DIP Joint Arthritis

DIP joint arthritis is the most common site of primary osteoarthritis in the hand, affecting 70% of women over 60. Characterized by Heberden's nodes (dorsal osteophytes), it typically presents with pain, stiffness, and deformity. Mucous cysts arise from the joint and can cause nail deformity. Treatment is primarily conservative (90% respond to NSAIDs and splinting), with DIP arthrodesis reserved for refractory cases. Key decision: fuse in functional position (index 10-20° for pinch, small finger 30-40° for grip).

Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint Arthritis is the most common form of hand arthritis, predominantly affecting elderly women. It is approximately 10 times more common than rheumatoid arthritis affecting the DIP joint. The condition manifests as Heberden's nodes - bony enlargements at the DIP joints that are pathognomonic for osteoarthritis.

Demographics

• Age: Predominantly over 60 years.
• Gender: 70% female predominance.
• Occupation: Repetitive manual labor increases risk.
• Genetic: Familial clustering in 40-50% (Hereditary HOA).

Anatomy and Biomechanics

• Joint Type: Ginglymus (hinge joint). Range of motion 0-80 degrees.
• Articular Surface: Bicondylar head of middle phalanx (P2) articulates with biconcave base of distal phalanx (P3).
• Capsule: Thin dorsal capsule, thicker volar plate which prevents hyperextension.
• Relationship to Nail Matrix: The germinal matrix of the nail fold extends proximally to within 1-2 mm of the insertion of the extensor tendon. This close proximity explains why dorsal osteophytes compress the matrix, causing nail deformities.

Tendons:

• Terminal Extensor: Formed by the convergence of lateral bands. Inserts on the dorsal lip of P3.
• Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP): Inserts on the volar base of P3.

Biomechanical Stability: Unlike the PIP joint, the DIP joint has relatively short collateral ligaments. Stability is provided significantly by the articular conformity ("Cup and Cone" geometry). Loss of cartilage leads to instability, often manifesting as radial or ulnar deviation. Because the DIP joint is the terminal link in the kinematic chain, its stability is crucial for precision pinch (index finger) and power grip locking (ulnar digits).

Pathogenesis

The pathophysiologic cascade begins with cartilage degradation from mechanical stress and aging. Chondrocyte apoptosis leads to matrix metalloproteinase release, causing progressive cartilage loss. Subchondral bone responds with sclerosis and osteophyte formation - the hallmark Heberden's nodes.

Formation of Mucous Cyst: Degeneration leads to osteophyte formation at the joint margin. This osteophyte can pierce the joint capsule, allowing synovial fluid to herniate dorsally. This herniated sac becomes encapsulated, forming a Mucous Cyst (Ganglion). The cyst sits between the extensor tendon and the nail matrix, causing nail grooving via direct pressure (longitudinal groove). The connection with the joint is often a tortuous stalk, acting as a one-way valve where fluid enters the cyst but cannot return to the joint, leading to cyst enlargement.

History

• Pain: Worse with activity (pinch), relieved by rest.
• Stiffness: Short duration (under 30 mins) morning stiffness.
• Deformity: "Knobby fingers" (Heberden's).
• Function: Difficulty with fine motor tasks (buttons, needles).

Examination

• Heberden's Nodes: Bony hard swellings at dorsolateral joint margin.
• Mucous Cyst: Translucent, fluid-filled mass dorsally (often between nail fold and joint).
• Nail Deformity: Longitudinal groove/ridge denotes cyst pressure on matrix.
• ROM: Crepitus, loss of flexion.
• Deviation: Often radially deviated or flexed.

Imaging

Plain Radiographs are the gold standard.

• Views: PA, Lateral, Oblique.
• Findings:
  • Joint space narrowing.
  • Subchondral Sclerosis.
  • Osteophytes (Heberden's).
  • Subchondral Cysts.
  • Alignment (Deviation).

Post-Operative Rehabilitation Protocol

Phase 1: Protection (0-6 Weeks)

• Goals: Protect fusion, wound healing.
• Immobilization: Pin-protecting splint (Stax or Thermoplastic).
• Activity: Keep dry. Gentle motion of PIP joint (isolation exercises).
• Follow-up: X-ray at 6 weeks. If union visible and K-wires present, remove wires.

Phase 2: Remobilization (6-12 Weeks)

• Goals: Desensitize tip, restore function.
• Activity: Begin using finger for light pinch.
• Therapy: Scar desensitization massage. Coban wrapping for edema control.

Phase 3: Strengthening (3 months+)

• Goals: Return to full unprotected use.
• Activity: Full manual labor allowed once radiographic union is solid.

Managing patient expectations is critical for satisfaction.

What to Expect After Surgery

• Pain: Severe pain usually subsides within 3-4 days. Pivot to simple analgesia (Paracetamol) early.
• Swelling: The finger will remain swollen for 3-6 months. This is normal.
• Stiffness: The PIP joint may become stiff from disuse. Early motion of the PIP is mandatory.
• Hardware: If K-wires are used, they may protrude. Keep them clean and dry. Infection requires immediate removal.

Long Term Outcomes

• Fusion: Once fused, the pain is gone. The finger will not bend at the tip.
• Function: Most patients (90%) are very satisfied and would have the surgery again. Grip strength improves because the pain is gone.
• Complications: There is a small risk (5-10%) that the bone does not knit (Non-union). This may require a second surgery.

Disclaimer: Recovery timelines vary by patient comorbidity and compliance.

• Fusion vs arthroplasty: Fusion is the long-standing default, but pooled arthroplasty data report high satisfaction (~98%) with ~7% reoperation. There is no high-quality randomised comparison, so the choice remains driven by demand, digit and patient preference rather than evidence hierarchy.
• Optimal fixation: Headless compression screws give compression and avoid exposed metalwork, but carry a small risk of iatrogenic phalangeal fracture from screw-to-bone size mismatch; K-wires remain cheap and removable but expose the patient to pin-tract infection. No single construct is proven superior across all digits.
• Acceptance of fibrous nonunion: A substantial proportion of radiographic nonunions are pain-free (Stern, more than half). Whether to revise an asymptomatic stable fibrous union is debated; many surgeons observe rather than reoperate.
• Mucous cyst technique: Whether routine skin excision and flap coverage are needed, or whether simple decompression with osteophyte removal suffices, varies between units. The consensus point is that osteophyte removal is the recurrence-determining step.
• Emerging options: Bioabsorbable (e.g. magnesium) implants that obviate removal, and pyrocarbon/surface replacements, are early-stage with no durable comparative data. Regenerative injections (BMAC, PRP) for early disease remain Level IV/V and unproven.

Global Epidemiology

• Hand OA is among the most prevalent forms of OA worldwide; the DIP joint is the single most commonly affected hand joint.
• Strong female predominance and a steep rise after the sixth decade are consistent across population cohorts (e.g. Framingham, Rotterdam).
• Familial clustering is well recognised, supporting a heritable component to nodal hand OA.

Guidance Compared

Registry & Practice Variation

• There is no dedicated implant registry for DIP arthroplasty (low volumes, predominantly fusion), so outcome data come from case series and systematic reviews rather than registry survivorship.
• High-resource settings: greater use of headless compression screws and hand-therapy-led rehabilitation.
• Limited-resource settings: K-wire fixation predominates due to cost and ease of clinic removal; topical/oral analgesia and splinting carry most of the non-operative burden where injectables or therapy access is limited.

Intraoperative Troubleshooting

• Bone too soft: Augment with K-wires if screw threads strip.
• Nail bed injury: Repair germinal matrix with 6-0 absorbable suture immediately to prevent nail ridge.
• Malrotation: Check finger cascade in flexion before final fixation. Clinical check is better than X-ray for rotation.

1. Stern PJ, Fulton DB. Distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: an analysis of complications. J Hand Surg Am. 1992;17(6):1139-45. PMID: 1430956.
2. Wilgis EF. Distal interphalangeal joint silicone interpositional arthroplasty of the hand. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;(342):38-41. PMID: 9308522.
3. Hojo J, Omokawa S, Shigematsu K, et al. Patient-based outcomes following surgical debridement and flap coverage of digital mucous cysts. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2016;50(2):111-4. PMID: 26541935.
4. Ingoe HMA, O'Hare JF, Middleton A. A functional angle of up to 35 degrees at the distal interphalangeal joint can be achieved with headless compression screw fusion. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2018;23(3):377-381. PMID: 30282554.
5. Xu J, Gilpin B, McCarron L, et al. Distal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty - a systematic review. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2023;28(3):409-414. PMID: 37501548.
6. Fan Z, Chang L, Su X, et al. Treatment of mucous cyst of the distal interphalangeal joint with osteophyte excision and joint debridement. Front Surg. 2022;8:767098. PMID: 35145989.