rather than isolated questions.

  • Answer aloud, then check yourself

    Read each stem, commit to your answer out loud, reveal the model answer and examiner tips, and mark each question ready or needing work.

  • Know where you stand

    At the end you get a per-station breakdown of how many questions you felt ready on and which to revisit — a clear study to-do list. A fresh set of cases is drawn each time you run it.

FRCS exam prep

A much deeper FRCS (Tr&Orth) oral practice bank

The FRCS Section 2 oral practice has more than doubled — from around 200 to 450 examiner-style cases — and is now balanced across all five stations, with every case checked individually for accuracy. Trauma, Applied Basic Sciences and the operative viva saw the biggest growth, and the four orals plus the operative viva are evenly resourced so no station feels thin.

What changed
  • Trauma orals, end to end

    The trauma oral now spans the whole syllabus — pelvic and acetabular patterns, hip and femoral fractures, knee and tibial injuries, foot and ankle trauma, upper-limb fractures, spinal trauma and the trauma principles (open fractures, compartment syndrome, fat embolism, non-union and the mangled limb).

  • Applied Basic Sciences, properly covered

    The UK exam’s most demanding oral now reaches across imaging physics, biomaterials and biomechanics, bone pharmacology, tissue and cell biology, skeletal genetics and embryology, and statistics — the breadth examiners actually probe.

  • Operative viva for real procedures

    The operative viva now walks through reconstruction and complex cases — revision hip and knee replacement, periacetabular osteotomy, complex spine, shoulder and elbow reconstruction, and tumour and limb reconstruction — with the approach, steps and structures at risk laid out.

  • Checked individually, and tidied

    Every new case was reviewed one by one for accuracy, and older duplicate cases were merged so each topic appears once, in its best home.

Quality & trust

Every reference checked — real citations you can trust

We verified every citation across the topic library against PubMed and CrossRef — more than five thousand unique references, each confirmed to be a real, findable paper. Where a citation pointed to the wrong record it has been corrected. When you follow a reference from OrthoVellum to read the source, it will be there.

What changed
  • No invented references

    Every PubMed ID attached to the evidence cards across the library was checked against PubMed itself, and the few citations without a PubMed ID (clinical guidelines and classic papers) were confirmed in CrossRef. Every reference resolves to a genuine source.

  • Mismatches corrected

    A handful of citations that named the right paper but linked to the wrong record — or carried an incomplete author line — have been fixed so the title, authors, year and identifier all agree.

  • An ongoing standard

    This verification is now part of how the library is maintained, so the references stay trustworthy as content continues to grow.

FRCS exam prep

A structured home for the FRCS (Tr&Orth) Section 2 orals

The FRCS oral practice is now organised exactly as the real exam: a dedicated Section 2 hub presents the four oral stations — Adult & Spine, Trauma, Children’s & Hand, and Applied Basic Sciences — plus the operative vivas, each opening a focused examiner table drawn only from that station’s cases. The Applied Basic Sciences oral, the one UK candidates most often under-prepare, is highlighted with its own set so you can drill it on its own.

What changed
  • Each oral as its own examiner table

    Pick a single oral and you get a focused rehearsal set of just that station’s cases — read the stem like a candidate, answer aloud, then reveal the model answer, the examiner’s traps and the follow-ups, and mark each as ready or needing more work.

  • The Applied Basic Sciences oral, front and centre

    Oral 4 — biomechanics, biomaterials, tissue healing, microbiology and critical appraisal — now has its own clearly-signposted station, so the most demanding UK viva is no longer buried among the others.

  • Mapped to the real Section 2 structure

    The four 30-minute orals and the operative vivas are laid out in exam order from the FRCS track page, so it is obvious what to practise and where you stand across the whole oral exam.

Image library upgrade

A library-wide image quality and licensing upgrade

Every image across the topic library has been reviewed one by one for quality, accuracy and licensing — third-party watermarks and any patient-identifying photographs have been removed, and the whole image library tidied so pages stay clean, load quickly, and sit firmly within copyright.

What changed
  • Every image reviewed, one by one

    Every radiograph, scan, clinical photograph and diagram across the topic library has been checked individually for quality, accuracy and proper licensing. Anything that did not meet the standard was replaced or removed, so you can trust what you see on every page.

  • Cleanly licensed and watermark-free

    Every clinical image now comes from an openly-licensed source appropriate for a subscription resource and is free of third-party watermarks, so the pages read cleanly and the reference library stays comfortably within copyright.

  • Patient privacy protected

    Any image that could identify a patient has been retired in favour of clearer, consent-safe alternatives.

  • Leaner and faster

    Several hundred unused image files were pruned behind the scenes, keeping the site light and quick to load.

Exam practice

A bigger, sharper image-based short-answer (ISAWE) library

The image-based short-answer practice library has grown to close to a thousand timed scenarios across every subspecialty, and its images have been carefully upgraded: many are now genuine, openly-licensed radiographs, each one reviewed so the questions and model answers describe exactly what is on the film.

What changed
  • Close to a thousand image-based scenarios

    The ISAWE library now spans almost a thousand timed, single-image cases across trauma, paediatrics, hand, foot and ankle, hip, knee, shoulder, spine, oncology, infection and basic science — so there is a relevant scenario to practise for almost any radiograph you might meet on the day.

  • Real, properly-attributed radiographs

    Many scenario images have been upgraded to genuine, openly-licensed radiographs from recognised teaching collections, each carrying clear source attribution — so what you study looks like what you will be shown in the exam.

  • Every image matched to its questions

    Each scenario image has been reviewed individually so the questions and model answers describe exactly what is on the film — the projection, the side, and the findings. Where an image and its answers did not line up, the case was corrected so your practice is never misleading.

  • Clearer case previews

    Every ISAWE card now shows its clinical stem at a glance, so you can choose the scenario you want to drill without opening each one first.

Content improvement

Osteomyelitis classification diagram refreshed

The osteomyelitis pathophysiology topic now includes an updated Cierny-Mader classification diagram to make host status, anatomic type and management implications easier to review.

Operative surgery

New gold-standard operative surgery page: distal radius corrective osteotomy

We have added a comprehensive gold-standard operative surgery page on corrective osteotomy for symptomatic distal radius malunion. The page covers the full pre-operative workup (radiographic parameters, three-dimensional CT planning and patient-specific instrumentation), both the volar opening-wedge and dorsal closing-wedge techniques with structural bone grafting, intra-articular step correction in young patients, concurrent management of the DRUJ (ulnar shortening, wafer resection and the Sauvé–Kapandji procedure), implant and fixation choices, the full spectrum of complications (FPL and EPL tendon rupture, under- and over-correction, nonunion, persistent DRUJ symptoms) and a graded post-operative rehabilitation protocol. Aimed at FRACS, FRCS, EBOT, ABOS and DNB/MS candidates and at any surgeon preparing for an upper-limb oral.

Content improvement

Osteopetrosis management algorithm refreshed

The osteopetrosis topic now includes a clearer clinical management flowchart covering ARO transplant assessment, supportive care, ADO surveillance, fracture pathways and antiresorptive cautions.

Topics included in this update
Content improvement

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis management algorithm refreshed

The juvenile idiopathic arthritis topic now includes a clearer management flowchart linking medical escalation, rehabilitation, contracture care, leg length management and rare end-stage reconstruction decisions.

Platform redesign

A complete redesign of the OrthoVellum experience

Every part of OrthoVellum has been rebuilt around how you actually study: a cleaner, full-width reading layout, memory aids placed beside the exact text they reinforce, smarter image handling, a teaching-focused question experience, and rebuilt exam simulators — all with a refreshed light-first design and a full dark mode that stays consistent across the entire site.

What changed
  • A cleaner, full-width reading layout

    Topic pages now use the full width of your screen with a modular layout. The clinical narrative reads first, with a study panel — reading time, your progress, and related topics — kept alongside. It stays comfortable whether you read on a laptop, a wide monitor, or your phone.

  • Memory aids sit beside the relevant text

    Mnemonics, key numbers, and quick reminders now appear next to the exact paragraph they reinforce, so you take in the fact and its aid together. Each classification is shown once, in full, where it belongs — no more reading the same ladder three times.

  • Smarter images

    Radiographs and clinical photographs now size themselves sensibly instead of dominating the page, sit side-by-side where that saves space, and carry their captions cleanly. Films rest on a calm dark mount; photographs and diagrams sit frameless. Any image can be opened larger with a click.

  • One consistent style for tables, callouts, and tabs

    Every table across the site now shares a single clean style, comparison and reference tables read the same way, and grouped sections — like sport-specific or stepwise tabs — now read as one tidy unit under their heading.

  • Question practice that teaches

    In MCQ practice, the explanation for each option now opens directly beneath it, so the reasoning is exactly where your eye already is — making it faster to learn from both the correct answer and the distractors.

  • Exam simulators rebuilt

    ISAWE and CIM cases now run as a focused exam workspace: a prominent image you can enlarge, a built-in timer, laboratory results presented as a clean report with abnormal values flagged, and model answers that reveal in place beneath each question so you can mark your own attempt.

  • Operative surgery and clinical examinations

    Procedures and examination routines now read as a clear, illustrated sequence — each step shown with its figure alongside, the examiner’s focus highlighted, and references within reach.

  • Viva and the OrthoMentor AI examiner

    The viva library and the AI examiner now share one clean question-and-model-answer experience built for oral-exam rehearsal.

  • A modular study dashboard

    The dashboard brings your daily challenge, exam readiness, weak areas, recent activity, and study tools together into one tidy, responsive overview.

  • Light and dark, everywhere

    A refreshed light-first design with a complete dark mode, applied consistently to every section of the site, with accessibility and reduced-motion preferences respected throughout.

Content expansion

Non-ossifying fibroma topic added

A new oncology topic covers non-ossifying fibroma and fibrous cortical defect recognition, fracture-risk thresholds, fibrous dysplasia differentiation, Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome and pathological fracture management.

Content improvement

Topic rendering and imaging updates

Several hand, trauma, sports medicine, paediatric and radiology chapters have been maintained so tabbed sections display reliably and recent imaging-topic updates are recorded in the site update history.

Content improvement

Five topic visual refreshes added

The Achilles tendon rupture, achondroplasia, ACL injuries, adamantinoma and adjacent segment disease chapters have been refreshed with section-level visual summaries and updated image-attribution records to make assessment, imaging, management and complications easier to review.

Content expansion

Landmark orthopaedic trials topic added

A new research and statistics topic covers major orthopaedic trials across trauma, sports/knee, arthroplasty, paediatrics and spine, including DRAFFT, PROFHER, FLOW, FAITH, HEALTH, FORCE, KANON, METEOR, FIDELITY, MOON, CRISTAL, EPCAT II and SPORT, with emphasis on practice signals, limitations and safe clinical application.

Content expansion

Revision TKA bone-loss reconstruction topic added

A new adult reconstruction topic covers revision TKA bone-loss assessment, AORI classification, zonal fixation, cement and screws, metal augments, metaphyseal cones, sleeves, stems, constraint selection, operative sequence, complications and evidence signals.

Content improvement

Scaphoid fractures topic expanded

The scaphoid fractures chapter has been refined with a clearer complications section covering nonunion, proximal pole avascular necrosis, humpback malunion and scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse, alongside the existing imaging and operative decision material.

Topics included in this update
Content expansion

Sprengel deformity topic added

A new paediatric shoulder topic covers congenital elevated scapula, omovertebral bone, associated anomaly screening, Cavendish and Rigault classification, imaging, non-operative care, Woodward and Green procedures, nerve-risk planning, complications and follow-up.

Topics included in this update
Content expansion

High-pressure injection hand emergency topic added

A new hand trauma topic covers recognition of high-pressure injection injury, material-specific risk, imaging, emergency management, operative debridement, complications, rehabilitation and practical decision points for paint, grease, solvent, water and gas injuries.

Content expansion

Spine and foot/ankle surgical approach guides added

New advanced approach guides cover cervical, thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbar spine corridors plus anterior ankle, posterolateral ankle, medial ankle, sinus tarsi, extensile lateral calcaneus, dorsal midfoot and first-ray exposures. The pages emphasise approach choice, safe intervals, danger structures, wound planning, closure and practical operative steps.

Content expansion

15 advanced orthopaedic topics added and expanded

A new advanced topic group covering operative approaches, wrist instability, paediatric trauma, revision arthroplasty, sarcoma referral, critical appraisal, ballistic trauma, vascular trauma, compartment syndrome, acetabular fracture imaging, and cervical spine surgery. The pages include decision pathways, reviewed images, practical examination points, imaging interpretation, operative planning, and management frameworks.

Content expansion

17 paediatric orthopaedic topics added

A major paediatric orthopaedics expansion covering gait, hip surveillance, paediatric trauma, congenital limb differences, infection, deformity correction, and common high-yield clinical presentations.