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Free orthopaedic teaching, straight from the OrthoVellum channel.
Focused, exam-ready explainers that turn OrthoVellum's written teaching into moving images — high-yield orthopaedics for FRCS (Tr & Orth), FRACS and board candidates, and a fast refresher for clinicians. Every video below is from the official channel, so this page always mirrors the latest uploads. Nothing else appears here.
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The OrthoVellum YouTube channel is our own teaching library — concise, cinematic explainers built from the same evidence-based content as the written platform. This page lists only those official uploads; you will never see third-party videos here. Watch an explainer to lock in a concept, then click through to the full written topic to go deep.
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42 videos
Carpal Tunnel Explained — Why Your Hand Wakes You at Night — Quick Revision (exam review)
The 7-minute revision cut of the full OrthoVellum lecture: Carpal Tunnel Explained — Why Your Hand Wakes You at Night. Just the teaching core — every diagram and every rule, no intro, no recap. Watch the full lecture on the OrthoVellum channel for the complete build-up, and visit Orthovellum.com for the written topic with references. Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician. #Orthopaedics #Orthopedics #MedEd #OrthoVellum #OrthopaedicSurgery
27 Jul 2026
Carpal Tunnel Explained — Why Your Hand Wakes You at Night
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is the most common compression neuropathy, caused by the median nerve being squeezed inside the wrist’s rigid tunnel. This explains why patients wake at night with burning, tingling numbness that eases after shaking the hand. Understanding the anatomy reveals why the little finger is spared and what truly relieves the pressure. ⏱ Chapters 0:00 Intro 0:59 A Tunnel That Cannot Expand 2:06 WHAT PRESSURE DOES 3:06 Why It Wakes You At Night 4:07 Which Fingers, And Why 5:15 Making The Diagnosis 6:25 What Actually Fixes It 7:52 Recap & sources This video breaks down the carpal tunnel’s bony and ligamentous structure, shows how increased pressure affects the median nerve, and links each anatomical detail to the classic symptoms — night‑time waking, shaking relief, and sparing of the little finger. By clarifying the mechanical basis of the condition, viewers gain a clear framework for recognising, explaining, and managing carpal tunnel syndrome in everyday practice. 🦴 IN THIS VIDEO YOU'LL LEARN • Identify the carpal bones that form the floor and walls of the tunnel • Describe the transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum) as the roof • List the nine flexor tendons and their synovial sheaths that share the tunnel • Explain why the median nerve lies against the underside of the ligament • Understand why the tunnel cannot expand and how content swelling raises pressure • Link rising pressure to venous ischemia within the nerve and reversible symptoms • Describe the progression from ischemia to demyelination and axonal loss • Explain how wrist flexion or extension at night increases tunnel pressure • Recognise how nocturnal fluid shifts contribute to symptom onset • Clarify why the little finger (ulnar nerve territory) is spared • Identify clinical signs that reflect sensory loss in the median nerve distribution • Summarise why shaking the hand temporarily relieves symptoms • Differentiate reversible ischemic symptoms from permanent neuropathic changes • Outline the pathophysiological basis for night‑time worsening 📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS ✔️ The carpal tunnel is a rigid, non‑expandable space bounded by bone and ligament ✔️ Median nerve compression first causes ischemic symptoms that are reversible ✔️ Night‑time symptoms arise from wrist posture and fluid shifts while lying flat ✔️ The little finger is spared because the ulnar nerve runs outside the tunnel ✔️ Shaking the hand restores nerve blood flow, providing brief relief ✔️ Chronic pressure leads to demyelination and eventual axonal loss 👩⚕️ WHO THIS IS FOR Ideal for orthopaedic trainees, medical students, clinicians, and interested patients who want a clear, anatomy‑based understanding of carpal tunnel syndrome without exam‑specific focus. 📚 RELATED TOPICS: Ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist (Guyon’s canal) · De Quervain’s tenosynovitis · Trigger finger (stenosing tenosynovitis) · Wrist osteoarthritis and its impact on tendon sheaths · Nerve gliding and tendon‑excursion exercises · Ergonomic workplace modifications for wrist health 🔗 More free orthopaedic teaching at Orthovellum.com — subscribe for weekly videos. 🎨 CREDITS • Original Orthovellum production. ⚠️ DISCLAIMER: Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment. #carpaltunnelsyndrome #mediannerve #wristanatomy #nightnumbness #handshakerelief #nervecompression #orthopaedics #neurology #handpain #clinicalanatomy #patienteducation #musculoskeletalhealth #nerveischemia #demyelination #axonalloss
27 Jul 2026
Frozen Shoulder Explained — Why It Hurts, and Why It Takes So Long — Quick Revision (exam review)
The 9-minute revision cut of the full OrthoVellum lecture: Frozen Shoulder Explained — Why It Hurts, and Why It Takes So Long. Just the teaching core — every diagram and every rule, no intro, no recap. Watch the full lecture on the OrthoVellum channel for the complete build-up, and visit Orthovellum.com for the written topic with references. Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician. #Orthopaedics #Orthopedics #MedEd #OrthoVellum #OrthopaedicSurgery
27 Jul 2026
Frozen Shoulder Explained — Why It Hurts, and Why It Takes So Long
Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a disorder where the shoulder joint capsule becomes inflamed, fibrotic and physically contracts, producing a true loss of motion that is identical whether the patient or the examiner moves the arm. The hallmark is a capsular restriction that feels like a wall, preventing everyday tasks such as reaching behind the back or fastening a seatbelt. Understanding what actually tightens inside the joint and how it differs from a rotator cuff tear is essential for correct diagnosis and management. ⏱ Chapters 0:00 Intro 1:07 What Is Actually Frozen 2:18 The Three Phases 3:35 Thawing — The Same Capsule, In Reverse 4:18 Treat The Phase You Are In 4:54 Telling It Apart 6:06 The Diagnosis Is Clinical — The X-Ray… 7:06 Who Gets It 8:10 What Actually Helps 9:08 When It Will Not Thaw 10:20 Recap & sources This video breaks down the pathophysiology of frozen shoulder, describing the inflammatory freezing phase, the fibrotic frozen phase and the gradual thawing phase, explains why recovery takes months to years, shows how to distinguish true capsular tightness from muscular weakness, and outlines evidence‑based interventions that can genuinely alter the natural history. 🦴 IN THIS VIDEO YOU'LL LEARN • How the shoulder capsule normally provides slack via the axillary recess • What histological changes occur during inflammation and fibrosis in adhesive capsulitis • Why the coracohumeral ligament and rotator interval tighten first • How to recognise the freezing, frozen and thawing phases clinically • Why passive and active range of motion are equally limited in true capsular contracture • How frozen shoulder differs from a rotator cuff tear on examination and imaging • Which factors (e.g., diabetes, immobilisation) influence the onset and duration • What interventions have been shown to shorten the thawing phase or improve outcomes 📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS ✔️ True capsular contracture limits motion regardless of who moves the arm ✔️ Night pain and progressive stiffness define the freezing phase ✔️ The axillary recess disappears as the capsule shrinks ✔️ Recovery is a slow remodelling process, not a quick fix ✔️ Early physiotherapy and intra‑articular steroid injection can improve outcomes ✔️ Distinguishing from rotator cuff tear avoids unnecessary surgery 👩⚕️ WHO THIS IS FOR This video is designed for orthopaedic trainees, medical students, clinicians managing shoulder disorders, and any patient or carer seeking a clear, evidence‑based explanation of frozen shoulder. 📚 RELATED TOPICS: rotator cuff pathology · shoulder impingement syndrome · calcific tendinitis · post‑traumatic shoulder stiffness · osteoarthritis of the glenohumeral joint · shoulder hydrodilatation techniques 🔗 More free orthopaedic teaching at Orthovellum.com — subscribe for weekly videos. 🎨 CREDITS • Original Orthovellum production. ⚠️ DISCLAIMER: Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment. #frozenshoulder #adhesivescapsulitis #shoulderpain #shoulderstiffness #capsularcontracture #axillaryrecess #nightpain #rotatorcufftear #shoulderrehab #physiotherapy #corticosteroidinjection #orthopaedics
27 Jul 2026
Sciatica — Why Back Pain Shoots Down Your Leg — Quick Revision (exam review)
The 10-minute revision cut of the full OrthoVellum lecture: Sciatica — Why Back Pain Shoots Down Your Leg. Just the teaching core — every diagram and every rule, no intro, no recap. Watch the full lecture on the OrthoVellum channel for the complete build-up, and visit Orthovellum.com for the written topic with references. Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician. #Orthopaedics #Orthopedics #MedEd #OrthoVellum #OrthopaedicSurgery
27 Jul 2026
Sciatica – Why Back Pain Shoots Down Your Leg – Disc Herniation & Nerve Root Pain
Sciatica is leg pain that follows the path of a lumbosacral nerve root, most often caused by a lumbar disc herniation pressing on that root. The sensation can feel electric, burning or like a cable being pulled, and it may be sharper far down the leg than at the spine itself. Understanding what the herniated disc actually does to the nerve root explains why the pain travels and how inflammation drives the symptoms. ⏱ Chapters 0:00 Intro 1:18 The Disc 2:27 How A Disc Herniates 3:24 Chemistry, Not Just Compression 4:13 Which Level, Which Root 5:23 Root By Root: Pain, Power, Reflex 6:18 Sensitive To Exclude, Specific To Confirm 7:11 The Red Flags 8:19 What Happens Without Surgery 9:23 The Scan Must Match The Leg 10:14 What Surgery Changes 11:34 Recap & sources This video breaks down the anatomy of a lumbar disc, shows how a herniation develops from bulge to sequestration, and explains why chemical irritation—not just mechanical compression—produces the classic burning sciatica. It maps which disc levels (L4‑L5, L5‑S1) generate specific pain patterns, highlights red‑flag signs that demand urgent review, and outlines what factors truly influence recovery and long‑term outcome. 🦴 IN THIS VIDEO YOU'LL LEARN • How a lumbar disc is structured and why its posterolateral corner is the weak point • The stepwise progression from disc bulge to protrusion, extrusion and sequestration • Why nucleus pulposus triggers an inflammatory response that sensitises the nerve root • Which lumbar levels (L2‑L3, L3‑L4, L4‑L5, L5‑S1) correspond to specific dermatomal pain distributions • How to differentiate true sciatic nerve root pain from referred pain or peripheral neuropathy • Key red‑flag symptoms and signs that suggest infection, tumour or cauda equina syndrome • What clinical examination manoeuvres (straight‑leg raise, crossed‑straight‑leg raise, femoral stretch test) reveal about nerve root involvement • Factors that predict natural resolution of disc herniations and when surgical intervention may be considered 📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS ✔️ Sciatica is a symptom, not a diagnosis; identify the underlying nerve‑root pathology ✔️ Disc herniation causes leg pain mainly through inflammatory mediators released by the nucleus pulposus ✔️ Posterolateral disc herniations at L4‑L5 and L5‑S1 produce the classic sciatica distribution ✔️ A positive straight‑leg raise test reproduces radicular pain and helps localise the affected root ✔️ Most lumbar disc herniations improve with time; surgery is reserved for progressive neurology or intolerable pain despite conservative care 👩⚕️ WHO THIS IS FOR This video is designed for orthopaedic trainees, medical students, clinicians managing spinal pain, and interested patients who want a clear, evidence‑based explanation of sciatica and disc herniation. 📚 RELATED TOPICS: lumbar spinal stenosis · cauda equina syndrome · piriformis syndrome · facet joint arthropathy · degenerative disc disease · epidural steroid injection 🔗 More free orthopaedic teaching at Orthovellum.com — subscribe for weekly videos. 🎨 CREDITS • Original Orthovellum production. ⚠️ DISCLAIMER: Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment. #sciatica #discherniation #nerverootpain #lumbarspine #backpain #radiculopathy #straightlegraise #neurosurgery #orthopaediceducation #spineanatomy #inflammatorypain #treatmentoptions #patienteducation #backhealth
27 Jul 2026
5:08
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) Masterclass: Loder Classification & AVN Risk
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is the most common hip disorder of adolescenceand understanding the critical distinction between stable and unstable slips is essential for orthopaedic practice. In this OrthoVellum masterclass, we explore the Loder classification, in situ fixation principlesand the management of paediatric hip displacement. ⏱ Chapters 0:00 Intro 0:23 Essentials 1:08 Classification 1:49 Severity 2:26 Algorithm 3:19 Numbers 4:10 Clinical reasoning — Stable 4:36 Clinical reasoning — Unstable This comprehensive video covers the pathology, epidemiologyand clinical presentation of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. We dive deep into the Loder stability classification as the primary prognostic indicator for avascular necrosis (AVN), the Southwick angle for measuring slip severityand the surgical rationale for in situ single screw fixation without reduction. 🦴 IN THIS VIDEO YOU'LL LEARN • How to differentiate stable SCFE from unstable SCFE using the Loder classification • Why avascular necrosis risk dramatically increases from less than one percent to forty-seven percent in unstable slips • How to accurately measure slip severity using the Southwick angle on a frog lateral radiograph • The pathognomonic clinical sign of obligate external rotation during hip flexion • Why in situ single screw fixation is the gold standard and why active reduction must never be attempted • How to apply Klein's line on an AP pelvis radiograph to diagnose subtle slips • The surgical technique for placing a central, perpendicular screw across the physis • When to consider prophylactic pinning of the contralateral hip in high-risk paediatric patients • The anatomical basis of the retinacular vessels and how they influence AVN risk ⏱️ CHAPTERS 📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS ✔️ Stability is everything: a stable slip has under 1% AVN risk, while an unstable slip carries a 47% AVN risk. ✔️ Never attempt an active reduction; fix the slip in situ to protect the retinacular vessels. ✔️ An unstable SCFE is a surgical emergency requiring operative intervention within 24 hours. ✔️ Always assess the contralateral hip, as bilateral involvement occurs in 20-40% of patients. ✔️ Any adolescent presenting with knee or thigh pain must receive a hip radiograph to rule out SCFE. 👩⚕️ WHO THIS IS FOR This masterclass is designed for orthopaedic trainees, medical studentsand junior doctors seeking a comprehensive understanding of paediatric hip disorders. Curious patients and caregivers looking to understand the surgical rationale and prognosis for SCFE will also find this breakdown highly valuable. 📚 RELATED TOPICS: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) · Perthes Disease (Legg-Calvé-Perthes) · Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) Secondary to Paediatric Hip Disease · Paediatric Proximal Femur Fractures and AVN · Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head · Valgus Intertrochanteric Osteotomy for SCFE Remodelling 🔗 More free orthopaedic teaching at Orthovellum.com — subscribe for weekly videos. 🎨 CREDITS • Original Orthovellum production. ⚠️ DISCLAIMER: Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment. #orthopaedics #orthovellum #SCFE #slippedcapitalfemoralepiphysis #pediatrichip #paediatrichip #trauma #orthopedicsurgery #avascularnecrosis #hipsurgery #orthopedics #loderclassification #medicalstudent #orthopaedicteaching
14 Jun 2026
3:32
Septic Arthritis in the Adult — OrthoVellum Masterclass: Diagnosis, Washout & PJI
Septic arthritis in the adult is an orthopaedic emergency that can destroy a joint within twenty-four hours. In this OrthoVellum masterclass, we explore the pathophysiology, microbiology, and surgical decision-making required to manage acute joint sepsis, native joint washout, and prosthetic joint infections. ⏱ Chapters 0:00 Intro 0:21 Essentials 0:49 Organisms 1:18 Algorithm 1:43 PJI 2:11 Numbers 2:36 Clinical Reasoning — Knee 3:01 Clinical Reasoning — Crystals This video provides a comprehensive breakdown of septic arthritis, covering everything from rapid cartilage destruction and synovial fluid analysis to tailored antibiotic regimens and definitive surgical management. We compare arthroscopic versus open washout techniques for native joints, break down the DAIR procedure and two-stage revision for prosthetic joint infection (PJI), and highlight critical clinical traps like the coexistence of crystals and infection. 🦴 IN THIS VIDEO YOU'LL LEARN: • How to interpret synovial white cell counts and polymorph percentages to diagnose a septic joint • The pathophysiological timeline of irreversible cartilage destruction caused by bacterial enzymes • Tailoring suspected organisms to specific patient populations including Neisseria, P. acnes, and IV drug user pathogens • The correct sequence of aspirating a joint before administering empiric intravenous antibiotics • Differentiating surgical approaches for native joints including arthroscopy for the knee and open arthrotomy for the hip • The decision-making algorithm for prosthetic joint infections based on symptom duration and implant stability • The indications, criteria, and success rates for performing a DAIR procedure versus a single or two-stage revision • Recognising the classic clinical trap where the presence of urate crystals does not exclude concurrent sepsis • Understanding the prognostic outcomes and the ten to fifteen percent mortality rate associated with joint sepsis 📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS: ✔️ Time is joint: you have a narrow twenty-four to forty-eight hour window before irreversible cartilage destruction occurs. ✔️ Always aspirate a hot, swollen joint and send synovial fluid before giving antibiotics to avoid culture false negatives. ✔️ A synovial white cell count greater than fifty thousand with predominant polymorphs is the diagnostic hallmark of sepsis. ✔️ Finding crystals in joint fluid never excludes septic arthritis, as gout and infection frequently coexist. ✔️ Staph aureus is the most common organism, but you must consider atypical pathogens in prosthetic, diabetic, and immunocompromised patients. 👩⚕️ WHO THIS IS FOR: This masterclass is for orthopaedic trainees, junior doctors, medical students, and anyone wanting a high-yield, structured understanding of adult joint sepsis. It also serves as a detailed educational resource for curious patients seeking to understand the urgency and surgical management of orthopaedic infections. 📚 RELATED TOPICS: Prosthetic Joint Infection and Two-Stage Revision · The DAIR Procedure for Acute PJI · Kocher Criteria for Paediatric Hip Septic Arthritis · Differential Diagnosis of the Acute Hot Swollen Joint · Gonococcal Arthritis and Dermatitis-Arthritis Syndrome · Principles of Empiric Intravenous Antibiotics in Orthopaedics 🔗 More free orthopaedic teaching at Orthovellum.com — subscribe for weekly videos. 🎨 CREDITS: • Original Orthovellum production. ⚠️ DISCLAIMER: Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment. #septicarthritis #orthopaedics #orthopaedicemergency #jointinfection #prostheticjointinfection #dairprocedure #kneewashout #synovialfluid #staphaureus #medicaleducation #orthosurgery #jointsepsis
13 Jun 2026
4:25
Ankle Fractures Masterclass: Weber Classification & FRCS Exam Essentials
Master ankle fractures with our comprehensive orthopaedic masterclass, perfectly tailored for FRCS and FRACS exam candidates. We cover everything from the Weber classification system and syndesmotic injuries to critical surgical decisions and stability assessment. ⏱ Chapters 0:00 Intro 0:03 Title 0:14 Essentials 0:44 Classification 1:12 Abc 1:32 Imaging Signs 2:02 Management Algorithm 2:42 Numbers 3:12 Clinical Reasoning 1 3:44 Clinical Reasoning 2 Ankle fractures are the most common lower limb fracture requiring surgery, and understanding the osseoligamentous ring concept is vital. This video provides an in-depth breakdown of the Danis-Weber classification, Lauge-Hansen mechanisms, and essential radiographic assessments like gravity stress views and medial clear space measurement. We explore exactly when to treat conservatively versus when to proceed to ORIF, ensuring you are fully prepared for high-stakes orthopaedic exams and clinical practice. 🦴 IN THIS VIDEO YOU'LL LEARN: • How to apply the Weber classification (A, B, and C) to determine ankle fracture stability and treatment pathways • The biomechanical importance of the ankle as an osseoligamentous ring and why you must always search for a second lesion • How to accurately assess ankle X-rays using AP, lateral, and 15-20 degree mortise views • The clinical significance of medial clear space widening and the 4.5mm threshold for deltoid ligament rupture • When and how to use gravity stress radiographs to evaluate Weber B fracture stability • The rationale for non-operative management in a CAM boot versus surgical fixation with ORIF • How to identify a Maisonneuve fracture and recognise proximal fibula involvement • The 2-3-4 rule for syndesmotic screw placement and the high risk of malreduction • The ABC memory aid to instantly classify fibula fracture levels relative to the syndesmosis ⏱️ CHAPTERS: 📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS: ✔️ Weber C fractures are above the syndesmosis and unstable by definition, requiring surgical fixation. ✔️ A medial clear space of greater than 4.5mm on stress radiographs indicates deep deltoid rupture and instability. ✔️ Just 1mm of talar shift reduces tibiotalar contact area by 42%, making anatomic reduction essential. ✔️ Weber B fractures are borderline and sit at the syndesmosis level, meaning they demand stress testing to rule out instability. ✔️ Syndesmotic screw malreduction occurs in 16-50% of cases, demanding meticulous intraoperative imaging. ✔️ Ankle fracture-dislocations are an orthopaedic emergency requiring immediate reduction and washout. 👩⚕️ WHO THIS IS FOR: This masterclass is designed for FRCS and FRACS orthopaedic exam candidates, medical students, junior doctors, and allied health professionals. Curious patients seeking a comprehensive, expert-level breakdown of their ankle injury will also find it highly informative. 📚 RELATED TOPICS: Ankle Anatomy: Ligaments and Biomechanics · Maisonneuve Fracture and Proximal Fibula Injuries · Pilon Fractures and Tibial Plafond Injuries · Post-Traumatic Ankle Arthritis Management · Ankle Sprains and Lateral Ligament Complex Injuries · Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) in Lower Limb Trauma 🔗 More free orthopaedic teaching at Orthovellum.com — subscribe for weekly videos. 🎨 CREDITS: • Original Orthovellum production. ⚠️ DISCLAIMER: Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment. #orthopaedics #anklefracture #weberclassification #frcs #fracs #trauma #orthopaedicsurgery #anklesurgery #medicaleducation #syndesmosis #orif #bonedoc #medstudent #anatomy #radiology
13 Jun 2026
4:39
Osteosarcoma Masterclass: Staging, MAP Chemotherapy, Surgery & Prognosis
Master osteosarcoma for your FRCS or FRACS orthopaedic exam. This comprehensive masterclass covers everything from the pathognomonic sunburst periosteal reaction and Codman triangle to MAP chemotherapy protocols, limb salvage surgery, and the crucial Enneking staging system. Learn how to confidently classify bone tumours and manage the most common primary malignant bone tumour in adolescents. ⏱ Chapters 0:00 Intro 0:03 Title 0:15 Essentials 0:48 Classification 1:18 Codman 1:35 Enneking 2:04 Algorithm 2:40 Map 2:58 Numbers 3:26 Viva Manage 4:03 Viva Pearls Osteosarcoma is a high-stakes topic in orthopaedic surgery and a favourite viva examiner target. This video provides an in-depth breakdown of the disease, moving systematically through epidemiology, the bimodal age distribution, and the classic radiographic signs. We explore the WHO classification system—including critical exam traps like parosteal osteosarcoma—and clearly explain why the Enneking (MSTS) surgical staging system dictates your operative approach. You will understand the complete 'sandwich' treatment paradigm of neoadjuvant MAP chemotherapy, wide surgical en bloc resection, and adjuvant chemotherapy, alongside the histologic response thresholds that ultimately decide patient prognosis. 🦴 IN THIS VIDEO YOU'LL LEARN: • How to identify the pathognomonic radiographic features of osteosarcoma, including the sunburst spiculated periosteal reaction and Codman triangle • The bimodal age distribution and the significance of distal femoral and proximal tibial metaphyseal locations • How to apply the Enneking (MSTS) GTM staging system and understand why most conventional tumours present as Stage IIB • The critical exam trap: why parosteal osteosarcoma is treated with wide resection alone and requires no chemotherapy • The components of the MAP chemotherapy regimen (Methotrexate, Adriamycin, cisPlatin) and their specific dose-limiting toxicities • The principles of planning a longitudinal biopsy and why the biopsy tract must be excised en bloc with the specimen • How modern neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy protocols have made limb salvage achievable in 80 to 90 percent of cases • The vital difference between telangiectatic osteosarcoma and an aneurysmal bone cyst on MRI • Why greater than ninety percent tumour necrosis is the single strongest histological prognostic factor ⏱️ CHAPTERS: 📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS: ✔️ Most conventional osteosarcomas present as Enneking Stage IIB (high grade, extracompartmental). ✔️ Parosteal osteosarcoma (posterior distal femur) is low-grade: treat with wide resection alone, no chemotherapy. ✔️ MAP chemotherapy: Methotrexate, Adriamycin (doxorubicin), and cisPlatin. ✔️ Surgery alone yields an eighty percent recurrence rate due to micrometastases; chemotherapy is mandatory. ✔️ Five-year survival is sixty to seventy percent for localised disease, dropping to twenty to thirty percent with metastases. ✔️ A good histologic response is defined as over ninety percent tumour necrosis following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. 👩⚕️ WHO THIS IS FOR: This masterclass is essential viewing for FRCS and FRACS orthopaedic exam candidates, orthopaedic surgery trainees, and medical students preparing for finals. Curious patients seeking a deep, medically accurate understanding of osteosarcoma will also benefit from this detailed overview. 📚 RELATED TOPICS: Enneking Staging System for Musculoskeletal Tumours · Ewing Sarcoma Differential Diagnosis · Limb Salvage Surgery in Primary Bone Tumours · Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC) Pathology · Chemotherapy Protocols in Orthopaedic Oncology · Paget's Disease of Bone and Secondary Sarcoma 🔗 More free orthopaedic teaching at Orthovellum.com — subscribe for weekly videos. 🎨 CREDITS: • Original Orthovellum production. ⚠️ DISCLAIMER: Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment. #osteosarcoma #orthopaedics #frcs #fracs #bonetumour #orthopaedicsurgery #medicaleducation #oncology #limbsalvage #ennekingstaging #codmantriangle #medschool #doctors #msts #orthopaedicexams
13 Jun 2026
2:17
Osteomyelitis: Biofilm, Sequestrum & Why the Scalpel Wins | FRCS Ortho
Osteomyelitis is a bacterial bone infection where Staphylococcus aureus builds an impenetrable biofilm fortress on necrotic bone, creating a chronic infection that antibiotics alone cannot cure. Understanding the difference between a sequestrum and involucrum, alongside the gold-standard Cierny-Mader classification, is essential for orthopaedic exams and surgical practice. Learn why radical debridement and the landmark OVIVA trial have revolutionised how we treat bone infections. ⏱ Chapters 0:00 Intro 0:06 Bone Under Siege 0:18 The Sinusoidal Trap 0:32 The Biofilm Fortress 0:48 Death And Rebirth 1:02 MRI Reveals The Truth 1:19 Scalpel Meets Science 1:39 The OVIVA Revolution 1:53 Classify Debride Cure This video provides a comprehensive review of osteomyelitis pathophysiology, microbiology, and evidence-based management for orthopaedic examinations. It covers how sluggish sinusoidal blood flow and hairpin loops in the metaphysis trap bacteria, the critical role of the glycocalyx biofilm in antibiotic resistance, and why MRI is the imaging modality of choice with 90% sensitivity. We break down the Cierny-Mader classification, surgical indications, and the OVIVA trial which proved oral antibiotics are non-inferior to intravenous therapy for stable patients. 🦴 IN THIS VIDEO YOU'LL LEARN: • How biofilm formation on necrotic bone prevents antibiotic and neutrophil penetration • The difference between sequestrum, involucrum, and cloaca in chronic osteomyelitis • Why the metaphysis is the Achilles heel in children due to sluggish sinusoidal blood flow • How to apply the Cierny-Mader classification combining anatomic types with host status • Why MRI is the gold standard investigation showing marrow oedema within hours • Why CRP is superior to ESR for monitoring treatment response • The surgical indications for radical debridement and dead space management • How the OVIVA trial proved oral antibiotics are non-inferior to intravenous therapy • Matching causative organisms like Salmonella and Pseudomonas to specific clinical scenarios ⏱️ CHAPTERS: 📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS: ✔️ Staphylococcus aureus causes 80% of osteomyelitis cases; biofilm makes it 1000x more resistant to antibiotics. ✔️ Chronic osteomyelitis requires surgical debridement of the sequestrum; antibiotics alone will fail. ✔️ CRP outruns ESR as your primary monitoring marker for treatment response. ✔️ MRI is the investigation of choice at 90% sensitivity, as plain X-rays take 10-14 days to show changes. ✔️ The OVIVA trial proved that oral antibiotics are non-inferior to IV therapy once a patient is clinically stable. ✔️ Do not base antibiotic choices on sinus tract swabs; deep intraoperative tissue culture is the gold standard. 👩⚕️ WHO THIS IS FOR: This video is designed for FRCS Trauma & Orthopaedic and FRACS exam candidates, medical students, junior doctors, and infectious disease trainees preparing for orthopaedic fellowship examinations. 📚 RELATED TOPICS: Septic Arthritis in Children · Diabetic Foot Infection Management · Brodie's Abscess · Cierny-Mader Classification · OVIVA Trial Evidence · Periprosthetic Joint Infection 🔗 More free orthopaedic teaching at Orthovellum.com — subscribe for weekly videos. 🎨 CREDITS: • Original Orthovellum production. ⚠️ DISCLAIMER: Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment. #osteomyelitis #orthopaedics #frcs #fracs #biofilm #sequestrum #involucrum #boneinfection #ciernymader #ovivatrial #medicalstudent #orthopaedicsurgery #staphylococcusaureus #diabeticfoot
12 Jun 2026
1:35
Gout Diagnosis & Orthopaedic Surgery: MSU Crystals, NEEDLE Mnemonic & Tophi Management
Master the orthopaedic management of gout, from identifying negatively birefringent needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals to deciding when surgical excision of tophi is required. Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis in adults, triggering searing pain typically in the first MTP joint (podagra). Learn the precise pathophysiology, exam-ready mnemonics, and surgical indications essential for passing the FRCS and FRACS orthopaedic exams. This comprehensive guide covers the full spectrum of gout and crystal arthropathy for orthopaedic surgeons and medical trainees. Viewers will explore the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, acute and chronic management protocols, and the critical distinctions between gout and pseudogout (CPPD). The video details high-yield fellowship exam content including definitive joint aspiration diagnosis, radiographic 'rat bite' erosions, and the MUSIC criteria for surgical intervention, ensuring candidates are fully prepared for both the bedside and the operating theatre. 🦴 IN THIS VIDEO YOU'LL LEARN: • Understand how hyperuricemia above 6.8 mg/dL leads to monosodium urate crystal precipitation in peripheral joints • Explain the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and IL-1beta release triggered by macrophage phagocytosis of needle-shaped crystals • Identify negatively birefringent, needle-shaped MSU crystals as the definitive gold standard diagnosis via polarized light microscopy • Manage acute gouty arthritis with NSAIDs, colchicine, or steroids without initiating urate-lowering therapy like allopurinol • Recognise the classic radiographic appearances of gout, including punched-out erosions with overhanging edges • Differentiate between gout and pseudogout by comparing crystal morphology, birefringence, and classic joint involvement • Apply the NEEDLE and MUSIC mnemonics to accurately recall clinical features and surgical indications for the FRCS exam • Determine the exact orthopaedic surgical indications for chronic tophaceous gout, such as mechanical symptoms, ulceration, and nerve compression ⏱️ CHAPTERS: 0:00 Midnight foot explodes in pain 00:10 Uric acid passes the point 00:21 Crystals ignite the inflammasome 00:31 Crystal microscopy confirms the culprit 00:42 Stop the fire fast 00:52 Target serum urate below six 01:02 When crystals turn to tissue 01:12 NEEDLE guides gout care 📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS: ✔️ MSU crystals are needle-shaped and negatively birefringent (yellow when parallel to the polarizer). ✔️ Never start urate-lowering therapy (e.g., allopurinol) during an acute gout attack; douse the fire with NSAIDs or colchicine first. ✔️ Podagra (exquisite pain in the 1st MTP joint) is the classic hallmark presentation of gout. ✔️ Orthopaedic surgery for tophi is indicated for mechanical symptoms, skin ulceration, secondary infection, or nerve compression. ✔️ Target long-term serum urate levels below 6 mg/dL to dissolve crystals and prevent chronic tophaceous gout. 👩⚕️ WHO THIS IS FOR: This video is designed for FRCS and FRACS orthopaedic exam candidates, medical students, junior doctors, and rheumatology trainees preparing for board exams or seeking a rapid review of metabolic arthropathies. 📚 RELATED TOPICS: Pseudogout and CPPD Crystal Deposition · NLRP3 Inflammasome and Autoinflammatory Arthropathies · Total Joint Arthroplasty in Inflammatory Arthritis · Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors and Uricosuric Agents · Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Secondary to Crystal Deposition · Differential Diagnosis of Acute Monoarthritis 🔗 More free orthopaedic teaching at Orthovellum.com — subscribe for weekly videos. 🎨 CREDITS: • Original Orthovellum production. ⚠️ DISCLAIMER: Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment. #orthopaedics #gout #podagra #crystalarthropathy #monosodiumurate #FRCS #FRACS #rheumatology #orthopaedicsurgery #medicaleducation #jointaspiration #tophaceousgout #FOAMed #medicalstudent #doctor
11 Jun 2026
2:01
Fracture Healing Explained: How Your Body Rebuilds a Broken Bone
Fracture healing is a spectacular biological journey where the body completely regenerates living bone from scratch rather than patching it with a scar. From the violent snap of a broken bone tearing through the periosteum to the final seamless rebuild, fracture healing relies on a delicate cascade of inflammation, callus formation, and cellular remodelling. Whether you are a medical student learning the phases of bone healing or an FRCS/FRACS exam candidate mastering Perren's strain theory, understanding this microscopic construction site is essential. This cinematic breakdown of fracture healing covers everything from the initial haematoma and inflammatory cascade to soft callus formation, hard callus mineralisation, and final lamellar bone remodelling. The video explains the critical difference between primary healing (absolute stability, cutting cones, no callus) and secondary healing (relative stability, enchondral ossification, callus formation), alongside the Diamond Concept requirements for bony union. It also highlights the biomechanics of Perren's strain theory, the role of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and the clinical factors that promote or inhibit bone regeneration, such as smoking, nutrition, and mechanical stability. 🦴 IN THIS VIDEO YOU'LL LEARN: • The four distinct phases of secondary fracture healing: inflammation, soft callus, hard callus, and remodelling • The difference between primary direct healing via cutting cones and secondary indirect healing via enchondral ossification • How Perren's strain theory explains why absolute stability produces primary healing and relative stability produces callus • The Diamond Concept framework of Cells, Scaffold, Signals, and Mechanical stability required for fracture union • The cellular roles of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts in bone regeneration and remodelling • How the blood supply changes from centrifugal flow to centripetal flow after fracture and why preserving the periosteum is critical • Why smoking and nicotine poison fracture healing by choking microvasculature and starving the healing site of oxygen • How piezoelectricity and mechanical loading influence bone formation through Wolff's Law • The RUST score system for radiographic assessment of tibial fracture union on X-ray ⏱️ CHAPTERS: 0:00 How your body rebuilds a broken bone 00:11 It starts with destruction 00:24 Hours: the haematoma 00:39 Weeks: a soft bridge 00:52 Bone replaces cartilage 01:07 Months: remodelled 01:23 What helps — and harms 01:38 From break to rebuilt 📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS: ✔️ Bone heals by true regeneration, not scar formation, making it unique among human tissues ✔️ Soft callus contains Type II collagen (cartilage); hard callus contains Type I collagen (woven bone) ✔️ Primary healing requires less than 2% strain and produces no visible callus on X-ray ✔️ Nicotine is a potent vasoconstrictor that significantly inhibits the fracture healing cascade ✔️ The periosteal blood supply becomes dominant after medullary disruption, so preserve soft tissues during surgery ✔️ Clinical union precedes radiographic union, so always correlate X-ray findings with patient symptoms 👩⚕️ WHO THIS IS FOR: This video is designed for FRCS Trauma & Orthopaedic and FRACS Orthopaedic Surgery exam candidates, medical students studying musculoskeletal pathology, junior doctors on orthopaedic rotations, and curious patients wanting to understand how their broken bone will heal. 📚 RELATED TOPICS: Perren's strain theory and biomechanics of fracture fixation · The Diamond Concept and non-union management · Primary vs secondary bone healing pathways · Osteoblast osteoclast coupling and RANK-L signalling · Gustilo-Anderson classification of open fractures · Distraction osteogenesis and Ilizarov technique 🔗 More free orthopaedic teaching at Orthovellum.com — subscribe for weekly videos. 🎨 CREDITS: • Visuals: original AI-generated cinematic illustrations (CC0-equivalent, © Orthovellum). • Narration: Chatterbox open TTS. ⚠️ DISCLAIMER: Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment. #fracturehealing #orthopaedics #bonerepair #FRCS #FRACS #medicaleducation #osteology #traumasurgery #boneregeneration #callusformation #orthopaedicsurgery #basicscience #anatomy #pathophysiology
11 Jun 2026
3:16
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: The most common compression neuropathy, demystified for the FRACS
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome — The most common compression neuropathy, demystified for the FRACS A free, evidence-based orthopaedic teaching video from Orthovellum, for FRCS/FRACS exam candidates and anyone who wants to truly understand the condition. Chapters: 00:00 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 00:20 The Carpal Tunnel and Its Contents 00:42 Epidemiology and Burden 01:01 Imaging the Median Nerve 01:22 Management by Severity 01:45 Viva: Provocative Tests and Diagnosis 02:24 Post-Release Ultrasound Appearances 02:41 Recap: The Five Must-Know Points More free orthopaedic teaching at Orthovellum.com Image credits: - Zhang L et al. via Neural Regen Res via Open-i (NIH) (Open Access (CC BY)) — https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC4541253 - Fu T et al. via PLoS ONE via Open-i (NIH) (Open Access (CC BY)) — https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC4305299 - Shapiro SA et al. via J Clin Imaging Sci via Open-i (NIH) (Open Access (CC BY)) — https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC4860455 Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment. #orthopaedics #medicaleducation #FRCS #FRACS #anatomy #surgery #orthovellum
11 Jun 2026
2:43
Achilles Tendon Rupture: mechanism, diagnosis and the operative-versus-conservative debate
Achilles Tendon Rupture — mechanism, diagnosis and the operative-versus-conservative debate A free, evidence-based orthopaedic teaching video from Orthovellum, for FRCS/FRACS exam candidates and anyone who wants to truly understand the condition. Chapters: 00:00 Achilles Tendon Rupture 00:10 The Calf–Achilles Complex 00:22 The Watershed Zone 00:38 Who Ruptures? 00:52 Clinical Presentation 01:05 Simmonds–Thompson Test 01:23 Investigation 01:39 Operative vs Conservative 02:06 Viva Anchors 02:25 Recap More free orthopaedic teaching at Orthovellum.com Image credits: - Clinical photograph: "Rupture tendon achiléen", Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. - Ultrasound/radiograph: "Achillessehnenruptur Sono", Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. - Narration: Kokoro-82M open TTS (Apache-2.0 model), voice `bf_emma`. Educational only — not individual medical advice. Always consult a qualified clinician for diagnosis and treatment. #orthopaedics #medicaleducation #FRCS #FRACS #anatomy #surgery #orthovellum
11 Jun 2026
4:08
Plates, Screws & Nails Explained: How Orthopaedic Implants Help Broken Bones Heal
How do plates, screws, intramedullary nails, locking plates, bridge plates, and external fixators actually help a broken bone heal? This OrthoVellum episode explains fracture fixation as a balance between mechanics and biology, not just a contest for the strongest piece of metal. We walk through the core principles behind orthopaedic implants: fracture reduction, absolute stability, relative stability, compression, neutralization, bridge plating, load sharing, and fixed-angle locking constructs. You will see why a lag screw compresses a simple fracture, why a plate may protect that screw, why bridge plating can preserve the biology of a comminuted fracture, why an intramedullary nail works as an internal splint near the mechanical axis, and why external fixation can stabilize from outside the limb. This video is designed for medical students, allied health learners, early orthopaedic trainees, and anyone who wants a clear mental model for fracture fixation. It is Educational only and is not personal medical advice. Real fracture-treatment decisions depend on imaging, the fracture pattern, soft tissues, bone quality, patient factors, surgical expertise, and the full clinical context. Chapters covered: - Why implants control motion while bone heals - The four AO-style fixation principles - Absolute stability versus relative stability - Lag screws and compression - Compression plates and neutralization plates - Bridge plating for comminuted fractures - Intramedullary nails as load-sharing internal splints - Locking plates and fixed-angle constructs - External fixators and adjustable stability - How surgeons match the implant to the fracture personality Sources checked: - AO Trauma / AO Surgery Reference fracture-fixation principles - AO basic principles of plating - AO Principles of Fracture Management - NCBI Bookshelf StatPearls references on external fixation and diaphyseal femur fracture management - Peer-reviewed literature on locking plate construct stability Source links: - https://int.aofoundation.org/trauma/-/media/project/aocd/aotrauma/documents/competency-based-education/7orphandoutenglish-principles-of-fracture-fixationv2.pdf - https://surgeryreference.aofoundation.org/orthopedic-trauma/adult-trauma/basic-technique/basic-principles-of-plating - https://www.aofoundation.org/what-we-do/education/topic-areas/publishing-and-faculty-support-media/ao-principles-of-fracture-management - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547694/ - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493169/ - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7984344/ Explore more orthopaedic visual explainers at Orthovellum.com. Subscribe to OrthoVellum for clear orthopaedic surgery education, fracture-healing explainers, trauma principles, and visual anatomy lessons. #Orthopaedics #FractureFixation #OrthopedicSurgery #MedicalEducation #OrthoVellum
20 May 2026
3:07
Lisfranc Injuries Explained: Midfoot Instability, X-Ray Clues & Treatment
Lisfranc injuries are easy to underestimate because the foot can look like a simple sprain while the midfoot arch is already unstable. This Orthovellum visual explainer walks through the anatomy, mechanism, clinical red flags, imaging clues, and treatment logic behind Lisfranc injury assessment. In this episode, we cover how the Lisfranc joint complex links the metatarsals to the cuneiforms and cuboid, why the second metatarsal base behaves like a keystone, and how the Lisfranc ligament helps hold the medial cuneiform to the second metatarsal base. The video explains why a planted forefoot twist, axial load, fall, sport injury, or crush injury can disrupt the midfoot even when the first impression is just foot pain or a foot sprain. Clinical topics include midfoot swelling, tenderness, painful push-off, inability to bear weight normally, and plantar bruising as an important warning sign. Imaging topics include AP, oblique, lateral, and weight-bearing radiographs, comparison views, widening between the first and second rays, malalignment at the second metatarsal and middle cuneiform, the fleck sign, CT for fracture mapping, and MRI for ligament injury. Treatment discussion focuses on the central question: is the Lisfranc injury stable or unstable? Stable patterns may be managed differently from displaced or unstable injuries, while unstable injuries often need fixation, fusion, or other orthopaedic surgical planning. The goal is to protect the midfoot arch, avoid missed instability, and reduce the risk of long-term pain, collapse, and arthritis. Watch this if you are studying orthopaedics, emergency medicine, radiology, sports injury assessment, foot and ankle surgery, or medical education around midfoot trauma. Explore more orthopaedic visual explainers at Orthovellum.com. Subscribe to Orthovellum for detailed visual medical education in orthopaedics. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. For symptoms or injury care, speak with a qualified clinician. Sources and reference anchors used for educational framing: AAOS OrthoInfo, Merck Manual Professional, and NCBI Bookshelf / StatPearls. #LisfrancInjury #MidfootInjury #FootInjury #FootFracture #FootXray #Orthopedics #Orthopaedics #OrthopedicSurgery #Radiology #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
20 May 2026
2:59
Acute Compartment Syndrome Explained: Pressure, Perfusion, and the Clock
A visual Orthovellum explanation of acute compartment syndrome: how pressure rises inside closed fascial compartments, why perfusion falls, what early warning signs matter, and why urgent decompression can be limb-saving. Covered in this episode: closed compartments, pain out of proportion, passive stretch pain, tense compartments, pressure measurement, perfusion, fasciotomy, and the practical four-step recognition pathway. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. Explore more orthopaedic visual explainers at Orthovellum.com. Sources: AAOS OrthoInfo, NCBI Bookshelf / StatPearls, and Merck Manual Professional. #CompartmentSyndrome #Orthopedics #Orthopaedics #Trauma #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
19 May 2026
3:51
Scaphoid Fractures Explained: Why Wrist X-Rays Can Miss Them
A visual Orthovellum explanation of scaphoid fractures: why they can be missed, how snuffbox tenderness fits the story, why X-rays can be subtle, and why blood supply and follow-up matter. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. Explore more orthopaedic visual explainers at Orthovellum.com. Sources: AAOS OrthoInfo, NCBI Bookshelf / StatPearls, and Wikimedia Commons X-ray reference. #ScaphoidFracture #WristFracture #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
19 May 2026
4:24
Hip Fractures Explained: X-Ray Types, Fixation & Replacement
Hip fractures explained visually: how the X-ray helps separate femoral neck, intertrochanteric, and subtrochanteric fractures, and why that changes fixation, nail, or replacement decisions. This orthopedic explainer covers: - Hip fracture warning patterns after a fall - Proximal femur anatomy: head, neck, trochanters, and shaft - How to read a hip fracture X-ray step by step - Why femoral neck blood supply matters - Fixation, intramedullary nail, and arthroplasty logic - Early mobilisation and recovery priorities Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. A real hip fracture needs urgent assessment by qualified clinicians. References and learning sources: - NICE CG124 hip fracture management recommendations: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg124/chapter/Recommendations - AAOS Management of Hip Fractures in Older Adults CPG: https://www.aaos.org/quality/quality-programs/lower-extremity-programs/hip-fractures-in-older-adults/ #HipFracture #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #FemoralNeckFracture #Orthovellum
19 May 2026
8:03
Shoulder Impingement and Rotator Cuff Tendinitis Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Shoulder Impingement and Rotator Cuff Tendinitis Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: Painful impingement is a load, tendon, bursa, and control problem, not simply a bone hook pinching everything. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Rotator Cuff Tears: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/rotator-cuff-tears/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: Shoulder Trauma: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/shoulder-trauma-fractures-and-dislocations/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:58
Spondylolisthesis Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Spondylolisthesis Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: Spondylolisthesis is one vertebra slipping relative to another; symptoms come from instability and nerve crowding. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Adult Spondylolisthesis: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/adult-spondylolisthesis-in-the-low-back/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: Low Back Pain: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/low-back-pain/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:52
Broken Wrist Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Broken Wrist Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: A broken wrist is not one injury; alignment, joint involvement, and bone quality change everything. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Distal Radius Fractures: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/distal-radius-fractures-broken-wrist/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:49
Patellofemoral Pain Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Patellofemoral Pain Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: The kneecap is a pulley; pain appears when load, tracking, and tissue capacity stop matching. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/patellofemoral-pain-syndrome/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:45
Plantar Fasciitis Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Plantar Fasciitis Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: The plantar fascia is a tension band under the arch; first-step pain is its signature. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Plantar Fasciitis and Bone Spurs: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/plantar-fasciitis-and-bone-spurs/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: Heel Pain: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/heel-pain - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:55
Rotator Cuff Tears Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Rotator Cuff Tears Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: The shoulder is a golf ball held on a saucer by tendons. A tear changes force, not just tissue. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Rotator Cuff Tears: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/rotator-cuff-tears/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: Rotator Cuff Tears FAQ: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/rotator-cuff-tears-frequently-asked-questions/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:50
ACL Injuries Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
ACL Injuries Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: The ACL is the knee's anti-slide and pivot-control ligament. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: ACL Injuries: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/anterior-cruciate-ligament-acl-injuries/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: ACL Injury, Does It Require Surgery?: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/acl-injury-does-it-require-surgery/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:50
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: The median nerve is a cable passing through a tight tunnel; swelling steals its space. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:55
Total Hip Replacement Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Total Hip Replacement Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: A hip replacement changes a painful ball-and-socket surface into a low-friction bearing. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Total Hip Replacement: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/total-hip-replacement - AAOS OrthoInfo: Total Joint Replacement: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/total-joint-replacement - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:57
Osteoporosis and Fragility Fractures Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Osteoporosis and Fragility Fractures Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: Osteoporosis is a silent architecture problem: the scaffolding thins before pain appears. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Osteoporosis: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/osteoporosis/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: Distal Radius Fractures: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/distal-radius-fractures-broken-wrist/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:59
Total Knee Replacement Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Total Knee Replacement Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: A knee replacement resurfaces worn joint ends; it does not replace the entire leg or remove all biology. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Total Knee Replacement: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/total-knee-replacement - AAOS OrthoInfo: Total Joint Replacement: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/total-joint-replacement - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:55
Shoulder Dislocation Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Shoulder Dislocation Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: The shoulder gets range by sacrificing bony depth; stability depends on labrum, capsule, and muscle control. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Shoulder Dislocation: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/dislocated-shoulder - AAOS OrthoInfo: Chronic Shoulder Instability: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/chronic-shoulder-instability/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
8:12
Knee Arthritis Explained: Why It Hurts and What Actually Helps
Knee osteoarthritis is not just bone on bone. It is a whole-joint problem involving cartilage, bone, synovium, load, pain sensitivity, strength, and daily function. This Orthovellum episode explains knee arthritis visually for patients and then adds resident-level decision logic: x-ray findings, compartment pattern, alignment, nonoperative care, injections, and when knee replacement becomes a sensible discussion. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If you have knee pain, swelling, injury, fever, redness, severe worsening, or difficulty weight-bearing, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Arthritis of the Knee: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/arthritis-of-the-knee/ - NICE NG226: Osteoarthritis in over 16s, diagnosis and management: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng226/chapter/Recommendations - ACR/Arthritis Foundation guideline for hand, hip, and knee osteoarthritis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=31908149 #Orthopedics #KneeArthritis #MedicalEducation
3 May 2026
7:50
Tennis Elbow Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Tennis Elbow Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: Tennis elbow is usually a tendon capacity problem at the origin of wrist extension. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Tennis Elbow: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/tennis-elbow-lateral-epicondylitis/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:54
Meniscus Tears Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Meniscus Tears Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: The meniscus is not a loose washer. It is a load-sharing wedge that protects cartilage. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Meniscus Tears: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/meniscus-tears/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: Meniscus Repair: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/meniscus-repair/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:51
Hip Arthritis Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Hip Arthritis Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: Hip arthritis is a deep ball-and-socket problem, so the pain often hides in the groin or thigh. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Osteoarthritis of the Hip: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/osteoarthritis-of-the-hip/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: Osteoarthritis: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/osteoarthritis - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:54
Ankle Sprains Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Ankle Sprains Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: An ankle sprain is a ligament injury plus a balance-system injury. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Sprained Ankle: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/sprained-ankle - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:47
Frozen Shoulder Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Frozen Shoulder Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: Frozen shoulder is a capsule problem: the room around the joint shrinks. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Frozen Shoulder: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/frozen-shoulder/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:57
Sciatica and Disc Herniation Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Sciatica and Disc Herniation Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: Sciatica is nerve-root pain, not just back pain going vaguely down the leg. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Herniated Disk in the Lower Back: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/herniated-disk-in-the-lower-back/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: Low Back Pain: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/low-back-pain/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:55
Cervical Radiculopathy Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Cervical Radiculopathy Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: A pinched neck nerve can make the arm hurt even when the shoulder joint is innocent. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Cervical Radiculopathy: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/cervical-radiculopathy-pinched-nerve/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
7:51
Achilles Tendon Rupture Explained: What Patients and Residents Need to Know
Achilles Tendon Rupture Explained explained visually for patients and orthopaedic residents. Core idea: The Achilles is the calf's cable to the heel; when it breaks, push-off power disappears. Educational only. This is not personal medical advice. If symptoms are severe, worsening, traumatic, or associated with red flags, seek assessment from a qualified health professional. References and learning sources: - AAOS OrthoInfo: Achilles Tendon Rupture: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/achilles-tendon-rupture-tear - AAOS OrthoInfo: Achilles Tendinitis: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/achilles-tendinitis/ - AAOS OrthoInfo: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/ #Orthopedics #MedicalEducation #Orthovellum
3 May 2026
1:30
How Bone Heals After a Fracture | Biology + Mechanics
A broken bone does not heal like glue. It heals by building a living bridge: clot, soft callus, hard callus, and remodeling. This Orthovellum teaching video explains the key idea behind fracture healing: biology plus mechanics.\n\nEducational only. This is not personal medical advice. If you have symptoms or an injury, please seek assessment from a qualified health professional.\n\nReferences and learning sources:\n- AAOS OrthoInfo: Fracture healing and broken bones\n- StatPearls / NCBI Bookshelf: Fracture Healing Overview\n- Peer-reviewed reviews on fracture biology, callus formation, stability, and strain\n\n#Orthopedics #FractureHealing #MedicalEducation
2 May 2026