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  5. Oncology

Oncology Orthopaedic Topics

Bone & soft tissue tumours. 64 evidence-informed references covering conditions, classifications, management and high-yield exam notes for FRCS (Tr&Orth), FRACS, EBOT and ABOS preparation.

Browse & filter all Oncology topics interactively →Exam tracks

All Oncology topics (64)

  • AdamantinomaComprehensive guide to adamantinoma - rare low-grade malignant bone tumour with tibial predilection, imaging features, surgical management, and prognosis for orthopaedic exam
  • Aneurysmal Bone CystComprehensive guide to aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) - benign expansile bone lesion with fluid-fluid levels, imaging features, treatment options including curettage and denosumab for orthopaedic exam
  • AngiosarcomaRare aggressive vascular malignancy with poor prognosis, occurring in soft tissue and associated with radiation, lymphedema, and chronic inflammation
  • Biopsy Principles and Techniques in Orthopaedic OncologyComprehensive guide to biopsy principles including Mankin errors, needle vs open biopsy, approach planning, specimen handling, and collaboration with tumor centers for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation (Nora Lesion)Comprehensive guide to Nora lesion (BPOP), a rare surface-based bone tumour of the hands and feet, including histopathology, differentiation from osteochondroma and parosteal osteosarcoma, and management by marginal excision.
  • Bone Island (Enostosis)Comprehensive guide to bone islands: imaging characteristics, differential diagnosis, clinical significance, and distinguishing from malignant lesions
  • Brown Tumour of HyperparathyroidismComprehensive guide to brown tumour (osteitis fibrosa cystica) of hyperparathyroidism - pathophysiology, lytic imaging, the critical giant cell tumour mimic, biochemistry and parathyroidectomy-first management for orthopaedic fellowship exams
  • ChondroblastomaRare benign cartilage tumor of epiphysis in skeletally immature patients
  • ChondrosarcomaMalignant cartilage-forming tumor - second most common primary bone malignancy with varied biological behavior
  • ChordomaComprehensive guide to chordoma diagnosis, management, and surgical treatment for FRCS exam preparation
  • Clear Cell SarcomaRare aggressive soft tissue sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses with EWSR1-ATF1 fusion and melanocytic differentiation - the melanoma of soft parts in young adults
  • Desmoid Tumor (Aggressive Fibromatosis)Locally aggressive benign fibroblastic tumor with CTNNB1 mutations, unpredictable behavior requiring surveillance-first approach
  • Desmoplastic Fibroma of BoneComprehensive guide to desmoplastic fibroma of bone, a rare benign but locally aggressive intraosseous fibromatosis affecting the mandible and long bones, with high recurrence risk and indications for wide excision.
  • Elastofibroma DorsiBenign fibroelastic pseudotumour beneath the scapular tip with pathognomonic imaging - the soft-tissue mass examiners love to test as a sarcoma mimic
  • EnchondromaBenign intramedullary cartilage tumor, most common tumor of hand bones
  • Enchondromatosis (Ollier Disease and Maffucci Syndrome)Comprehensive guide to multiple enchondromatosis - Ollier disease, Maffucci syndrome, IDH mutations, malignant transformation, and surveillance protocols
  • Enneking Staging of Musculoskeletal TumoursThe Enneking system for staging benign and malignant musculoskeletal tumours — surgical grades, compartments, stages, and how the stage dictates the surgical margin.
  • Epithelioid SarcomaRare INI1/SMARCB1-deficient soft tissue sarcoma of young adults - the great mimic that favours the distal upper limb, recurs locally, and spreads to nodes, skin and lung
  • Expandable Prostheses in Pediatric OncologyComprehensive guide to expandable endoprostheses for limb salvage in skeletally immature patients with bone tumours - mechanisms, indications, complications, and conversion to adult prosthesis
  • Fibrosarcoma of BonePrimary malignant spindle cell tumor of bone producing collagen without osteoid or chondroid matrix, representing less than 5% of primary bone sarcomas
  • Fibrous DysplasiaBenign fibro-osseous lesion caused by GNAS mutation, monostotic vs polyostotic forms, McCune-Albright and Mazabraud syndromes
  • Forequarter AmputationComprehensive guide to forequarter amputation - indications (tumour, trauma, infection), anterior vs posterior approach, vascular control, brachial plexus management, flap options, prosthetic rehabilitation, psychological support for orthopaedic exam
  • Giant Cell Tumor of BoneBenign but locally aggressive bone tumor characterized by multinucleated giant cells, typically occurring in the epiphysis of skeletally mature patients
  • Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath (GCTTS)Comprehensive guide to giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (GCTTS), a benign proliferative lesion of the tendon sheath - the extra-articular manifestation of tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT).
  • Hemangioma (Soft Tissue)Comprehensive coverage of soft tissue hemangiomas including classification, clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, management strategies, and complications for orthopaedic surgery examination preparation
  • Hemangioma of BoneBenign vascular tumor of bone, most commonly affecting vertebral bodies and skull, typically asymptomatic and incidental, with characteristic corduroy or polka-dot radiographic appearance
  • Hemipelvectomy and Hindquarter AmputationComprehensive surgical technique guide to hemipelvectomy - internal (limb-sparing) and external (hindquarter amputation) for pelvic sarcoma resection, Enneking-Dunham classification, vascular control, reconstruction options, flap coverage for orthopaedic fellowship exam preparation
  • Intramuscular MyxomaBenign myxoid soft-tissue tumour of skeletal muscle driven by GNAS mutation; a classic sarcoma mimic and the soft-tissue component of Mazabraud syndrome
  • Intraosseous LipomaRare benign intramedullary fat-containing tumor with classic central calcification
  • Langerhans Cell HistiocytosisRare disorder of clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells affecting bone and systemic organs, with spectrum from solitary eosinophilic granuloma to multisystem disease, requiring multidisciplinary management
  • Leiomyosarcoma of Soft TissueMalignant smooth-muscle sarcoma of soft tissue - aggressive spindle-cell tumour of older adults driven by grade and size, treated with wide excision and chemotherapy reserved for advanced disease
  • Limb Salvage Surgery PrinciplesComprehensive guide to limb salvage surgery principles for musculoskeletal tumours - Enneking staging, surgical margins, reconstruction options, endoprostheses, allografts, growing prostheses, rotationplasty, and functional outcomes for orthopaedic fellowship exam preparation
  • LipomaBenign adipocytic tumor - most common soft tissue tumor with excellent prognosis and rare malignant transformation
  • LiposarcomaMalignant adipocytic tumor - most common soft tissue sarcoma in adults with variable prognosis based on histological subtype
  • Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST)Comprehensive guide to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, including NF1 association, imaging, surgical management, and prognosis
  • Marjolin's UlcerComprehensive guide to Marjolin's ulcer - aggressive squamous cell carcinoma arising in chronic wounds, scars, sinuses and burns, including latency, biopsy, wide excision, amputation, nodal staging, and prognosis.
  • Metastatic Bone DiseaseComprehensive guide to metastatic bone disease including common primaries, fracture risk assessment with Mirels score, surgical stabilization options, and palliative management.
  • Mirels Score for Impending Pathological FractureThe Mirels scoring system for predicting pathological fracture risk in long-bone metastases — the four parameters, score thresholds, and how to act on them.
  • Multiple MyelomaPlasma cell neoplasm with skeletal manifestations - punched-out lytic lesions without blastic response
  • NeurofibromaBenign peripheral nerve sheath tumor arising from Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and perineural cells - associated with neurofibromatosis type 1
  • Non-Ossifying Fibroma (Fibrous Cortical Defect)Comprehensive guide to non-ossifying fibroma and fibrous cortical defect, including diagnosis, fracture-risk assessment, differential diagnosis, and management.
  • OsteoblastomaBenign bone-forming tumor representing 1% of primary bone tumors, characterized by osteoid and bone production with active osteoblasts
  • Osteofibrous DysplasiaRare benign fibro-osseous lesion of long bones, primarily affecting the anterior tibia in children, with characteristic cortical involvement and well-defined radiographic features
  • Osteoid OsteomaComprehensive guide to osteoid osteoma - diagnosis, imaging characteristics, night pain pattern, surgical excision, and radiofrequency ablation for orthopaedic exam
  • OsteopoikilosisComprehensive coverage of osteopoikilosis (spotted bone disease) including LEMD3 genetics, Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome, the spotted-bone radiographic pattern, distinguishing it from sclerotic metastases, and management for orthopaedic surgery examination preparation
  • OsteosarcomaComprehensive guide to osteosarcoma including diagnosis, staging, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, limb salvage surgery, and prognostic factors for Orthopaedic examination.
  • Paget's Sarcoma (Sarcomatous Transformation of Paget Disease)Comprehensive guide to malignant transformation of Paget disease of bone - epidemiology, presentation, imaging, biopsy, multimodal management and prognosis of this aggressive secondary bone sarcoma.
  • Pathologic Fracture ManagementComprehensive guide to diagnosis, surgical decision-making, and reconstruction techniques for pathologic fractures through benign and malignant bone lesions
  • Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS)Comprehensive guide to pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), a benign proliferative synovial disorder causing joint destruction through local invasion.
  • Primary Bone LymphomaNon-Hodgkin lymphoma arising in bone with no nodal or visceral disease - a permeative round cell tumour treated by chemotherapy, not wide resection
  • RhabdomyosarcomaMost common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood - skeletal-muscle differentiation, embryonal vs alveolar histology, PAX-FOXO1 fusion status drives risk, treated by multimodal chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy
  • RotationplastyComprehensive guide to rotationplasty (Van Nes/Borggreve procedure) - limb-salvage technique converting ankle to knee joint for distal femur and proximal tibia tumours in paediatric patients
  • Schwannoma (Neurilemmoma)Benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor arising from Schwann cells - eccentric growth allows enucleation without nerve sacrifice
  • Simple Bone Cyst (Unicameral Bone Cyst)Benign fluid-filled bone cavity most common in proximal humerus and femur of children, characterized by clear fluid content and risk of pathological fracture
  • Soft Tissue Masses and Sarcoma Referral PathwayAdvanced orthopaedic guide to soft tissue masses and sarcoma referral: red flags, clinical assessment, MRI interpretation, staging, biopsy principles, unplanned excision, MDT management and counselling.
  • Subungual MelanomaComprehensive guide to subungual (acral lentiginous) melanoma of the nail unit, including Hutchinson sign, ABCDEF nail rules, nail-bed biopsy techniques, wide excision and amputation, and prognosis.
  • Synovial ChondromatosisComprehensive exam guide to synovial (osteo)chondromatosis - a benign cartilaginous metaplasia of the synovium producing multiple loose bodies, its Milgram staging, imaging, surgical management, and the small but important risk of malignant transformation to secondary synovial chondrosarcoma.
  • Synovial Cyst (Ganglion and Joint-Based Cysts)Comprehensive guide to synovial cysts including ganglion cysts, popliteal (Baker's) cysts, and spinal synovial cysts - benign fluid-filled lesions arising from joint capsule or tendon sheath.
  • Synovial SarcomaMalignant soft tissue sarcoma with t(X;18) translocation - third most common soft tissue sarcoma affecting young adults near joints
  • Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumour (PVNS / GCT-TS)Comprehensive guide to tenosynovial giant cell tumour including localised and diffuse types, CSF1-driven pathogenesis, MRI haemosiderin blooming artefact, surgical synovectomy, and pexidartinib therapy.
  • Tumoral CalcinosisComprehensive guide to tumoral calcinosis - periarticular lobulated calcific masses, hyperphosphataemic (familial GALNT3/FGF23) vs secondary (renal) disease, differential from myositis ossificans, and surgical management.
  • Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma (MFH)High-grade pleomorphic sarcoma of soft tissue and bone, formerly malignant fibrous histiocytoma, now a diagnosis of exclusion defined by the absence of any specific line of differentiation
  • Unicameral (Simple) Bone CystComprehensive guide to unicameral (simple) bone cysts in children, including the fallen-fragment sign, pathological fracture management, aspiration and steroid injection, and surgical treatment options.
  • Vertebral HaemangiomaBenign vascular lesion of the vertebra, usually incidental, occasionally aggressive with epidural extension and spinal cord compression - imaging signs, classification, staging and management for FRACS exam

Other subspecialties

TraumaSpineHand & Upper LimbFoot & AnkleSports MedicineAdult ReconstructionPaediatricsBasic ScienceRadiologyProfessionalism & Ethics