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Evidence. Clarity. Practice.

© 2026 OrthoVellum. For educational purposes only.

Not medical advice. Verify clinically important information against current local guidance.

Clinical Examination

Examination skills library

A practical library of look, feel, move, special-test, and diagnostic-sign examinations with positioning, hand placement, positive findings, false positives, and interpretation.

Examinations
110

structured skills pages

Core Skills
55

must-know stations

Target Pace
3-5m

per examination

How to use this section

Learn the sequence

Each examination moves from inspection to palpation, movement, special tests, interpretation, and common traps.

Practise out loud

Use pages as station scripts so hand placement and patient positioning become automatic, not read.

Link findings to decisions

Positive tests matter only when they change diagnosis, imaging, treatment, or safety.

Examination regions
110 examinations
Difficulty
Lower LimbCore

Achilles Tendon and Posterior Heel Examination

How to examine the Achilles tendon and posterior heel with your hands: prone resting tension and calf-wasting measurement, Silfverskiold goniometry, every rupture and tendinopathy test with sourced accuracy data, insertional versus mid-portion differentiation, the neglected rupture, and how to present the case.

5 minfocused
SpecialCore

Acute Hot Joint and Infection Examination

How to examine the acutely hot, swollen, painful joint in the adult and the child with your hands: the sepsis screen, comparative skin temperature, effusion detection at every joint, pain on micro-motion, the Kocher and C-reactive-protein prediction rules with verified probabilities, periarticular versus intra-articular separation, psoas and Kanavel signs, the hot prosthetic joint, and aspiration landmarks, what to send, how to read the cell count and the crystals, and when not to aspirate.

6 minfocused
Lower LimbAdvanced

Adult Lower Limb Deformity and Malunion Examination

How to examine coronal, sagittal and rotational deformity of the adult lower limb: standing mechanical axis assessment from front, side and behind with the compensatory postures, intercondylar distance for varus and intermalleolar distance for valgus, the varus and valgus correction tests and what correctability means for the soft-tissue sleeves, fixed flexion deformity measured at the knee, the rotational profile read off the shank against the vertical, true versus apparent limb length, the gait compensations of length inequality, the malunion work-up before an osteotomy, and the imaging thresholds the examination drives — with sourced evidence, including where the clinical methods themselves fall short.

6 minfocused
SpineAdvanced

Adult Spinal Deformity Examination

How to examine the adult with a spinal deformity with your hands: the standing assessment from front, side and behind, the coronal curve and its olisthesis, the sagittal profile with the plumb line, occiput-to-wall distance and chin-brow vertical angle, the compensatory postures of pelvic retroversion and knee flexion, the degenerative versus adult idiopathic curve, the neurological examination in a deformed spine, the leg-length and hip contributions to the posture, the deformity with stenosis, and the imaging and referral thresholds — with the honest evidence on how little coronal curve magnitude predicts pain.

8 mincomprehensive
SpecialIntermediate

Amputee and Stump Examination

How to examine the amputee and the residual limb with your hands: the fresh and the mature stump, scar quality and adherence, skin tolerance and invagination, heterotopic ossification and the bony overgrowth of the growing child, palpation of the neuroma with a Tinel at the bulbous end, the phantom versus residual-limb pain distinction with its honest prevalence figures, hip and knee flexion contracture measurement, stump strength and control, socket and suspension assessment with the honest socket-fit signs, gait deviation patterns and their causes, and the functional classification the examination supports.

8 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Ankle Examination

How to examine the ankle with your hands: shoes-off set-up, surface anatomy of every ligament and tendon, goniometry and the Silfverskiold manoeuvre, drawer, talar tilt, syndesmosis, Achilles, tibialis posterior, peroneal and impingement tests with sourced accuracy data, the Ottawa rules at the bedside, and how to present the case.

6 mincomprehensive
Lower LimbIntermediate

Ankle Impingement and Arthritis Examination

How to examine the painful stiff ankle with your hands: localising tenderness by impingement type (anteromedial, anterior central, anterolateral gutter, posterior), the forced dorsiflexion and forced plantarflexion provocation tests with exact hand placement and direction of force, the honest accuracy evidence on the anterior impingement tests, the Silfverskiold read at 90 degrees of knee flexion, the ankle osteoarthritis examination from behind with the grind test and gait, the osteochondral lesion as the essential mimic, hindfoot and subtalar assessment, syndesmotic impingement and neuralgia mimics, and the examination-driven thresholds for arthroscopy, spur excision, arthroplasty and fusion.

5 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Ankle Instability Examination

Focused examination of the unstable ankle: mechanism history, mechanical versus functional instability, the five-day delayed examination, anterior and anterolateral drawer with the reverse variant, talar tilt, deltoid, syndesmotic and subtalar stress testing, balance assessment, and the findings that decide rehabilitation against ligament repair.

5 minfocused
PaediatricIntermediate

Back Pain in the Child and Adolescent: Examination

How to examine the child or adolescent with back pain with your hands: why the register of the examination changes with age, the standing and sagittal profile, the Adams forward bend and the kyphosis correction test, the stork test with its honest accuracy, hamstring tightness and the popliteal angle, percussion tenderness, the neurological screen including abdominal reflexes and the feet, the red flags and what each triggers, and the imaging pathway by suspected diagnosis — with every accuracy figure sourced.

6 mincomprehensive
PaediatricAdvanced

Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy Examination

How to examine the infant and child with obstetric brachial plexus palsy with your hands: the pattern map from Erb's C5-C6 to the global palsy with Horner syndrome, the Active Movement Scale stated exactly with all fifteen movements and its eight anchors, the Toronto Test Score at three months and the modified Mallet classification with their grading criteria, the serial examination that tracks spontaneous recovery by month, the internal rotation contracture and posterior subluxation sequence and how to detect it early, the referral thresholds labelled as the working conventions they are, and the examination of the older child with secondary shoulder deformity.

8 minfocused
Upper LimbAdvanced

Brachial Plexus Examination

How to examine the adult brachial plexus injury with your hands: the branch anatomy that localises, the postures from waiter's tip to flail arm, Tinel and Horner as pre- versus post-ganglionic discriminators, an MRC-graded muscle ladder from rhomboids to intrinsics, the vascular and spinal cord associations, the examination for nerve transfer planning, and how to chart and present the case.

8 minfocused
SpineCore

Cauda Equina and Red-Flag Spine Examination

How to examine for cauda equina syndrome and the serious spinal pathologies that must not be missed: the red-flag questions verbatim, saddle sensation mapping, digital rectal examination and the bulbocavernosus reflex taught with dignity and consent, post-void residual with the 200 mL threshold, the infection, malignancy, fracture and inflammatory screens with sourced accuracy, and the findings-to-decision pathway with documentation and safety-netting.

6 minfocused
Lower LimbIntermediate

Cavovarus Foot Examination

How to examine the cavovarus foot with your hands: why every high arch is neurological until proven otherwise, the peek-a-boo heel and Coleman block taught step by step, the Charcot-Marie-Tooth motor pattern, spine and hand screens, radiographic angles, findings-to-plan decisions and how to present the case.

6 minfocused
PaediatricAdvanced

Cerebral Palsy Examination

How to examine the child with cerebral palsy with your hands: history and goals, GMFCS, MACS and CFCS, tone by Modified Ashworth and Tardieu, the spastic hip and its surveillance, sagittal gait patterns of Winters and Rodda, torsion, selective motor control with SCALE, the upper limb, pain in the non-verbal child, and findings that drive botulinum toxin, single-event multilevel surgery, hip reconstruction or spinal fusion.

10 mincomprehensive
SpineAdvanced

Cervical Myelopathy Examination

How to examine for degenerative cervical myelopathy with your hands: gait and the myelopathy hand, Hoffmann and Trömner, the inverted supinator reflex, the Cook cluster with verified likelihood ratios, mJOA and Nurick grading, and how the findings drive the urgency of imaging and referral.

5 minfocused
SpineCore

Cervical Radiculopathy Examination

Focused examination for cervical radiculopathy: history patterns by root from C5 to T1, the root-by-root neurological examination with exact hand placement and reflex technique, Spurling, distraction, the Bakody sign, the arm squeeze test, upper limb neurodynamic tests and the Wainner cluster, with the shoulder and peripheral nerve mimics cleared test by test.

5 minfocused
SpineCore

Cervical Spine Examination

How to examine the cervical spine with your hands: set-up and exposure, surface landmarks from the occiput to T1, measurement of every arc, the full C5 to T1 neurological examination, Spurling and the Wainner cluster, myelopathy screening with the Cook cluster, the rheumatoid neck, trauma decision rules, and how to present the case.

6 mincomprehensive
SpineCore

Cervical Spine Trauma Assessment

How to assess the cervical spine after injury at the bedside: manual in-line stabilisation, the collar and its harms, the five-person log roll, NEXUS and the Canadian C-spine rule taught step by step, the 45-degree rotation test, the obtunded, paediatric, elderly and ankylosed pathways, the spinal cord screen, and how to present the clearance decision.

6 minfocused
PaediatricCore

Child Hip Examination (SUFE/Perthes)

How to examine the child's hip for Perthes disease and slipped upper femoral epiphysis with your hands: age and habitus patterns, gait, goniometry, Drehmann sign, Loder stability testing, hinge abduction, staging, radiographic lines and how to present the limping child.

5 minfocused
PaediatricCore

Clubfoot Examination (Pirani Score)

How to examine the newborn clubfoot and score it with the Pirani system: the CAVE deformity components item by item, the six scored signs with exact hand placement, correctability testing around the talar head, the whole-child screen, the treated and relapsing foot, and how to present the findings.

5 minfocused
SpecialCore

Compartment Syndrome Assessment

How to examine for acute compartment syndrome with your hands: the compartments of leg, forearm, thigh, foot, hand and gluteal region, pain on passive stretch and the nerve screen for each, the honest accuracy of the clinical signs, needle and continuous pressure measurement, the child, the obtunded patient and chronic exertional compartment syndrome, with sourced accuracy data.

5 minfocused
SpecialAdvanced

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Assessment

How to recognise complex regional pain syndrome at the bedside and apply the Budapest clinical diagnostic criteria exactly as written: the four symptom and sign categories with every item named, the real sensitivity and specificity of the criteria against the 1994 IASP criteria they replaced, the safe elicitation of allodynia and hyperalgesia, the vasomotor, sudomotor, oedema, motor and trophic examination, the features that arrive early and late, the mimics and the signs that separate them — infection, missed compartment syndrome, nerve entrapment, Raynaud's and deliberate dysfunction — the honest state of the staging debate, the psychological assessment without blame, and the treatment thresholds the assessment drives, from early mobilisation and graded motor imagery to spinal cord stimulation and the amputation discussion.

10 minfocused
PaediatricAdvanced

Congenital Hand Examination

How to examine the congenital hand with your hands: the four-part descriptive framework that records any anomaly without a named diagnosis, the Blauth grading of thumb hypoplasia with its criteria stated and the carpometacarpal stability test that is the real pollicisation decision, the radial deficiency assessment including the elbow and shoulder examination that decides whether centralisation can work, the systemic screen for VACTERL, Fanconi anaemia, Holt-Oram and thrombocytopenia-absent radius with its counter-evidence, syndactyly, symbrachydactyly, camptodactyly, clinodactyly, constriction rings, the paediatric trigger thumb, congenital radial head dislocation and radioulnar synostosis, and referral thresholds by condition.

8 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Diabetic and Charcot Foot Examination

How to examine the diabetic foot with your hands: the IWGDF three-question framework and risk categories, callus and ulcer reading, the monofilament and tuning-fork neuropathy screens, probe-to-bone, skin temperature for Charcot, the elevation test, ankle equinus and offloading, with sourced accuracy data, referral triggers and how to present the case.

6 minfocused
Upper LimbAdvanced

Distal Biceps and Triceps Examination

How to examine the elbow flexor and extensor tendons with your hands: the hook test at 90 degrees of flexion with active supination and its exact polarity, the biceps squeeze test, the biceps crease interval measured with the elbow passively extended and supinated (normal 4.8 cm, threshold above 6.0 cm or ratio above 1.2), the passive forearm pronation test with its honest single-test accuracy, the supination-pronation strength asymmetry, the triceps extension lag and modified Thompson squeeze test, olecranon bursitis and fracture as mimics, the brachialis and lacertus fibrosus contributions that hide complete ruptures, and the partial-versus-complete and acute-versus-chronic distinctions that change the operation.

8 minfocused
Upper LimbCore

Dupuytren Disease Examination

How to examine Dupuytren disease with your hands: nodules, pits and each named cord, goniometry of the MCP and PIP contracture, the Hueston table-top test, Tubiana staging, the diathesis score, the digital neurovascular check before any procedure, and findings-to-decision reasoning with sourced outcome data.

5 minfocused
Upper LimbCore

Elbow Examination

How to examine the elbow with your hands: set-up, surface anatomy from the equilateral triangle to the radial head, carrying-angle and goniometric measurement, and every tendinopathy, ligament, instability, nerve and tendon test taught step by step with hand placement, positive findings, sourced accuracy data, pitfalls and how to present the case.

5 mincomprehensive
Upper LimbAdvanced

Elbow Instability Examination

Focused examination of the unstable elbow with your hands: the stability anatomy that explains each test, the three instability histories (thrower, dislocation, iatrogenic), valgus stress grading, the moving valgus stress, posterolateral rotatory drawer, pivot-shift and push-up tests, varus posteromedial instability, the post-reduction and paediatric elbow, and the decision each finding drives.

5 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Extensor Mechanism and Swollen Knee Examination

How to examine the extensor mechanism and the swollen knee with your hands: surface anatomy from quadriceps tendon to tibial tubercle, effusion grading and the bulge, tap and fluctuation tests with sourced accuracy, haemarthrosis timing, the extensor-lag and straight-leg-raise assessment of tendon rupture, tendinopathy and apophysis tests, bursitis, fat pad and plica findings, and how to present the case.

6 minfocused
Upper LimbIntermediate

Finger Examination

How to examine the finger with your hands: creases versus joint lines, pulleys and the extensor apparatus, cascade and rotational alignment, goniometry and total active motion, tendon isolation for FDP, FDS and each extensor, collateral and volar plate stress, trigger grading, pulley rupture, nail and pulp assessment, with sourced accuracy data and the decision each finding drives.

5 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Flatfoot Examination

Focused bedside examination of the adult flatfoot and progressive collapsing foot deformity: every deformity component examined, tibialis posterior and spring ligament palpation, flexibility and forefoot varus grading, heel-rise and first metatarsal rise signs, Johnson-Strom and PCFD staging, and the findings that decide orthosis against reconstruction or fusion.

5 minfocused
Upper LimbCore

Flexor and Extensor Tendon Examination

How to examine tendon injuries of the hand and forearm with your hands: the flexor and extensor zones and what lies beneath every wound, resting posture and cascade, tendon-by-tendon isolation, the partial laceration problem, neurovascular documentation before any block, and the findings that decide theatre versus splint, with sourced accuracy data, pitfalls and short-case practice.

6 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Foot Examination

How to examine the foot with your hands: shoes-off set-up and wear-pattern reading, surface anatomy of every column, hindfoot alignment and arch mechanics, subtalar goniometry, and every flatfoot, cavovarus, equinus, forefoot, heel and nerve test taught step by step with hand placement, sourced accuracy data and how to present the case.

6 mincomprehensive
SpecialCore

Gait Analysis

How to observe, describe and interpret gait at the bedside: corridor set-up, the gait cycle and its determinants, systematic observation from front, side and behind, timed measurements, every pathological pattern taught as recognise, mechanism, confirmatory test and causes, with sourced accuracy data.

6 mincomprehensive
SpecialCore

GALS Screening Examination

How to perform the gait, arms, legs and spine screen with your hands: the three screening questions and what they do and do not detect, the inspection sequence from front, side and behind, the arms, legs and spine sequences with the exact instructions to give, the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal squeeze, the patellar tap, the modified Schober measured ten centimetres above and five below, occiput-to-wall and cervical rotation, how to record a normal and an abnormal screen in the appearance and movement grid, and how each positive area escalates to the regional examination it demands — with the honest evidence on GALS sensitivity, specificity and inter-observer reliability.

3 minscreening
Lower LimbIntermediate

Hallux Valgus and Forefoot Examination

How to examine the forefoot with your hands: standing and non-weight-bearing assessment of the hallux and lesser toes, passive correctability and why it decides the operation, first metatarsophalangeal goniometry with the dorsiflexion bands that grade hallux rigidus, the grind test that separates rigidus from valgus, honest first-ray hypermobility testing, the plantar plate drawer and toe purchase tests, Morton neuroma web-space testing with real accuracy figures, callosity mapping as a load map, and the weight-bearing imaging the examination drives.

6 minfocused
Upper LimbIntermediate

Hand and Thumb-Base Osteoarthritis Examination

How to examine the osteoarthritic hand with your hands: reading the deformity pattern of thumb-base adduction with metacarpophalangeal hyperextension against the rheumatoid hand, palpating Heberden and Bouchard nodes and the dorsoradial shoulder sign, the metacarpal adduction and extension tests that outperform the grind, pressure-shear and traction-shift, Eaton-Glickel staging and what each stage changes, first-web and hyperextension measurement, measured grip and key and tip pinch against norms, the ACR criteria with their real performance, and erosive osteoarthritis against its inflammatory mimics — every figure sourced.

5 minfocused
Upper LimbIntermediate

Hand and Wrist Lumps Examination

How to examine a lump in the hand or wrist with your hands: the systematic lump discipline of site, size, consistency and mobility, and the manoeuvres that establish which tissue plane a lump occupies — the dorsal wrist ganglion tethered to the scapholunate interval with the extensor tendons gliding over it and becoming more prominent in wrist flexion, the tendon-gliding lumps of giant cell tumour of tendon sheath and rheumatoid nodule, transillumination and its honest limits, aspiration and what the aspirate means, the dorsal distal interphalangeal mucous cyst and its nail groove, the glomus triad with Love's pin test, Hildreth's test and the cold-sensitivity test and their real figures, the carpal boss and its os styloideum and sesamoid confounds, the foreign-body history trap, the Dupuytren nodule read as a lump, and the red flags that turn a routine lump into a sarcoma referral you never excise unplanned.

6 minfocused
Upper LimbCore

Hand Examination

How to examine the hand with your hands: set-up on a pillow palms up then down, creases and landmarks, deformity patterns, goniometry and total active motion, tendon and nerve testing, Kapandji scoring, grip and pinch dynamometry, and every special test taught step by step with hand placement, positive findings and sourced accuracy data.

5 mincomprehensive
Upper LimbIntermediate

Hand Infection Examination

How to examine the infected hand with your hands: localising a paronychia, a felon and a distal flexor sheath infection to their compartments, the four Kanavel signs in order with exactly how each is elicited and their honest sensitivity and specificity, the anatomy that decides spread — the radial and ulnar bursae, the horseshoe communication, the deep palmar spaces and Parona's space — the fight-bite knuckle examined in the position of injury and why the wounds misalign as the joint extends, herpetic whitlow and why it is never incised, the red flags of necrotising infection and the real limits of the LRINEC score, the small-joint septic arthritis assessment, atypical mycobacterial and immunosuppressed presentations, and what goes to theatre now versus what can be trialled on antibiotics with review.

5 minfocused
Upper LimbCore

Hand Nerve Examination

Focused examination of the median, ulnar and radial nerves in the hand and forearm: the sixty-second three-nerve screen, muscle-by-muscle power testing, measured sensibility with sourced accuracy figures, and the localisation method that separates wrist from elbow from root lesions.

5 minfocused
Lower LimbIntermediate

Heel Pain Examination

How to examine the painful heel with your hands: localising tenderness to the medial calcaneal tuberosity, the fascia body, the retrocalcaneal recess or the posterosuperior calcaneal prominence, the weight-bearing windlass test, the calcaneal squeeze for stress fracture, Baxter's nerve palpation and the sensory pattern that separates it from plantar fasciitis, the tarsal tunnel Tinel and dorsiflexion-eversion and triple compression tests, the Silfverskiold test read at 90 degrees of knee flexion, heel-rise testing, fat pad assessment, and the inflammatory red flags that trigger a spondyloarthropathy work-up — with sourced accuracy data and the imaging thresholds the examination drives.

5 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Hip Examination

How to examine the hip with your hands: gait and abductor testing, surface anatomy including Nélaton's line, true and apparent leg length, goniometry, the Thomas test, FADIR, FABER and gluteal load tests with sourced accuracy data, and how to present osteoarthritis, FAI and lateral hip pain short cases.

7 mincomprehensive
Lower LimbCore

Hip Osteoarthritis Assessment

How to examine the osteoarthritic hip and the painful hip replacement with your hands: groin pain and the C-sign, gait and lordosis, capsular-pattern restriction with goniometry, the Thomas test, leg-length arithmetic, the Sutlive prediction rule and the ACR criteria, and a full work-up of the painful arthroplasty.

6 minfocused
Upper LimbIntermediate

Impingement, Acromioclavicular and Sternoclavicular Joint Examination

Focused examination of subacromial pain, internal impingement in the overhead athlete and the two clavicular joints: every provocation, scapular and coracoid test with hand placement, sourced accuracy data, glenohumeral total-arc measurement, Rockwood grading, sternoclavicular danger signs and the decision each finding drives.

6 minfocused
PaediatricCore

In-Toeing, Out-Toeing and the Rotational Profile

How to examine the in-toeing or out-toeing child with your hands: Staheli's rotational profile taught step by step — foot progression angle, prone hip rotation, the Craig test, thigh-foot angle, the transmalleolar axis and the heel-bisector line — with age-referenced norms, sourced natural-history data, the mimics that must not be missed and how to present the case.

6 minfocused
PaediatricCore

Infant Hip Examination (DDH)

How to examine a baby's hips for developmental dysplasia with your hands: set-up, risk factors with verified odds, Ortolani, Barlow, Galeazzi, limited abduction, the Klisic line and telescoping step by step, the signs at each age, honest accuracy against ultrasound, the walking child with a missed hip, and how to present.

5 mincomprehensive
SpineAdvanced

Inflammatory Spine Examination: Axial Spondyloarthritis and the Ankylosed Spine

How to examine the inflammatory spine with your hands: the inflammatory back pain history and its real performance (Calin, Rudwaleit and the ASAS experts' criteria), the modified Schober measured the right way up (10 cm above and 5 cm below the lumbosacral junction), lateral flexion, chest expansion against the decade norms of Moll and Wright, occiput-to-wall and tragus-to-wall distance, cervical rotation, the enthesitis survey in order, the sacroiliac provocation tests with their poor specificity in inflammatory disease, the peripheral and extra-articular screen, and the established ankylosed spine — fracture from minor trauma and atlanto-axial instability.

8 mincomprehensive
SpecialCore

Injured Limb Assessment

How to assess and document the single injured limb: the sequence after the primary survey, deformity described in words, the open fracture and its grading, the six-point neurovascular check, the nerve at risk for each injury, pre- and post-reduction examination, splint checks and the days-after screens, with sourced figures.

6 minfocused
PaediatricCore

Irritable Hip Examination (Child)

How to examine the child with an acutely irritable hip: age-stratified differentials, the log roll and range comparison, the Kocher and CRP prediction rules with verified probabilities, septic hip emergency actions, and how to present and act on the findings.

5 minfocused
SpecialIntermediate

Joint Hypermobility Examination

How to examine the hypermobile patient with your hands: the nine-point Beighton score item by item with goniometry and the age bands that change the cut-off, the five-part questionnaire for historical hypermobility, the 2017 hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos criteria in full with the systemic-feature checklist and the exclusions, why most hypermobile people have neither hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome nor a hypermobility spectrum disorder, the skin, scar and eye features, the Brighton criteria as history, the paediatric assessment, and how recurrent patellar and shoulder instability, flatfoot, poor healing and local anaesthetic failure change surgical decisions.

6 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Knee Collateral Ligament Examination

Focused examination of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments and the posterolateral corner: mechanism-driven palpation, valgus and varus stress at 0 and 30 degrees with millimetre grading, dial and recurvatum testing, combined-injury separation, stress radiograph thresholds and the decision each finding drives.

5 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Knee Cruciate Ligament Examination

Focused examination of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments: mechanism-led history, the Lachman and its variants in depth with grading and end-point, pivot shift grading and the anterolateral complex, posterior drawer and step-off grading, the dial test for combined injuries, instrumented laxity, examination under anaesthesia and what each finding decides.

5 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Knee Examination

How to examine the knee with your hands: set-up and exposure, surface anatomy, effusion grading, goniometry, and every ligament, meniscal and patellofemoral test taught step by step with hand placement, positive findings, sourced accuracy data, false results and how to present the case.

6 mincomprehensive
Lower LimbCore

Knee Meniscus Examination

How to examine the knee for a meniscal tear with your hands: history that carries the diagnosis, precise joint-line localisation, McMurray with variants, Thessaly, Apley, Ege, Steinmann, Childress, bounce home, the locked knee, degenerative tears, root and ramp lesions, cysts, the post-meniscectomy knee, and what each finding decides.

5 minfocused
Lower LimbIntermediate

Knee Osteoarthritis Examination

Focused examination of the arthritic knee and the knee with a replacement: clinical diagnosis criteria with verified accuracy, standing alignment and thrust, fixed flexion and lag, pseudolaxity, effusion grading, the painful arthroplasty screen, and what the findings decide.

5 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Knee Patellofemoral Examination

Focused examination of the patellofemoral joint: separating anterior knee pain from instability, the rotational profile that drives disease, patellar glide, tilt, tracking and the J-sign, apprehension testing, the acute first-time dislocator, and what the findings decide.

5 minfocused
Upper LimbIntermediate

Lateral and Medial Elbow Tendinopathy Examination

How to examine the tendinopathic elbow with your hands: localising the extensor and flexor origins to the centimetre, Cozen, Mill, Maudsley, the chair-lift test and grip strength measured in extension versus flexion, the medial load tests and moving valgus stress test, the hook, squeeze and biceps-crease tests for the distal biceps, triceps assessment, and how to separate radial tunnel, posterior interosseous palsy, cubital tunnel, ligament insufficiency, plica and capitellar lesions from tendinopathy — with sourced accuracy data and the imaging and injection thresholds the examination drives.

5 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Lateral Hip Pain and Abductor Examination

How to examine lateral hip pain with your hands: the trochanteric facets and abductor insertions, the Trendelenburg test performed the Hardcastle way, the 30-second single-leg stance and resisted derotation tests, abductor power grading, the Ober test, snapping hip, and separating greater trochanteric pain from hip joint, spine and nerve causes — with sourced accuracy figures.

6 minfocused
Lower LimbCore

Leg Length Examination

How to measure and interpret leg length inequality with your hands: true versus apparent discrepancy, pelvic levelling with blocks, tape measurement with its honest accuracy, segmental and Galeazzi localisation, the historical hip lines, growth prediction in the child, the leg that feels long after hip replacement, and how to present the case.

5 minfocused
Lower LimbIntermediate

Lesser Toe and Metatarsalgia Examination

How to examine the lesser toes and the metatarsalgic forefoot with your hands: the standing load map of callosity, toe posture and forefoot splay, the correctability assessment that decides surgery, the Kelikian push-up test with its mechanism stated correctly, the metatarsophalangeal drawer test graded after Nery and Coughlin with the Klein accuracy figures, plantar plate palpation, Morton's neuroma tests with Mahadevan's real sensitivities and honest limits, the toe purchase and paper grip test, Freiberg and sesamoid localisation, the distal sesamoid translation on hallux dorsiflexion, transfer metatarsalgia after first-ray surgery, and the metatarsal length argument — with sourced accuracy data and named counter-evidence.

6 minfocused
Upper LimbAdvanced

Long Head of Biceps and SLAP Examination

How to examine the long head of biceps and the superior labrum with your hands: finding the bicipital groove and how accurate that really is, the Popeye sign, Speed, Yergason and the upper cut, every SLAP test step by step with pooled accuracy data, GIRD measurement in the throwing athlete, test clusters and how to present the case.

6 minfocused
SpecialCore

Lower Limb Neurological Examination

How to examine the lower limb neurologically with your hands: gait and wasting patterns, tone and clonus, MRC-graded myotomes L2 to S2 with exact hand placement, dermatomes with autonomous points, reflexes, tension tests, the cauda equina and neuropathy screens, and how to present the level you have localised to.

7 mincomprehensive
Lower LimbAdvanced

Lower Limb Peripheral Nerve Examination

Nerve-by-nerve examination of the lower limb: femoral, obturator, lateral femoral cutaneous, sciatic, tibial, common peroneal and its divisions, sural and saphenous — MRC-graded muscle testing with hand placement, autonomous sensory zones, Tinel mapping, the foot-drop differential, and the chart that follows recovery.

7 mincomprehensive
SpineCore

Lumbar Disc Herniation Examination

Focused examination of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy: straight leg raise, Bragard, Sicard, crossed straight leg raise, slump and femoral stretch performed step by step with sourced accuracy, an L2 to S1 level-by-level map, the cauda equina screen taught exactly, and the decisions the findings drive.

5 minfocused
SpineIntermediate

Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Examination

Focused examination for lumbar spinal stenosis: the posture-dependent history that carries the diagnosis, validated clusters, the extension, stoop, bicycle and two-stage treadmill tests, the post-exercise neurological examination, and a proper vascular claudication differential taught step by step with sourced accuracy data.

6 minfocused
SpineCore

Lumbar Spine Examination

How to examine the lumbar spine with your hands: red-flag and cauda equina screening, surface anatomy from the iliac crests to the sciatic notch, gait and posture, Schober measurement, every tension and sacroiliac provocation test taught step by step with sourced accuracy data, a level-by-level neurological examination and how to present the case.

6 mincomprehensive
PaediatricAdvanced

Neuromuscular Child Examination

How to examine the neuromuscular child beyond cerebral palsy with your hands: the pattern-recognition framework that sorts the child before any test (upper versus lower motor neurone, proximal versus distal, symmetric versus asymmetric, stable versus progressive, onset by age), the Gowers sign done and described correctly with the hands walking up from shin to thigh, the motor and sensory screening ladder by level with sacral sparing and continence in spina bifida, the hereditary neuropathy pattern with cavovarus feet and claw toes, the myopathy pattern with calf pseudohypertrophy and the lordotic waddling gait, tone separated from weakness, the neuromuscular spine and sitting assessment, respiratory and bulbar urgency signs, and the baseline measurements — six-minute walk, timed rise, timed run, hand function — that let progression be seen.

10 mincomprehensive
PaediatricCore

Newborn Orthopaedic Screening Examination

How to perform the newborn and six-to-eight-week musculoskeletal screen with your hands: settling the baby, the hip screen with exact grip and force direction, the spine and dimple screen, separating postural from structural foot deformity, the upper limb and brachial plexus screen, torticollis, the neurological and systemic observations that change the plan, and the referral and imaging thresholds by age.

6 minscreening
PaediatricAdvanced

Non-Accidental Injury Assessment

How to assess the child in whom physical abuse is a possibility: the history and the signs of a history-injury mismatch, the developmental plausibility test, the skin survey with the TEN-4-FACESp rule and its real sensitivity and specificity, the fracture patterns and their evidence-quoted specificity for abuse alongside the counter-evidence that no single fracture is diagnostic, the co-occurrence screen for retinal, oral and abdominal injury, the skeletal survey and its follow-up, the mimics that must not be over-called, and the documentation and safeguarding duties.

10 minfocused
PaediatricIntermediate

Paediatric Elbow Injury Assessment

How to examine the injured child's elbow: the observation-first approach to the frightened child, the supracondylar neurovascular screen with the anterior interosseous, radial and ulnar nerve games, the pink pulseless hand, Gartland grading stated in full, the CRITOE ossification framework and its traps, lateral condyle and medial epicondyle injuries, the pulled elbow and its reduction, elbow dislocation, and the imaging thresholds.

6 minfocused
PaediatricCore

Paediatric Flatfoot Examination

How to examine the flat foot of a child with your hands: age-banded normal values for the developing arch, the parent's question answered, play-based Look from behind and the front, sinus tarsi and accessory navicular palpation, Jack and tiptoe flexibility tests, subtalar motion with peroneal spasm for tarsal coalition, Silfverskiöld with paediatric norms, the pathological flatfoot recognition table, reassure-or-refer decisions, and how to present the case.

5 minfocused
PaediatricCore

Paediatric Foot Examination: Deformity, Pain and the Growing Foot

How to examine the child's foot beyond clubfoot: the age-banded normal arch, metatarsus adductus with the heel bisector and correctability testing, skewfoot, congenital vertical talus, the peroneal spastic flatfoot of tarsal coalition, accessory navicular, Kohler and Sever disease, cavus and cavovarus, toe deformities, ingrowing toenails, and the reassure-observe-refer thresholds.

8 minfocused
PaediatricIntermediate

Paediatric Knee Examination

How to examine the child and adolescent knee: the age-banded differential, why a child's knee pain may be the hip, examining the anxious child, effusion in a small knee, patellofemoral assessment adapted for skeletal immaturity, the discoid meniscus clunk, osteochondritis dissecans and the honest evidence on Wilson's test, physeal tenderness, the apophysitis sites, and the infection and tumour findings that must not be missed.

7 mincomprehensive
PaediatricCore

Paediatric Lower Limb Alignment Examination

How to examine a child's leg alignment with your hands: the Salenius curve of physiological varus and valgus, standardised intercondylar and intermalleolar measurement, tibiofemoral goniometry, the cover-up test, radiographic thresholds for Blount disease, rotational and leg-length screens, red flags and how to present the case.

5 mincomprehensive
PaediatricIntermediate

Paediatric Neck and Torticollis Examination

How to examine the child's neck and the twisted head: measuring and documenting the torticollis deformity in the right direction, the sternomastoid tumour of infancy, the plagiocephaly skull map with forehead and ear displacement, the muscular-versus-non-muscular distinction and the ocular, vestibular, posterior fossa and spinal cord mimics that must not be missed, atlanto-axial rotatory displacement with its honest imaging evidence, the neck mass and retropharyngeal infection screen, cervical assessment in Down syndrome, and the imaging and referral thresholds for each.

7 minfocused
PaediatricIntermediate

Paediatric Upper Limb Examination

How to examine the child's upper limb with your hands: the age-appropriate approach, the injured elbow, forearm and shoulder, the pulled elbow, supracondylar neurovascular assessment, birth palsy screening with the Active Movement Scale, and the congenital hand screen.

6 mincomprehensive
Lower LimbAdvanced

Posterolateral Corner and Multiligament Knee Examination

The multiligament and dislocated knee examined as a system: vascular assessment before ligaments, hard signs and the ankle-brachial index, the peroneal and tibial nerves, the Schenck classification taught as what your hands find, every posterolateral and cruciate test with hand placement and sourced accuracy, stress radiograph thresholds, alignment before reconstruction, and how to present the case.

7 minfocused
SpecialCore

Presenting the Short Case

How to present orthopaedic examination findings to an examiner or a senior: the opening sentence, Look, Feel, Move and special-test reporting in order, sixty-second, two-minute and five-minute versions, precise vocabulary, differentials, investigations with named views, and worked model presentations for four classic cases.

4 minscreening
SpecialCore

Principles of Orthopaedic Clinical Examination

The method behind every orthopaedic examination: consent and exposure, the Look-Feel-Move sequence and why it is ordered that way, goniometry, measurement, bedside test accuracy and reliability, and how to adapt the sequence to the child, the older adult and the acutely injured patient.

6 minscreening
Upper LimbIntermediate

Radial-Sided Wrist Pain Examination

How to examine the radial side of the wrist with your hands: locating the scaphoid at both poles, the honest accuracy of the scaphoid clinical triad and the resisted supination test against the clinically suspected fracture, why Finkelstein and Eichhoff are not the same manoeuvre, the wrist hyperflexion and abduction of the thumb test, localising intersection syndrome four centimetres proximal to Lister's tubercle, thumb carpometacarpal grind and pressure-shear with the shoulder sign and the Eaton stages, the Watson scaphoid shift and its false positives, superficial radial nerve percussion, and the imaging the examination drives.

6 minfocused
SpecialCore

Range of Motion and Goniometry

How to measure and record joint motion reliably at every joint: the neutral-zero method and SFTR notation, end-feel, capsular patterns and their honest evidence, goniometer placement joint by joint, normative ranges, reliability and minimal detectable change, the child and the arthroplasty patient.

5 minscreening
Upper LimbAdvanced

Rheumatoid and Inflammatory Hand Examination

How to examine the inflammatory hand with your hands: pillow set-up, synovitis versus bony swelling, ulnar drift and volar subluxation, swan neck and boutonnière staging by Nalebuff type, Vaughan-Jackson and Mannerfelt tendon ruptures, piano-key DRUJ, dactylitis and tophi, function and surgical planning.

6 minfocused
Upper LimbCore

Rotator Cuff Examination

Focused examination of the rotator cuff, tendon by tendon: a history that separates tear from tendinopathy, inspection for fossa wasting and anterosuperior escape, palpation of the greater tuberosity facets, the active versus passive discrepancy, lag signs measured in degrees, the empty can, full can, drop arm, hornblower, Patte, lift-off, bear-hug and belly-press tests with sourced accuracy, test combinations from the evidence, and what the findings decide about imaging, repair and arthroplasty.

5 minfocused
SpineIntermediate

Sacroiliac Joint and Pelvic Girdle Examination

How to examine the sacroiliac joint and pelvic girdle with your hands: the Laslett provocation cluster performed with the right positions and the right direction of force, why a thigh thrust at 45 degrees tests nothing, the active straight leg raise and load transfer in pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain, symphyseal palpation and the measured adductor squeeze, coccygeal assessment, and how to separate inflammatory sacroiliitis and hip or lumbar mimics from mechanical pelvic pain — with every accuracy figure sourced.

6 minfocused
Upper LimbIntermediate

Scapular Dyskinesis and Winging Examination

How to examine the scapula with your hands and your eyes: observation from behind with the back properly exposed, static and dynamic assessment with the validated weighted protocol, the Kibler classification and the yes/no dyskinesis test with their real reliability figures, the medial-versus-lateral winging rule that separates serratus anterior palsy (long thoracic nerve) from trapezius palsy (spinal accessory nerve) — and which movement, forward flexion or abduction, exposes which lesion — the resisted external rotation sign, the wall push-up, the scapular assistance and retraction tests and what a positive means for rehabilitation, rhomboid squeeze, snapping scapula palpation, the cervical, plexus and muscular dystrophy mimics, the electrodiagnostic thresholds, and the counter-evidence on dyskinesis as a predictor of shoulder pain.

6 minfocused
PaediatricCore

Scoliosis Examination in the Child and Adolescent

How to examine the child or adolescent with a spinal deformity with your hands: undressing and chaperone, the standing look from behind, side and front, the Adams forward bend test and scoliometer taught step by step, flexibility, the neurological screen that accompanies every scoliosis, maturity markers, and how findings map to Cobb angle, bracing and MRI decisions.

6 minfocused
Upper LimbCore

Shoulder Examination

How to examine the shoulder with your hands: exposure and set-up, surface anatomy from the sternoclavicular joint to the spine of the scapula, goniometry with vertebral-level internal rotation, and every impingement, rotator cuff, instability, labral and acromioclavicular test taught step by step with hand placement, positive findings, sourced accuracy data, false results and how to present the case.

6 mincomprehensive
Upper LimbCore

Shoulder Instability Examination

How to examine the unstable shoulder with your hands: a history that classifies instability by trauma, direction and voluntarity, the Beighton and sulcus laxity screen, and every apprehension, relocation, drawer, jerk and Kim test taught step by step with hand placement, graded translation, sourced accuracy data and how findings drive Bankart versus Latarjet decisions.

5 minfocused
PaediatricAdvanced

Skeletal Dysplasia and Syndromic Child Examination

How to examine the short-statured, dysmorphic or multiply fractured child with your hands: the growth and proportion assessment that starts every dysplasia examination, the epiphyseal-metaphyseal-diaphyseal-spinal pattern-recognition framework, the achondroplasia examination with its foramen magnum and stenosis warning signs, the metabolic features of the mucopolysaccharidoses, osteogenesis imperfecta and the type distinction that changes management, hereditary multiple exostoses and its deformity pattern, the anaesthetically critical cervical spine, and the referral and imaging thresholds.

10 mincomprehensive
SpecialCore

Soft Tissue and Bone Mass Examination

How to examine any lump that presents to an orthopaedic clinic with your hands: the referral red flags from the history, the layered look-feel-move sequence, measuring and drawing the mass, the special signs (transillumination, slip sign, fascial fixation, Tinel, compressibility, pulsatility, lymph nodes), the bone lump, the sarcoma pattern, staging, documentation and how to present the case.

6 minfocused
SpecialAdvanced

Spasticity and Contracture Assessment

How to assess increased tone with your hands in the adult and the child: the velocity-dependent definition of spasticity and why it dictates a slow-versus-fast stretch, the modified Ashworth scale stated exactly with its honest reliability, the modified Tardieu scale and the meaning of R1, R2 and their difference for treatment, the rigidity and dystonia distinctions, clonus and the plantar response with their real accuracy figures, functional impact assessment, the commonest contracture patterns by joint in cerebral palsy, stroke and spinal cord injury, and the treatment thresholds the examination drives — botulinum toxin, serial casting, selective dorsal rhizotomy, intrathecal baclofen and surgery.

10 minfocused
SpineAdvanced

Spinal Cord Injury and ASIA Examination

How to perform and score the International Standards (ISNCSCI/ASIA) examination for spinal cord injury with your hands: the ten key muscles with exact supine test positions and 0 to 5 grading, the 28 key sensory points for light touch and pinprick, the sacral examination, spinal shock and the bulbocavernosus reflex, AIS grading A to E with worked levels, and how to present the classification.

8 minfocused
Upper LimbIntermediate

Stiff and Arthritic Elbow Examination

How to examine the stiff and arthritic elbow with your hands: measuring and recording the flexion-extension and rotation arcs with goniometer landmarks stated, the functional arc evidence of Morrey and what a fixed flexion deformity costs, separating a bony from a soft-tissue end-feel and what each implies for release versus arthroplasty, the posterior impingement and extension impingement tests, the ulnar nerve examination that accompanies every stiff elbow and why it changes the operative plan, heterotopic ossification assessment and the timing of excision, the inflammatory pattern, the replaced elbow with its scars, triceps, instability, loosening and infection, and the imaging thresholds — with the counter-evidence on goniometry reliability and ulnar nerve test accuracy stated.

7 minfocused
Upper LimbIntermediate

Stiff and Arthritic Shoulder Examination

How to examine the stiff and arthritic shoulder with your hands: separating a stiff shoulder from a painful one, measuring passive external rotation at the side and the glenohumeral versus scapulothoracic share of elevation, staging frozen shoulder and its diabetes and thyroid associations, the signs of glenohumeral osteoarthritis and cuff-tear arthropathy including anterosuperior escape and pseudoparalysis, the deltoid and cuff assessment that decides anatomic versus reverse arthroplasty, examining a shoulder that already has a replacement, and the neurological and neoplastic mimics that must be excluded — with sourced accuracy data throughout.

6 minfocused
SpecialIntermediate

The Gait Pattern Atlas

Every gait pattern seen in orthopaedics, taught as a recognisable picture: what each pattern looks like in one sentence, the joint or muscle that is failing and why, the observation detail that separates it from its look-alikes, the associated findings to seek and the diagnoses that cause it — with the gait-cycle framework, the observation method, sourced measurement thresholds and the counter-evidence on observational gait analysis.

6 mincomprehensive
PaediatricCore

The Limping Child Examination

How to examine the limping child from the waiting room to the decision: age-stratified differentials, the discriminating history, paediatric gait patterns, the whole-limb palpation screen, the log roll and hip range comparison, the Galeazzi, spine and neuromuscular screens, non-accidental injury pattern recognition, investigation logic and how to present the case.

7 mincomprehensive
Lower LimbAdvanced

The Painful Hip Replacement Examination

How to examine the painful hip replacement with your hands: reading the scar and the approach it implies, wound and warmth, leg length with blocks, the loosening provocation reads, instability and iliopsoas provocation, abductor and trochanteric testing with sourced accuracy data, the infection screen and its criteria, referred-pain screens, and how to present the painful arthroplasty short case.

6 minfocused
Lower LimbAdvanced

The Painful Knee Replacement Examination

How to examine the painful or problematic knee replacement with your hands: the differential built at the bedside, infection mapped to the 2018 and EBJIS criteria with verified thresholds, instability at 0, 30 to 45 and 90 degrees, malrotation and patellar clunk, stiffness with goniometry, referred hip, spine and vascular screens, and how to present the case.

6 minfocused
Lower LimbIntermediate

The Young Adult Hip Examination: FAI, Labral Tears, Dysplasia and Instability

Focused examination of the young adult hip: the Warwick definition of FAI syndrome, the C-sign history, goniometry and the prone rotational profile for femoral version, FADIR, FABER, Stinchfield and the microinstability trio with sourced accuracy, the Doha groin-pain entities, and how findings choose between rehabilitation, arthroscopy and periacetabular osteotomy.

6 minfocused
SpineIntermediate

Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spine Examination

How to examine the thoracic and thoracolumbar spine with your hands: the sagittal profile and occiput-to-wall distance, kyphosis assessment, segmental and rib-cage palpation, thoracic rotation and chest expansion with their real normal values, the neurological examination of a thoracic level from the superficial abdominal reflexes to the long-tract signs in the legs, the Beevor sign, percussion tenderness, the red flags with their honest diagnostic performance, osteoporotic and metastatic fracture recognition, and the cardiac, aortic, pleural, biliary and renal mimics that must be excluded.

7 mincomprehensive
Upper LimbAdvanced

Thoracic Outlet Examination

How to examine the thoracic outlet with your hands: the three anatomical spaces and which structure fails in each, inspection for wasting, venous distension and colour change, bilateral blood pressures and the radial pulse in provocation, Adson, Wright hyperabduction, the costoclavicular manoeuvre and the Roos elevated arm stress test performed precisely — with their false-positive rates in normal subjects quoted — the upper limb neurodynamic tests, scalene and pectoralis minor palpation and the scalene block response, the lower-trunk neurogenic pattern that separates true neurogenic TOS from distal entrapment, the disputed-TOS problem, and the imaging and electrodiagnostic thresholds the examination drives.

7 minfocused
Upper LimbIntermediate

Thumb Examination

How to examine the thumb with your hands: the saddle joint and its ligaments, UCL stress testing and the Stener lesion, grind and pressure-shear for basal arthritis, Kapandji scoring, de Quervain provocation, tendon and nerve testing, all with sourced accuracy figures and the thresholds that decide management.

5 minfocused
SpecialCore

Trauma Primary and Secondary Survey (Musculoskeletal)

How to examine the injured patient with your hands: the primary survey with manual in-line stabilisation, haemorrhage source control, pelvic binder checks and the five-person log roll, then the musculoskeletal secondary and tertiary surveys, all with sourced accuracy data.

10 mincomprehensive
Upper LimbIntermediate

Ulnar-Sided Wrist Pain Examination

How to examine the ulnar side of the wrist with your hands: the landmark-by-landmark palpation ladder from ulnar styloid to hook of hamate, the ulnar fovea sign, ulnocarpal load and grind, the piano-key test and distal radioulnar ballottement graded in neutral, pronation and supination, the press test, extensor carpi ulnaris synergy and dynamic subluxation, lunotriquetral ballottement, shuck and shear, the hook-of-hamate pull test and Guyon canal assessment — with sourced accuracy data, honest statements where none exists, and the imaging the examination drives.

6 minfocused
SpecialCore

Upper Limb Neurological Examination

A root-to-nerve method for examining the neurological upper limb: myotomes C5 to T1 with exact hand placement, dermatomes with reliable test points, reflex grading with reinforcement, the upper motor neurone screen, and sourced special tests for separating radiculopathy, plexopathy, peripheral nerve lesions and cervical myelopathy.

6 mincomprehensive
SpecialIntermediate

Upper Limb Peripheral Nerve Examination

Focused examination of the individual peripheral nerves of the upper limb along their whole course: localising the level of radial, median, ulnar, axillary, musculocutaneous, long thoracic, suprascapular and accessory lesions with graded muscle tests, trick movements, autonomous sensory zones, Tinel mapping, and a repeatable chart for following recovery.

5 minfocused
SpecialCore

Vascular Assessment of the Limb

How to examine the limb's circulation with your hands: finding and grading every pulse, capillary refill, Buerger's test, the ankle-brachial index step by step, the ischaemic and injured limb, compartment syndrome, the diabetic foot and DVT screening, with sourced accuracy data and how to present the case.

6 minfocused
Upper LimbAdvanced

Wrist Carpal Instability Examination

Focused examination of the unstable carpus: the kinematics behind DISI and VISI, and the scapholunate, lunotriquetral, midcarpal and distal radioulnar tests taught step by step with hand placement, sourced accuracy data, arthroscopy correlation and the decision each finding drives.

5 minfocused
Upper LimbCore

Wrist Examination

How to examine the wrist with your hands: set-up and exposure, surface anatomy from radial styloid to ulnar fovea, goniometry and forearm rotation, and every radial-sided, central, ulnar-sided, nerve-tunnel and vascular test taught step by step with hand placement, positive findings, sourced accuracy data, false results and how to present the case.

6 mincomprehensive