Rare Sesamoid Carpal Bone | FCU Insertion | Ulnar Nerve at Risk
- Only sesamoid bone in the carpus - embedded in FCU tendon
- Direct blow mechanism - fall onto hypothenar eminence with wrist extended
- Guyon canal runs adjacent - ulnar nerve and artery at risk
- Pisotriquetral joint forms articulation with triquetrum
- Excision is effective treatment for symptomatic fractures
- “Pisiform is the most ulnar and volar of the proximal carpal row
- “Only carpal bone with a single articular surface (pisotriquetral)
- “FCU inserts onto pisiform - force transmitted to hook of hamate via pisohamate ligament
- “Carpal tunnel view best visualizes the pisiform
Sesamoid bone within FCU tendon. Forms pisotriquetral joint (only articulation). Guyon canal immediately radial - ulnar nerve/artery at risk. Force transmitted via pisohamate ligament.
Direct blow to hypothenar eminence with wrist extended is most common. Less commonly: avulsion by FCU contraction, or repetitive stress in cyclists/racquet sports.
Standard PA view often misses pisiform due to overlap. Carpal tunnel view and lateral view best visualize. CT confirms fracture pattern and displacement. MRI for occult fractures.
Acute non-displaced: Short arm cast 4-6 weeks. Displaced/comminuted: Excision often preferred. FCU function preserved after excision via distal tendon continuity.
- Key Features
- Small fragment, minimal symptoms
- Treatment
- Splint 3-4 weeks, symptomatic treatment
- Key Features
- Intact articular surface
- Treatment
- Short arm cast 4-6 weeks
- Key Features
- Articular incongruity
- Treatment
- Consider excision vs ORIF
- Key Features
- Multiple fragments, articular damage
- Treatment
- Pisiform excision
- Key Features
- Persistent pain, pisotriquetral OA
- Treatment
- Pisiform excision
PISOPISO - Pisiform Key Features
Hook:PISO reminds you of this unique bone's key anatomical features for the exam
EXCISEEXCISE - Indications for Pisiform Excision
Hook:When in doubt, EXCISE - pisiform excision has excellent outcomes
Overview and Epidemiology
Pisiform fractures represent a rare but clinically significant injury pattern, accounting for only 1-2% of all carpal fractures. The pisiform is unique among carpal bones as it is the only sesamoid bone in the carpus, lying entirely within the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU). This distinctive anatomy has important implications for injury mechanisms, clinical presentation, and treatment options.
The pisiform has a single articular surface (pisotriquetral joint), making it unique among carpal bones. It serves as a fulcrum (hypomochlion) that increases the mechanical advantage of FCU and stabilises the ulnar column of the wrist (Beckers and Koebke, Clin Anat 1998). The proximity to Guyon's canal means ulnar nerve and artery injuries must always be assessed.
- 1-2% of carpal fractures
- More common in males
- Peak incidence: 20-40 years
- Often associated with other wrist injuries
- Frequently missed on initial imaging
- Direct blow to hypothenar eminence (most common)
- Fall onto outstretched hand with wrist extended
- Avulsion by FCU contraction (rare)
- Repetitive stress in cyclists, racquet sports
- Tool use with vibration exposure
- Point tenderness at hypothenar base
- Pain with resisted wrist flexion
- Assess ulnar nerve function always
- Often requires specialized views
- Excision is effective definitive treatment
Pisiform fractures are frequently missed on initial presentation due to:
- Overlap with triquetrum on standard PA views
- Patient may attribute symptoms to "wrist sprain"
- May present with delayed presentation weeks after injury
- Associated injuries may distract from pisiform assessment
Always obtain dedicated carpal tunnel views if pisiform injury is suspected clinically.
Anatomy and Biomechanics
The pisiform is the only sesamoid bone in the carpus. Unlike other carpal bones with multiple articulations, the pisiform has a single articular surface (pisotriquetral joint). It lies entirely within the FCU tendon and acts as a fulcrum to increase FCU mechanical advantage.
- Relationship
- Pisiform embedded within tendon
- Clinical Significance
- Sesamoid function, force transmission
- Relationship
- Pisotriquetral joint (only articulation)
- Clinical Significance
- Site of OA, grind test location
- Relationship
- Connected by pisohamate ligament
- Clinical Significance
- Force transmission to distal row
- Relationship
- Connected by pisometacarpal ligament
- Clinical Significance
- Forms hypothenar eminence base
- Relationship
- Pisiform forms ulnar border
- Clinical Significance
- Ulnar nerve/artery at risk
- Relationship
- Passes immediately radial
- Clinical Significance
- Compression can cause neuropathy
- Blood supply from ulnar artery branches
- Nonunion is uncommon due to good vascularity
- Unlike scaphoid, AVN is rare
- Sesamoid status provides tendon-derived nutrition
- Acts as a fulcrum (hypomochlion) for wrist flexion
- Stabilises the ulnar column, resisting triquetral subluxation
- Transmits force to hook of hamate
- Excision typically leaves grip near 86% of the other side (De Almeida 2019)
Guyon canal is a fibro-osseous tunnel on the ulnar side of the wrist. The pisiform forms its ulnar border and floor. The hook of hamate forms the radial border. Contains ulnar nerve and artery. Pisiform fractures can cause compression neuropathy within this canal.
Classification Systems
- Description
- Multiple fragments, crush injury
- Treatment
- Excision recommended
- Description
- Body fracture through middle
- Treatment
- Cast or excision based on displacement
- Description
- Small fragment at FCU insertion
- Treatment
- Conservative usually successful
- Description
- Repetitive microtrauma
- Treatment
- Activity modification, may need excision
Clinical Presentation and Assessment
Always assess ulnar nerve function in pisiform fractures. The ulnar nerve passes through Guyon canal immediately radial to the pisiform. Test hypothenar sensation, finger abduction (interossei), and thumb adduction (adductor pollicis). Document findings.
- Direct blow to hypothenar eminence (fall, sports)
- Repetitive stress in cyclists (handlebar pressure)
- Pain localized to ulnar palm/wrist
- Aggravated by gripping and wrist flexion
- Point tenderness over pisiform (palpate at hypothenar base)
- Pain with resisted FCU contraction (wrist flexion + ulnar deviation)
- Pisiform grind test - compress pisiform against triquetrum
- Ulnar nerve motor and sensory assessment
The pisiform is easily palpated at the base of the hypothenar eminence, at the proximal wrist crease on the ulnar side. Have the patient flex the wrist against resistance to tense the FCU - the pisiform becomes prominent. Direct pressure reproduces pain in fractures.
- Distinguishing features
- Direct blow/FOOSH; point tenderness over pisiform; positive grind test
- Confirmatory test
- Carpal tunnel/lateral view, CT
- Distinguishing features
- Same mechanism; tenderness 1-2 cm distal-radial to pisiform; pain on resisted ulnar grip
- Confirmatory test
- Carpal tunnel view, CT
- Distinguishing features
- Dorsal-ulnar tenderness; common dorsal chip
- Confirmatory test
- Lateral/oblique radiograph, CT
- Distinguishing features
- Gradual onset; positive grind; joint narrowing/osteophytes
- Confirmatory test
- Supinated oblique view, examination
- Distinguishing features
- Tenderness along FCU; pain on resisted flexion; no fracture line
- Confirmatory test
- Ultrasound, MRI
- Distinguishing features
- Hypothenar/ulnar 1.5-digit numbness, intrinsic weakness, NO dorsal sensory loss
- Confirmatory test
- Nerve conduction studies, MRI
- Distinguishing features
- Ulnar-sided pain with rotation; positive fovea sign; DRUJ ballottement
- Confirmatory test
- MRI/MR arthrography, wrist arthroscopy
- Acute Fracture
- Sudden (trauma)
- Pisotriquetral OA
- Gradual/chronic
- Acute Fracture
- Present acutely
- Pisotriquetral OA
- Minimal
- Acute Fracture
- May be positive
- Pisotriquetral OA
- Typically positive
- Acute Fracture
- Fracture line visible
- Pisotriquetral OA
- Joint space narrowing, osteophytes
- Acute Fracture
- Clear trauma
- Pisotriquetral OA
- Repetitive use, prior injury
Not all symptomatic pisotriquetral problems are fractures or arthritis - the pisiform can be dynamically unstable, subluxating on its triquetral facet. It arises from ligamentous laxity, an unbalanced FCU pull, or a healed avulsion/malunion that leaves the bone poorly seated, and presents as ulnar-palmar pain and a painful "clunk" with wrist flexion-extension or gripping, often with no fracture line on plain films. Examine for it with a pisiform shuck/ballottement test - grasp the pisiform between thumb and finger and translate it radial-ulnar and proximal-distal against the triquetrum, reproducing pain and excess glide compared with the other side; the grind test is typically positive too. Stress or dynamic imaging can demonstrate the abnormal translation. Management mirrors the fracture pathway: activity modification, FCU rebalancing/physiotherapy and a diagnostic pisotriquetral injection first, with pisiform excision the definitive option for persistent symptomatic instability. This is the entity behind the "instability/subluxation" excision indication.
Investigations
- PA view: Pisiform overlaps triquetrum - often missed
- Lateral view: Pisiform visible as separate structure anteriorly
- Carpal tunnel view: Best visualization of pisiform
- 30-degree supinated oblique: Alternative view
- CT scan: Confirms fracture pattern, displacement, comminution
- MRI: Occult fractures, bone marrow edema, ligament injuries
- Ultrasound: Dynamic assessment of FCU, soft tissue
The carpal tunnel view (axial view) is obtained with wrist in maximum extension and X-ray beam angled 25-30 degrees to the palm. This view provides the best visualization of the pisiform, hook of hamate, and carpal tunnel. Essential for suspected pisiform pathology.
- Significance
- Stable fracture
- Management Implication
- Conservative treatment likely
- Significance
- Articular incongruity
- Management Implication
- Consider surgical intervention
- Significance
- Unreconstructable
- Management Implication
- Excision usually indicated
- Significance
- Established OA
- Management Implication
- Excision for persistent symptoms
- Significance
- Combined injury pattern
- Management Implication
- Address both injuries
The pisiform is the last carpal bone to ossify (ossification centre appearing around age 8-12) and frequently does so from more than one centre, so a bipartite (or multipartite) pisiform is a recognised normal variant. On a carpal tunnel or lateral view this can be mistaken for an acute fracture. Clues that it is a variant, not a break: smooth, well-corticated (rounded) margins on both fragments rather than a sharp lucent line, symmetry on the contralateral wrist (image the other side if unsure), and absence of point tenderness/grind matching the radiographic finding. In a child with ulnar wrist pain, remember the bone is still ossifying and irregular ossification can be normal. When genuinely uncertain, CT (a sharp, non-corticated fracture line) or MRI (marrow oedema) settles it - treat the patient and the corticated edges, not the X-ray appearance alone.
Management Algorithm
Treatment Algorithm
Confirm diagnosis with appropriate imaging (carpal tunnel view, lateral). Assess ulnar nerve function. Splint in neutral wrist position. Ice and elevation for swelling.
Review imaging for fracture pattern. Non-displaced: proceed with casting. Displaced or comminuted: discuss excision. Ulnar nerve symptoms: urgent decompression.
Conservative: Short arm cast or splint for 4-6 weeks. Surgical: Pisiform excision for comminuted/displaced fractures. Repeat X-rays at 2-3 weeks to confirm position.
Wrist ROM exercises after cast removal. Grip strengthening when comfortable. Return to sport/work based on strength recovery and symptoms.
Surgical Technique
- Position: Supine, arm on hand table
- Anesthesia: Regional or general
- Tourniquet: Upper arm
- Approach: Volar longitudinal along FCU tendon
- Identify and protect ulnar nerve in Guyon canal
- Incise FCU tendon sheath longitudinally
- Shell out pisiform from within tendon
- Preserve distal FCU continuity to 5th metacarpal
FCU function is preserved after pisiform excision because the tendon continues distally to insert on the hook of hamate (via pisohamate ligament) and the base of the 5th metacarpal (via pisometacarpal ligament). This is why excision is safe and effective.
The ulnar nerve and artery run immediately radial to the pisiform in Guyon canal. Meticulous dissection and identification of these structures is essential before any bone work. Consider using loupe magnification.
Complications
All pisiform fractures require careful assessment of the ulnar nerve and artery due to their proximity in Guyon's canal. Delayed recognition of ulnar nerve compression can lead to permanent intrinsic muscle weakness and sensory deficits.
- Risk Factors
- Displaced fracture, hematoma, late OA
- Treatment
- Decompression, Guyon canal release
- Risk Factors
- Malunion, articular damage
- Treatment
- Conservative initially, excision if refractory
- Risk Factors
- Inadequate immobilization, displacement
- Treatment
- Pisiform excision (definitive)
- Risk Factors
- Undiagnosed fracture, OA
- Treatment
- Injection trial, then excision
- Risk Factors
- Post-excision (mild)
- Treatment
- Rehabilitation, usually not limiting
- Risk Factors
- Direct trauma, iatrogenic
- Treatment
- Vascular repair if symptomatic
- Zone 1: Motor and sensory (proximal to bifurcation)
- Zone 2: Motor only (deep branch) - intrinsic weakness, NO sensory loss
- Zone 3: Sensory only (superficial branch) - numbness, NO weakness
- Pisiform fractures typically affect Zone 1 or 2
- Guyon canal (pisiform): NO dorsal hand sensory loss
- Cubital tunnel (elbow): HAS dorsal hand sensory loss
- Both: Weakness of interossei, lumbricals 3-4
- Key: dorsal ulnar cutaneous branch
Guyon canal syndrome from pisiform fractures presents with weakness of the intrinsic muscles (interossei, lumbricals 3-4, hypothenar muscles) and sensory loss over the hypothenar eminence and ulnar 1.5 digits. Unlike cubital tunnel syndrome, there is no dorsal hand sensory loss (dorsal ulnar cutaneous branch exits proximal to Guyon canal).
ULNARULNAR - Complications to Consider
Hook:ULNAR complications are the main concern due to Guyon canal proximity
Postoperative Care and Rehabilitation
Post-Excision Rehabilitation Protocol
Soft bulky dressing with wrist splint. Finger ROM exercises encouraged. Elevation to reduce swelling. Wound check at 10-14 days for suture removal.
Transition to removable wrist splint. Begin active wrist ROM exercises. Continue finger exercises. Scar massage when wound healed.
Wean from splint during day. Light grip strengthening exercises. Progress ROM to full. Avoid heavy lifting.
Full activity as tolerated. Progressive grip and wrist strengthening. Sport-specific rehabilitation. Most return to full activity by 8-12 weeks.
- Full wrist ROM by 6-8 weeks
- Functional grip strength by 8-12 weeks
- Pain-free activity by 12 weeks
- Return to sport by 3-4 months
- Increasing pain after initial improvement
- Numbness/tingling in ulnar distribution
- Weakness of intrinsic muscles
- Infection signs: redness, swelling, discharge
Outcomes and Prognosis
- High union rate for non-displaced patterns
- Full recovery in most cases (Athanasiou 2018)
- 4-6 weeks immobilization
- Low complication rate
- Reliable pain relief (VAS 6.8 to 1.1; De Almeida 2019)
- Grip about 86% of contralateral (~14% reduction)
- Minimal functional deficit
- High patient satisfaction
- 3-4 months for most patients
- Sport-specific rehab guides return
- Occupational demands influence
- Full recovery expected
- Favorable
- Non-displaced, simple
- Unfavorable
- Comminuted, displaced
- Favorable
- Acute presentation
- Unfavorable
- Delayed diagnosis
- Favorable
- Adherent to protocol
- Unfavorable
- Poor compliance
- Favorable
- Isolated fracture
- Unfavorable
- Multiple carpal injuries
- Favorable
- No ulnar symptoms
- Unfavorable
- Guyon canal compression
Pisiform fractures generally have favorable long-term outcomes. Non-displaced fractures heal reliably with conservative treatment. Even when excision is required, functional outcomes are excellent with minimal grip strength loss. The key to good outcomes is early diagnosis, appropriate treatment selection, and attention to ulnar nerve status.
Guidelines, Registries & Global Practice
Global epidemiology. The pisiform is fractured uncommonly, accounting for roughly 1-2% of carpal fractures, with carpal injuries themselves being dominated by the scaphoid. Most pisiform and pisotriquetral injuries follow a direct blow or a fall onto the extended, ulnar-deviated wrist (commonly cyclists landing on a handlebar) and predominate in active adults (Athanasiou 2018). Pisotriquetral osteoarthrosis is described as the second most common degenerative wrist arthritis after scaphotrapezial disease (Beckers and Koebke 1998). There is no dedicated national registry for carpal sesamoid fractures; the evidence base is small retrospective series and case reports rather than randomised trials.
- Position relevant to pisiform
- Carpal fractures other than scaphoid managed by pattern: non-displaced bodies immobilised, comminuted/symptomatic pisiform treated by excision
- Evidence level
- Expert consensus
- Position relevant to pisiform
- Acute wrist trauma pathways prioritise excluding scaphoid and perilunate injury; rare carpal fractures referred to hand surgery for tailored care
- Evidence level
- Expert consensus / pathway
- Position relevant to pisiform
- No pisiform-specific guideline; managed under general carpal/hand trauma principles
- Evidence level
- Expert consensus
- Position relevant to pisiform
- No pisiform-specific guidance; covered by general non-complex fracture management (NG38) and physiotherapy-led rehabilitation
- Evidence level
- Guideline (indirect)
- Position relevant to pisiform
- Endorse pisiformectomy as treatment of choice for refractory pisotriquetral arthritis and nonunion
- Evidence level
- Level IV-V series
- What the evidence shows
- Pisiformectomy gives complete pain relief in 65 of 67 wrists with no loss of strength
- Source
- Carroll & Coyle 1985 (PMID 4045152)
- What the evidence shows
- VAS pain 6.8 to 1.1; grip 86% of contralateral; QuickDASH +40, PRWE +53 at 7.5 years
- Source
- De Almeida 2019 (PMID 30904496)
- What the evidence shows
- Non-displaced pisotriquetral fractures heal with 6 weeks casting (Mayo 100 at 1 year)
- Source
- Athanasiou 2018 (PMID 29619121)
- What the evidence shows
- Pisiformectomy preferred over pisotriquetral arthrodesis: easier, quicker mobilisation, good function
- Source
- De Almeida 2019 (PMID 30904496)
Practice variation. Because evidence is limited to small series, thresholds for excision versus a prolonged conservative trial differ between centres. The consistent international theme is reliable relief from excision for refractory or comminuted disease, and immobilisation for non-displaced patterns. There are no implant or device registry data because excision (the dominant operation) uses no implant; mini-fragment screws for the rare ORIF are universally available.
Be prepared to describe the unique anatomy of the pisiform (sesamoid, single articulation) and its relationship to Guyon canal. Know the imaging strategy (carpal tunnel view) and indications for excision vs conservative treatment. Understand why excision is safe (FCU continuity preserved) and effective (excellent outcomes).
MCQ Practice Points
- Pisiform is the only sesamoid in the carpus
- Single articulation with triquetrum only
- Forms ulnar border of Guyon canal
- Embedded within FCU tendon
- Acts as a fulcrum and ulnar-column stabiliser
- Best view: Carpal tunnel view
- PA view misses due to overlap with triquetrum
- Test: Pisiform grind test
- Must assess: Ulnar nerve function
- Mechanism: Direct blow to hypothenar
- Non-displaced: Cast 4-6 weeks
- Comminuted: Excision
- Nonunion: Excision (definitive)
- Post-excision grip loss: 10-20%
- FCU preserved via: Pisohamate/pisometacarpal ligaments
- Guyon canal compression: NO dorsal sensory loss
- Cubital tunnel (contrast): HAS dorsal sensory loss
- Zone 2 lesion: Motor only (intrinsic weakness)
- Zone 3 lesion: Sensory only (numbness)
- Late complication: Pisotriquetral OA
Q: Which carpal bone is the only sesamoid bone and has only a single articulation?
A: Pisiform. It is the only sesamoid bone in the carpus (embedded within the FCU tendon) and articulates only with the triquetrum at the pisotriquetral joint.
Q: A patient has hypothenar pain after a direct blow but PA wrist X-rays are normal. What additional view should be ordered?
A: Carpal tunnel view (axial view). This view profiles the pisiform and prevents overlap with the triquetrum seen on PA views. Alternatively, a true lateral view can also visualize the pisiform.
Q: How do you clinically differentiate Guyon canal syndrome from cubital tunnel syndrome?
A: Dorsal hand sensation. In Guyon canal compression, there is NO dorsal sensory loss (dorsal cutaneous branch comes off proximal to Guyon canal). Cubital tunnel syndrome affects the dorsal cutaneous branch, causing numbness over the dorsal ulnar hand.
Q: What is the definitive treatment for pisiform nonunion?
A: Pisiform excision. This is the treatment of choice for nonunion, comminuted fractures, and symptomatic pisotriquetral arthritis. FCU function is preserved through intact pisohamate and pisometacarpal ligaments with only 10-20% grip strength reduction.
Q: What happens to FCU function after pisiform excision?
A: FCU function is preserved with only modest grip strength loss (grip around 86% of the contralateral side; De Almeida 2019). The pisiform acts as a fulcrum, but excision does not disrupt the FCU tendon itself - it passes over where the pisiform was. Pisohamate and pisometacarpal ligaments maintain distal FCU attachment.
Q: What is the most common mechanism of pisiform fracture?
A: Direct blow to the hypothenar eminence. The pisiform is subcutaneous and vulnerable to direct trauma. Common scenarios include falls onto outstretched hands (landing on hypothenar), cycling handlebar injuries, and racquet sport impacts.
Clinical Decision Scenarios
Practise clinical reasoning and management decisions out loud
“A 35-year-old cyclist presents with ulnar-sided wrist pain after falling off their bike onto an outstretched hand. X-rays are reported as normal. How would you proceed?”
“A 45-year-old presents with chronic ulnar-sided wrist pain after a fall 6 months ago. CT shows a pisiform nonunion with early pisotriquetral arthritis. What are your treatment options?”
“What is unique about the pisiform bone's anatomy, and how does this influence injury patterns and treatment decisions?”
Key Anatomy
- Only sesamoid bone in carpus - embedded in FCU tendon
- Single articulation - pisotriquetral joint only
- Guyon canal - pisiform forms ulnar border (ulnar nerve at risk)
- Acts as a fulcrum (hypomochlion) and ulnar-column stabiliser
Clinical Features
- Direct blow to hypothenar eminence - most common mechanism
- Point tenderness at base of hypothenar eminence
- Pain with resisted FCU contraction
- Always assess ulnar nerve function
Imaging
- Carpal tunnel view - best visualization
- PA view misses pisiform (overlaps triquetrum)
- CT for fracture characterization
- MRI for occult fractures
Treatment Principles
- Non-displaced: Short arm cast 4-6 weeks
- Comminuted/displaced: Pisiform excision
- Nonunion or OA: Excision is definitive
- Excision preserves FCU function - minimal strength loss
Exam Pearls
- Only carpal bone with single articulation
- Excision outcomes excellent - pain relief with 10-20% grip strength reduction
- Guyon canal syndrome - weakness of intrinsics, NO dorsal hand sensory loss
- FCU continuity maintained after excision via pisohamate/pisometacarpal ligaments
Evidence Base
Pisiform Excision for Pisotriquetral Dysfunction (Landmark Series)
- 67 painful pisotriquetral joints treated by pisiform excision over 30 years; 42 had prior trauma. Excision gave complete relief of localised hypothenar pain in 65 of 67 wrists with no loss of wrist motion or strength.
- Ulnar neuropathy was present in 22 patients (especially with associated fractures/subluxation); neurolysis restored full sensation in all 22 and full motor function in 5 of 6. No late flexor carpi ulnaris dysfunction after excision.
Pisotriquetral Fracture Patterns and Diagnosis
- Reviews pisotriquetral injury morphology, distinguishing dorsal cortical (chip), main body, and volar lip avulsion fractures, and an additional intra-articular distal triquetral pattern.
- Cyclist fall-on-extended-wrist (FOOSH) mechanism; diagnosis required high suspicion plus oblique radiographs, CT and MRI. Short-arm cast for 6 weeks gave complete pain resolution and a Mayo score of 100 at one year.
Pisiform Kinematics In Vivo
- Spiral-CT kinematic study of healthy wrists: with extension the pisiform translates over and is pressed against the distal triquetrum; with flexion it moves away and translates proximally.
- These motion patterns explain why repetitive loading and extension predispose to pisotriquetral degenerative change.
Mechanical Strain at the Pisotriquetral Joint
- Anatomical and mechanical study of 112 pisotriquetral joints. The pisiform acts as a fulcrum (hypomochlion) transmitting forearm force to the hand and stabilises the ulnar column, holding the triquetrum against subluxation even in extreme extension.
- Pisotriquetral osteoarthrosis was noted as the second most common degenerative wrist arthritis after scaphotrapezial disease.
Long-Term Outcomes After Pisiformectomy
- 12 wrists treated by pisiformectomy for resistant pisotriquetral arthritis, mean follow-up 90 months. Pain on a 10-point visual analogue scale fell from 6.8 to 1.1.
- Mean grip strength was 86% of the contralateral side (about 14% reduction); QuickDASH improved by 40 points and PRWE by 53 points.
Carpal Osteoarthrosis Including Pisotriquetral Disease (Review)
- Review of post-traumatic intercarpal osteoarthrosis, including pisotriquetral arthritis, describing the common pathway from injury and altered kinematics to abnormal contact pressure and degeneration.