Hand & Upper Limb Orthopaedic Topics

Hand, wrist, elbow & shoulder. 125 evidence-informed references covering conditions, classifications, management and high-yield exam notes for FRCS (Tr&Orth), FRACS, EBOT and ABOS preparation.

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Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)Exam-focused guide to adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder): what it is, the inflammation-then-fibrosis pathology of the capsule, the three clinical stages, how it is a clinical diagnosis with global loss of passive external rotation, the link with diabetes, the evidence behind injection, physiotherapy, hydrodilatation, manipulation under anaesthesia and arthroscopic capsular release, and the practical rules for the exam.
Adult Brachial Plexus InjuryExam-focused guide to adult traumatic brachial plexus injury: applied anatomy of the five-section plexus, preganglionic versus postganglionic injury, the supraclavicular versus infraclavicular patterns, how to examine and image (clinical signs, CT myelography, MRI), why timing of surgery matters, and the reconstructive ladder of neurolysis, nerve graft, nerve transfer and free functioning muscle transfer.
Allman/Neer Classification of Clavicle FracturesThe Allman three-group classification by location and the Neer subtype system for lateral third fractures — prevalence, displacement patterns, nonunion risk, and when to fix.
ALPSA LesionsComprehensive guide to Anterior Labroligamentous Periosteal Sleeve Avulsion (ALPSA), a variant of Bankart lesion characterised by medialized healing.
Animal BitesComprehensive guide to the management of animal bites, focusing on microbiology, antibiotic prophylaxis, and surgical indications.
Anterior Interosseous Nerve AnatomyComprehensive guide to the Anatomy of the Anterior Interosseous Nerve (AIN), including its course, innervation, variants (Martin-Gruber), and clinical syndrome (Kiloh-Nevin).
Anterior Interosseous Nerve SyndromeComprehensive guide to anterior interosseous nerve syndrome including anatomy, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis with Parsonage-Turner syndrome, and management from observation to surgical decompression.
Anterior Interosseous SyndromeComprehensive guide to anterior interosseous syndrome including OK sign weakness, isolated motor palsy, and surgical treatment options.
Axillary Nerve AnatomyComprehensive guide to the anatomy, clinical assessment, and management of Axillary Nerve injuries
Blood Supply of the ForearmComprehensive anatomy of the Radial and Ulnar arteries, their branches, anastomoses, and clinical relevance.
Boutonniere DeformityComprehensive guide to Boutonniere Deformity (Central Slip rupture), covering anatomy, Elson's test, and management protocols.
Brachial Plexus AnatomyFellowship-level anatomy of the brachial plexus: roots, trunks, divisions, cords and terminal branches; the branch at each level; Erb's vs Klumpke's palsy; and the supraclavicular/infraclavicular surgical map.
Bristow-Latarjet ProcedureComprehensive guide to the Bristow and Latarjet coracoid transfer procedures for anterior shoulder instability with bone loss, including indications, surgical technique, complications, and outcomes.
CamptodactylyComprehensive guide to camptodactyly including classification, pathoanatomy, clinical presentation, conservative management with splinting, surgical indications, and FRACS exam preparation.
Carpal Instability - DISI/VISIComprehensive guide to dorsal and volar intercalated segment instability patterns - classification, diagnosis, and management for orthopaedic exam preparation
Carpal Tunnel SyndromeComprehensive guide to carpal tunnel syndrome, including anatomy, diagnosis, electrodiagnostic criteria, and surgical release techniques for FRACS exam preparation
Central Slip InjuriesComprehensive guide to central slip extensor tendon injuries of the finger, including diagnosis, treatment, and boutonniere deformity prevention.
Cleft HandComprehensive guide to cleft hand (typical and atypical ectrodactyly) including Manske-Halikis classification, associated syndromes, functional assessment, and surgical reconstruction for FRACS examination.
ClinodactylyComprehensive guide to clinodactyly including delta phalanx, bracket epiphysis, associated syndromes, indications for surgery, and corrective osteotomy techniques for Orthopaedic examination.
Complex Metacarpophalangeal Joint DislocationComprehensive guide to irreducible dorsal metacarpophalangeal joint dislocations, including Kaplan lesion, volar plate interposition, pathognomonic signs, and surgical approaches for reduction.
CRPS - Hand (Complex Regional Pain Syndrome)Diagnosis, Budapest Criteria, and multidisciplinary management of CRPS Type I and Type II in the hand.
Crystalline Arthropathy of the HandComprehensive guide to crystalline arthropathies affecting the hand including gout and CPPD, clinical presentation, crystal identification, medical management, and surgical indications for tophaceous gout and chronic arthropathy.
Cubital Tunnel SyndromeComprehensive guide to cubital tunnel syndrome including McGowan grading, Froment's and Wartenberg's signs, and surgical treatment options.
Cutibacterium acnes Shoulder Periprosthetic InfectionComprehensive guide to Cutibacterium acnes periprosthetic joint infection of the shoulder, including diagnosis, microbiology, surgical management, and antibiotic strategies.
De Quervain TenosynovitisComprehensive guide to first dorsal compartment stenosing tenosynovitis
Deep Space Infections - HandComprehensive examination guide to deep space infections of the hand including anatomical spaces, clinical presentations, surgical drainage techniques, and antibiotic management
Digit and Hand ReplantationComprehensive exam guide to digit and hand replantation - indications and absolute/relative contraindications, warm and cold ischaemia times for digits and the proximal upper limb, the classical sequence of repair (bone, extensor, flexor, artery, nerve, vein), microvascular anastomosis technique, anticoagulation, post-operative monitoring and salvage of the failing replant, Chen and Tamai functional outcome criteria, and the decision-making between replantation and revision amputation for FRACS, FRCS and board examinations
Digital Nerve CompressionComprehensive guide to Digital Nerve Compression syndromes, including Bowler's Thumb, Harpist's Finger, and their management.
DIP Joint ArthritisComprehensive guide to distal interphalangeal joint arthritis - classification, clinical assessment, non-operative and surgical management including arthrodesis and arthroplasty.
DRUJ Arthritis (Distal Radioulnar Joint Arthritis)Degenerative or post-traumatic arthritis of the distal radioulnar joint causing ulnar-sided wrist pain and forearm rotation limitation, managed with conservative measures or surgical procedures including DRUJ arthroplasty and salvage procedures
Dupuytren's DiseaseComprehensive guide to Dupuytren's contracture: pathophysiology, classification, surgical indications, treatment options, and recurrence management for FRACS exam preparation
Eaton-Littler Staging of Thumb CMC ArthritisThe Eaton-Littler radiographic classification for thumb carpometacarpal (trapeziometacarpal) arthritis — stages I to IV, scaphotrapezial involvement, and how staging guides ligament reconstruction versus trapeziectomy.
Extensor Pollicis Longus RuptureComprehensive guide to attritional rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon at the wrist, including pathogenesis after distal radius fracture and rheumatoid arthritis, diagnosis with the retropulsion (drumming) sign, and EIP-to-EPL tendon transfer reconstruction.
Extensor Tendon InjuriesComprehensive guide to extensor tendon injuries for FRCS examination
Extensor Tendon ReconstructionComprehensive guide to extensor tendon reconstruction including zone-specific techniques, tendon transfers, grafting options, and rehabilitation protocols for chronic extensor deficiency.
FelonClosed-space infection of the pulp of the distal phalanx - surgical emergency requiring urgent drainage to prevent osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and flexor tenosynovitis
Fingertip Injuries & AmputationsComprehensive guide to the management of fingertip injuries, including nail bed repair, local flaps (Atasoy, Moberg, Cross-Finger), and subungual hematomas.
Flexor Tendon LacerationsComprehensive guide to flexor tendon injury zones, repair, and rehabilitation for FRCS exam preparation
Flexor Tendon RehabilitationEvidence-based rehabilitation protocols for flexor tendon repairs across all zones, including early active mobilization, passive motion, and place-and-hold techniques
Flexor Tendon Repair TechniquesDetailed guide to flexor tendon repair, focusing on suture techniques (Kessler, Adelaide), strand numbers, and zone-specific management.
Flexor TenosynovitisComprehensive guide to suppurative flexor tenosynovitis for FRCS examination
Frostbite (Cold Injury)Advanced orthopaedic guide to frostbite of the hand and foot, covering pathophysiology, the freeze-thaw injury, field and hospital rewarming, classification, thrombolysis and iloprost, bone scanning, delayed amputation and rehabilitation.
Gamekeeper's ThumbComprehensive guide to thumb UCL injuries for Orthopaedic examination
Ganglion CystsComprehensive guide to ganglion cyst diagnosis, aspiration, and surgical excision for FRCS exam preparation
Glomus Tumors of the HandComprehensive guide to glomus tumors including diagnosis, imaging, and surgical excision techniques for subungual and extraungual locations
Glomus Tumour of the HandComprehensive guide to subungual and digital glomus tumours - benign neuromyoarterial hamartomas causing the classic triad of pain, cold sensitivity and pinpoint tenderness, with Love and Hildreth clinical signs, MRI and marginal excision.
HAGL LesionsComprehensive guide to Humeral Avulsion of the Glenohumeral Ligament (HAGL), including the MRI 'J Sign', West Point Classification, and surgical management.
Hand Examination and Clinical LocalisationAn advanced orthopaedic guide to examining the hand and localising pathology from clinical findings, including tendon testing, nerve localisation, sensory testing, deformity analysis, investigations and urgent decision-making.
Herbert Classification of Scaphoid FracturesThe Herbert classification system for scaphoid fractures — types A through D, the distinction between stable and unstable acute fractures, and how it guides conservative versus screw fixation.
High-Pressure Injection Injury of the HandAdvanced orthopaedic guide to high-pressure injection injury of the hand, including recognition, material risk, imaging, emergency management, operative debridement, complications and rehabilitation.
Human Bites & Fight BitesComprehensive guide to the management of human bites, specifically 'Fight Bites' (Clenched Fist Injuries), outlining the unique microbiology and surgical urgency.
Hypothenar Hammer SyndromeFellowship-level guide to hypothenar hammer syndrome: repetitive blunt trauma to the ulnar artery over the hook of hamate causing thrombosis, aneurysm and digital embolisation - the occupational vascular cause of ulnar-sided digital ischaemia, its workup (Allen's test, angiography, the corkscrew sign) and management.
Inflammatory Arthritis of the ShoulderComprehensive guide to Rheumatoid Arthritis and other inflammatory conditions of the shoulder - pathology, classification, and surgical management
Intersection SyndromeComprehensive guide to proximal and distal intersection syndrome of the dorsal wrist - an overuse tenosynovitis distinct from de Quervain disease
Jersey FingerComprehensive guide to Jersey Finger (FDP Avulsion), including Leddy-Packer classification, surgical repair techniques, and rehabilitation.
Kienböck's DiseaseComprehensive guide to Kienböck's disease including staging, pathophysiology, investigation with MRI, and treatment options from immobilization to salvage procedures.
Latarjet ProcedureComprehensive exam guide to the Latarjet coracoid transfer for recurrent anterior shoulder instability with glenoid bone loss - the triple-blocking effect of Patte, glenoid bone-loss thresholds and the glenoid track, the Instability Severity Index Score (ISIS), deltopectoral approach, operative technique, complications and long-term outcomes for FRACS, FRCS and board examinations
Long Thoracic Nerve AnatomyFellowship-level anatomy of the long thoracic nerve: C5-C7 origin, its long superficial course on serratus anterior, why it is vulnerable, and the medial scapular winging that follows injury.
MacrodactylyRare congenital anomaly characterized by localized gigantism of digits, requiring staged surgical management and multidisciplinary care
Madelung DeformityExam-focused guide to Madelung deformity of the wrist: the abnormal distal radial physis and Vickers ligament, the link with Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis and SHOX gene defects, how the radius deforms in three planes, the classic radiographic measurements, and how treatment is chosen between Vickers ligament release with physiolysis in the growing child and dome osteotomy or salvage in the mature wrist.
Mallet FingerComprehensive guide to the diagnosis and management of Mallet Finger (Tendinous and Bony), including splinting protocols and surgical indications.
Mason Classification of Radial Head FracturesThe Mason classification for radial head fractures — Type I undisplaced, Type II displaced, Type III comminuted, and Type IV with associated elbow dislocation — and how it guides ORIF versus arthroplasty decisions.
Massive Rotator Cuff TearsComprehensive guide to massive rotator cuff tears and treatment options for FRCS exam preparation
MCP Joint ArthritisComprehensive guide to MCP joint arthritis including rheumatoid arthritis, post-traumatic arthritis, primary OA, clinical presentation, non-operative management, and surgical options including arthroplasty and arthrodesis for orthopaedic fellowship exam preparation.
Median Nerve AnatomyComprehensive guide to the anatomy, compression syndromes, and clinical pathology of the Median Nerve
Meralgia ParaestheticaCompression neuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve causing burning numbness and paraesthesia over the anterolateral thigh
Metacarpal FracturesComprehensive guide to metacarpal fractures for Orthopaedic examination
Midcarpal ArthritisComprehensive examination guide to midcarpal arthritis patterns, diagnostic evaluation, and surgical management including limited wrist fusions and total wrist arthroplasty
Midcarpal InstabilityNon-dissociative carpal instability with abnormal motion between the proximal and distal carpal rows, presenting with a painful catch-up clunk and requiring dynamic clinical and fluoroscopic assessment
Milwaukee Shoulder (BCP Crystal Arthropathy)Comprehensive guide to Milwaukee shoulder syndrome - a rapidly destructive basic calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) crystal arthropathy of the shoulder in elderly women, covering crystal biology, alizarin red diagnosis, large bloody non-inflammatory effusions and management for fellowship exam preparation.
Mucous Cysts (Digital Mucoid Cysts)Comprehensive guide to digital mucous cysts including pathophysiology, diagnosis, and surgical excision techniques with osteophyte removal
Musculocutaneous Nerve AnatomyFellowship-level anatomy of the musculocutaneous nerve: lateral cord origin (C5-C7), its course through coracobrachialis, the anterior-arm flexors it supplies, the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm, and its role in elbow-flexion nerve transfers.
Nerve Repair PrinciplesComprehensive guide to Peripheral Nerve Repair, including biology, classification, surgical techniques, and rehabilitation.
Nerve TransfersPrinciples and common techniques for Nerve Transfer (Neurotization) in peripheral nerve and brachial plexus surgery.
Neuroma ManagementPathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of painful neuromas, including modern techniques like RPNI and TMR.
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the CapitellumComprehensive guide to osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum in adolescent overhead athletes, including differentiation from Panner disease, MRI staging, and management from conservative rest to surgical fixation and cartilage restoration.
Paronychia (Acute & Chronic)Fellowship-level guide to the commonest hand infection: acute bacterial paronychia versus chronic inflammatory paronychia, the run-around abscess, drainage technique, distinguishing herpetic whitlow and felon, and the chronic-paronychia management ladder.
Parsonage-Turner SyndromeComprehensive guide to Parsonage-Turner syndrome (neuralgic amyotrophy): the classic painful-onset patchy upper-limb palsy, hourglass fascicular constrictions, MRI denervation, and observation-first management.
Pectoralis Major RuptureComprehensive guide to pectoralis major tendon rupture including mechanism, Tietjen classification, clinical assessment, imaging, and surgical management.
PIP Joint ArthritisComprehensive guide to PIP joint arthritis including anatomy, etiology, clinical assessment, conservative management, silicone arthroplasty, surface replacement, and arthrodesis.
PolydactylyComprehensive guide to polydactyly including preaxial thumb duplication, postaxial types, Wassel classification, and surgical management for Orthopaedic examination.
Posterior Interosseous SyndromeComprehensive guide to Posterior Interosseous Nerve (PIN) compression, including anatomy (Arcade of Frohse), clinical presentation (Finger Drop), and surgical decompression.
Posterolateral Rotatory Instability of the Elbow (PLRI)Comprehensive guide to posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow, including LUCL insufficiency, Horii circle injury pattern, clinical tests, imaging, and ligament reconstruction.
Preiser DiseaseComprehensive exam guide to Preiser disease (idiopathic osteonecrosis of the scaphoid): pathophysiology, Herbert-Lanzetta and Kalainov classifications, MRI diagnosis, and stage-based treatment from immobilization to vascularized bone graft and salvage.
Pronator SyndromeComprehensive guide to pronator syndrome including differentiation from carpal tunnel syndrome, compression sites, and surgical treatment.
Proximal Biceps RupturesComprehensive guide to proximal long head of biceps tendon ruptures - anatomy, clinical assessment, Popeye deformity, tenotomy vs tenodesis decision-making
Proximal Row CarpectomyComprehensive exam guide to proximal row carpectomy (PRC) for SLAC and SNAC wrist arthritis and Kienbock disease - principle of capitate seating into lunate fossa, dorsal surgical approach, indications requiring intact capitate head and lunate fossa cartilage, PIN neurectomy, outcomes versus four-corner fusion, conversion to total wrist fusion, and evidence-based outcomes for FRACS, FRCS and board examinations
Psoriatic Arthritis - HandComprehensive examination guide to psoriatic arthritis affecting the hand and upper extremity, including diagnostic criteria, radiographic patterns, and surgical management strategies
Quadrangular & Triangular SpacesDetailed anatomy of the posterior shoulder spaces, their boundaries, contents, and clinical syndromes.
Radial Nerve AnatomyComprehensive guide to the anatomy, course, branches, and clinical correlations of the Radial Nerve
Radial Tunnel SyndromeComprehensive guide to radial tunnel syndrome including PIN entrapment sites, clinical differentiation from lateral epicondylitis, diagnostic approach, and surgical decompression techniques for orthopaedic exam
Remplissage ProcedureComprehensive guide to the arthroscopic remplissage procedure for engaging Hill-Sachs lesions in anterior shoulder instability, including glenoid track assessment, surgical technique, combined Bankart repair, outcomes, and stiffness.
Rheumatoid Arthritis of the HandComprehensive guide to rheumatoid arthritis affecting the hand - pathophysiology, classification, medical and surgical management including synovectomy, arthroplasty, and arthrodesis
Rockwood Classification of AC Joint InjuriesThe Rockwood classification system for acromioclavicular joint injuries — types I to VI by ligament disruption and clavicle displacement, how to examine and image each grade, and when to operate.
Sagittal Band InjuriesComprehensive guide to sagittal band injuries of the hand, including diagnosis, surgical repair techniques, and rehabilitation protocols for Orthopaedic exam preparation.
Scaphoid Excision and Four-Corner FusionComprehensive exam guide to scaphoidectomy and four-corner fusion for SLAC and SNAC wrist arthritis - indications, surgical technique including dorsal approach and fixation options (circular plate, K-wires, screws), preservation of radiolunate motion, outcomes compared with proximal row carpectomy, complications including nonunion and dorsal impingement, and evidence-based results for FRACS, FRCS and board examinations
SLAC WristComprehensive guide to SLAC wrist - scapholunate advanced collapse including Watson staging, pathophysiology, surgical treatment options, four-corner fusion, and proximal row carpectomy for orthopaedic fellowship examination.
Small Joint Arthroplasty of the HandComprehensive guide to metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), and carpometacarpal (CMC) joint arthroplasty including silicone Swanson implants, surface replacement, pyrocarbon designs, indications, surgical techniques, and complications
Sternoclavicular Joint DislocationComprehensive guide to sternoclavicular joint dislocation, including anterior versus posterior types, mediastinal compromise in posterior dislocations, CT diagnosis, closed reduction, and reconstruction risks.
Subscapularis AnatomyDetailed anatomy of the Subscapularis muscle, its critical role in shoulder stability, innervation, and clinical pathology.
Suprascapular Nerve EntrapmentComprehensive guide to suprascapular nerve entrapment at the suprascapular and spinoglenoid notches, including ganglion cyst association, clinical presentation with infraspinatus wasting, EMG diagnosis, and surgical decompression techniques.
Swan Neck DeformityComprehensive guide to Swan Neck Deformity, covering Nalebuff classification, intrinsic tightness testing, and management strategies.
SyndactylyComprehensive guide to syndactyly including classification, surgical timing, web space reconstruction, and associated syndromes for Orthopaedic examination.
Tendon Transfers for Radial Nerve PalsyComprehensive guide to radial nerve palsy management including tendon transfer surgery, functional restoration, and operative techniques
Tendon Transfers for Radial, Median and Ulnar Nerve PalsyComprehensive exam guide to tendon transfers for radial, median and ulnar nerve palsy covering principles of tendon transfer (one tendon one function, expendable donor, synergy, straight line of pull, supple joints), standard transfers for low and high radial nerve palsy (Pronator teres to ECRB, FCR to EPL, PL to EDC), median nerve palsy (opponensplasty, Camitz, FDS ring transfer), ulnar nerve palsy (claw correction with Zancolli, Stiles-Bunnell, Brand transfers, intrinsic replacement), timing and outcomes for FRACS, FRCS and board examinations
TFCC and Ulnar-Sided Wrist PainAdvanced orthopaedic guide to triangular fibrocartilage complex injury and ulnar-sided wrist pain, including anatomy, clinical localisation, imaging, Palmer and arthroscopic classifications, DRUJ stability, operative decision-making and rehabilitation.
The Rheumatoid Hand and WristComprehensive guide to rheumatoid arthritis of the hand and wrist, covering MCP volar subluxation, ulnar drift, swan-neck and boutonniere deformities, caput ulnae, Nalebuff thumb classification, tendon ruptures, and surgical sequencing.
Thoracic Outlet SyndromeComprehensive guide to Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS), including Neurogenic, Venous, and Arterial types, anatomy of the thoracic outlet, and management strategies.
Thumb CMC ArthritisComprehensive guide to thumb carpometacarpal arthritis - anatomy, Eaton-Littler classification, grind test, trapeziectomy, LRTI, CMC arthroplasty, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Thumb HypoplasiaComprehensive guide to thumb hypoplasia including Blauth classification, associated syndromes, clinical assessment, reconstruction versus pollicization, and surgical management for Orthopaedic examination.
Thumb Reconstruction: Pollicization & Toe-to-Hand TransferFellowship-level guide to reconstructing the absent or deficient thumb: the Blauth classification of thumb hypoplasia, the type-IIIA/IIIB pivot on carpometacarpal stability, index-finger pollicization for the high grades, and toe-to-hand transfer for traumatic and congenital thumb loss.
Trigger Finger (Stenosing Tenosynovitis)Comprehensive guide to trigger finger including diagnosis, Green classification, injection technique, and surgical release.
Trigger Thumb (Pediatric)Comprehensive Exam-ready guide to pediatric trigger thumb including Notta's node pathophysiology, observation vs surgical decision-making, A1 pulley release technique, and exam scenarios
Triscaphe Arthritis (STT Arthritis)Degenerative arthritis of the scaphotrapeziotrapezoid joint causing radial-sided wrist pain, managed with activity modification, injections, or surgical options including excision arthroplasty and arthrodesis
Ulnar Club Hand (Ulnar Longitudinal Deficiency)Complete guide to ulnar club hand including classification, surgical management, and functional outcomes in longitudinal upper limb deficiencies
Ulnar Impaction SyndromeComprehensive guide to ulnar impaction syndrome including positive ulnar variance, TFCC tears, ulnar shortening osteotomy, and wafer procedures.
Ulnar Nerve AnatomyComprehensive guide to the anatomy, course, branches, and compression syndromes of the Ulnar Nerve
Ulnar Nerve PalsyComprehensive guide to Cubital Tunnel Syndrome, Guyon's Canal Syndrome, and Ulnar Nerve mechanics.
Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome (Guyon's Canal)Comprehensive guide to ulnar tunnel syndrome including anatomy of Guyon's canal, classification zones, diagnosis, and surgical decompression techniques.
Upper Limb AmputationComprehensive guide to upper limb amputation - level selection, finger to forequarter techniques, prosthetic considerations, targeted muscle reinnervation, replantation decisions for orthopaedic exam
Valgus Extension Overload of the ElbowComprehensive guide to posteromedial olecranon osteophyte impingement in throwing athletes, UCL insufficiency relationship, imaging, and surgical debridement considerations.
Wartenberg's SyndromeComprehensive guide to Wartenberg's Syndrome (Cheiralgia Paresthetica), involving entrapment of the Superficial Radial Nerve, identifying clinical features, and distinguishing it from De Quervain's Tenosynovitis.
Wrist ArthrodesisComprehensive guide to wrist arthrodesis - total vs four-corner fusion, SLAC/SNAC staging, surgical technique, fusion position, and outcomes
Wrist ArthroplastyComprehensive guide to total wrist arthroplasty - indications (RA, OA), implant types (Universal 2, Maestro, ReMotion), surgical technique, complications, and outcomes vs arthrodesis
Wrist Ligament InstabilityAdvanced orthopaedic guide to wrist ligament instability: examination technique, radiographic measurements, staging, arthroscopy, acute repair, chronic reconstruction, lunotriquetral instability and salvage surgery.

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All Hand & Upper Limb topics (125)

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All Hand & Upper Limb topics (125)

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