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Sports Medicine Orthopaedic Topics

Athletic injuries & ligament surgery. 97 evidence-informed references covering conditions, classifications, management and high-yield exam notes for FRCS (Tr&Orth), FRACS, EBOT and ABOS preparation.

Browse & filter all Sports Medicine topics interactively →Exam tracks

All Sports Medicine topics (97)

  • AC Joint Injuries in AthletesComprehensive sports medicine guide to AC joint injuries - Rockwood classification, return to sport criteria, surgical decision-making in athletes, Type III controversy, hook plate vs CC reconstruction
  • Achilles TendinopathyComprehensive guide to achilles tendinopathy including insertional and non-insertional types, eccentric exercise protocols, imaging, and surgical management for Orthopaedic examination
  • Adductor Strain / Groin StrainFellowship-level guide to adductor (groin) strain: the commonest cause of acute groin pain in athletes, usually an adductor longus musculotendinous-junction or enthesis injury from forceful eccentric contraction during cutting and kicking; the Doha groin-pain framework, examination (resisted adduction, squeeze test), grading, the high reinjury rate, and progressive eccentric-strengthening rehabilitation.
  • Anterior Cruciate Ligament InjuriesComprehensive exam-ready guide to ACL injuries - mechanism, graft selection, surgical timing, tunnel placement
  • Anterior Shoulder InstabilityComprehensive exam-ready guide to anterior shoulder instability - Bankart vs Latarjet decision, bone loss assessment, surgical techniques
  • Anterolateral Ligament Injury & Lateral Extra-Articular Tenodesis (LET)Fellowship-level guide to the anterolateral complex of the knee: the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and its role in rotatory (pivot-shift) control, the Segond fracture as its radiographic signature, and the extra-articular augmentation of ACL reconstruction by lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) or ALL reconstruction - with the STABILITY-trial evidence, the indications in high-risk patients, and the technique.
  • Articular Cartilage InjuriesComprehensive exam-ready guide to articular cartilage injuries - chondral defects, microfracture, OATS, ACI decision-making
  • Athletic Groin Pain (Sports Hernia/Athletic Pubalgia)Comprehensive guide to athletic groin pain - Doha classification, adductor-related groin pain, pubic symphysis dysfunction, FAI differential, Copenhagen protocol, and surgical management for orthopaedic exam
  • Athletic Pubalgia (Sports Hernia)Comprehensive guide to athletic pubalgia / sports hernia, covering core muscle injury at the rectus abdominis–adductor aponeurosis, differentiation from osteitis pubis and hip FAI, imaging, conservative management, and surgical repair.
  • Baker's Cyst (Popliteal Cyst)Comprehensive guide to Baker's cyst - popliteal cyst anatomy, association with knee pathology, clinical presentation, imaging, and management for orthopaedic exam
  • Bankart LesionsComprehensive guide to Bankart lesions - anterior-inferior labral tears with anterior shoulder instability, classification, arthroscopic repair, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
  • Bipartite PatellaComprehensive exam guide to bipartite patella - the failed-fusion accessory ossicle of the kneecap, the Saupe classification, why most are asymptomatic, how to tell it apart from a fracture, and evidence-based management of the painful superolateral fragment.
  • Burners and Stingers (Cervical Nerve Root / Brachial Plexus Traction)Fellowship-level guide to burners and stingers: a transient unilateral upper-limb burning pain, paraesthesia and weakness in collision-sport athletes, from traction, compression or nerve-root injury affecting the upper trunk (C5-C6) of the brachial plexus; the three mechanisms, the crucial rule that bilateral or lower-limb symptoms are NOT a stinger (suspect cervical cord/spine injury), return-to-play criteria and the work-up of recurrent stingers.
  • Calcific Tendinitis of the ShoulderComprehensive guide to rotator cuff calcification
  • Chronic Ankle InstabilityComprehensive Orthopaedic exam guide to chronic lateral ankle instability including pathophysiology, assessment, and evidence-based surgical reconstruction
  • Chronic Exertional Compartment SyndromeComprehensive orthopaedic exam guide to chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) - ICP measurement, fasciotomy techniques, differential diagnosis, and return to sport
  • Concussion / Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in AthletesFellowship-level guide to sport-related concussion: a functional traumatic brain injury from biomechanical forces causing transient neurological impairment (often without loss of consciousness and with normal structural imaging); the 'if in doubt, sit them out' rule with no same-day return, sideline and office assessment (SCAT6), the graduated return-to-sport and return-to-learn strategies, red flags for structural injury, and the risks of second-impact syndrome and repeated injury.
  • Distal Biceps RuptureComprehensive guide to distal biceps tendon rupture for FRCS examination
  • Distal Clavicle OsteolysisA sports-medicine and shoulder-focused guide to distal clavicle osteolysis (weightlifter's shoulder): the anatomy of the acromioclavicular joint, the repetitive-stress pathophysiology, how it presents and is examined, the characteristic radiographic and MRI findings, non-operative and operative management, and the key differential diagnoses that must not be missed.
  • Elbow Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) Injury (Tommy John)Fellowship-level guide to ulnar collateral ligament injury of the elbow in throwing athletes: the valgus-overload mechanism, the anterior-bundle anatomy, examination (moving valgus stress test), MRI diagnosis, non-operative versus reconstruction (Tommy John) decision-making, and return-to-play outcomes.
  • Exertional Heat Illness / Heat StrokeFellowship-level guide to exertional heat illness and exertional heat stroke (EHS) - a life-threatening emergency in athletes caused by strenuous activity producing severe hyperthermia (core temperature over ~40 C) with central nervous system dysfunction - covering the spectrum (cramps, exhaustion, heat stroke), the critical recognition (collapsed/confused athlete, hot), and the management principle of immediate aggressive cooling ('cool first, transport second' - cold-water immersion) to prevent multi-organ failure and death.
  • External Impingement of the ShoulderComprehensive guide to external shoulder impingement - subacromial impingement, Neer classification, diagnosis, and treatment for orthopaedic examination
  • Female Athlete Triad / RED-SFellowship-level guide to the Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): low energy availability as the central driver, the triad of low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction and low bone mineral density (broadened by RED-S to many body systems and both sexes), the orthopaedic consequence of bone stress injuries, screening (LEAF-Q/LEAM-Q, DXA), and multidisciplinary management restoring energy availability.
  • Femoral Neck Stress FracturesComprehensive guide to femoral neck stress fractures - tension vs compression side, military and athletic populations, MRI diagnosis, and surgical decision-making for Orthopaedic orthopaedic exam
  • Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)Comprehensive guide to femoroacetabular impingement - CAM, pincer, mixed morphology, alpha angle, FADIR test, hip arthroscopy, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
  • Fifth Metatarsal Stress FracturesComprehensive guide to fifth metatarsal stress fractures including Jones fracture, zone classification, surgical vs conservative management, and return to sport for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD)Fellowship-level guide to GIRD in the throwing athlete: loss of glenohumeral internal rotation, the physiologic (humeral retroversion) versus pathologic (posterior capsular/rotator-cuff tightness) causes, why total rotational motion matters more than absolute IR loss, the link to internal impingement, peel-back and SLAP/cuff lesions, and management led by posterior capsular stretching.
  • Glenoid & Bipolar Bone Loss Assessment in Shoulder Instability (Glenoid Track)Fellowship-level guide to bone-loss assessment in anterior shoulder instability: quantifying glenoid bone loss (en-face 3D CT, the reference standard, with 3D MRI a validated alternative), the bipolar concept of combined glenoid and Hill-Sachs loss, the glenoid-track method for on-track versus off-track Hill-Sachs lesions, and how the measurements drive the choice between arthroscopic Bankart, remplissage and bony procedures (Latarjet).
  • Gluteal Tendon Tears (Hip Abductor Tears)Surgical-focused guide to gluteus medius and minimus tendon tears - the rotator cuff of the hip. Covers anatomy, tear classification, MRI grading, fatty infiltration, endoscopic versus open repair, tendon transfer and reconstruction, abductor deficiency after total hip arthroplasty, and fellowship exam preparation.
  • Greater Trochanteric Pain SyndromeComprehensive guide to greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) - gluteal tendinopathy, trochanteric bursitis, diagnosis, injection technique, rehabilitation, and exam preparation for orthopaedic fellowship examinations
  • Hamstring InjuriesComprehensive guide to hamstring muscle injuries - proximal avulsion, mid-substance tears, grading, surgical repair indications, Nordic hamstring exercises, and return to sport criteria for orthopaedic exam
  • Hill-Sachs LesionsComprehensive guide to Hill-Sachs lesions - pathology, glenoid track concept, and management strategies including Remplissage and Latarjet
  • Hip ArthroscopyComprehensive guide to hip arthroscopy - femoroacetabular impingement, labral tears, portal anatomy, traction requirements, cam and pincer morphology, and rehabilitation for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Hip Flexor StrainsComprehensive Orthopaedic exam guide to iliopsoas and rectus femoris injuries including classification, diagnosis, and evidence-based management
  • Hip Pointer InjuriesComprehensive guide to hip pointer injuries - iliac crest contusion diagnosis, imaging, treatment protocols, and return to sport criteria for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Idiopathic Chondromalacia PatellaeFellowship-level guide to chondromalacia patellae: softening (and progressive fibrillation, fissuring and erosion) of the patellar articular cartilage causing anterior knee pain, especially in young adults; the Outerbridge arthroscopic grading, why the term is descriptive rather than a single disease, the overlap with patellofemoral pain, examination (Clarke's sign), and the predominantly conservative management.
  • Iliotibial Band SyndromeComprehensive guide to iliotibial band syndrome - lateral knee pain in runners, friction zone biomechanics, hip abductor weakness, activity modification, and return to running protocol for orthopaedic exam
  • Internal Impingement of the ShoulderComprehensive guide to internal impingement - posterosuperior labrum and rotator cuff contact in ABER position, GIRD, throwing athletes, and surgical management for orthopaedic exam
  • Knee ArthrofibrosisPost-surgical knee stiffness from excessive scar - arthrofibrosis after TKA and ACL reconstruction (cyclops lesion), diagnosis, prevention and management for orthopaedic exams
  • Knee Dislocation ManagementComprehensive guide to acute knee dislocation management, including vascular assessment, reduction techniques, and multiligamentous injury repair
  • Knee Plica Syndrome (Synovial Plicae)Fellowship-level guide to knee plica syndrome: symptomatic synovial plicae (embryological synovial folds), most commonly the medial (mediopatellar) plica, which when thickened and inflamed snaps over the medial femoral condyle causing anteromedial knee pain, clicking and pseudo-locking; the types of plica, the clinical and MRI diagnosis, and conservative-first management with arthroscopic resection for refractory cases.
  • Lateral Ankle SprainsComprehensive guide to lateral ankle ligament injuries including acute management, chronic instability, and surgical reconstruction techniques
  • Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) InjuriesComprehensive guide to LCL injuries - anatomy, Fanelli classification, varus stress testing, isolated vs combined injuries, and evidence-based surgical vs conservative management for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)Comprehensive guide to lateral epicondylitis - ECRB pathology, Nirschl classification, conservative management, PRP evidence, and surgical release techniques for orthopaedic exam
  • Lateral Patellar Compression Syndrome (Excessive Lateral Pressure Syndrome)Fellowship-level guide to lateral patellar compression syndrome / excessive lateral pressure syndrome (ELPS): a tight lateral retinaculum causing patellar TILT and excessive lateral patellofemoral pressure with anterior knee pain but WITHOUT instability; the patellar tilt test, the radiographic angles (patellar tilt angle, lateral patellofemoral angle) on skyline views, conservative-first management, and the role - and important limits - of lateral retinacular release.
  • Little League ShoulderComprehensive guide to proximal humeral epiphysiolysis - pathology, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and management of this pediatric overuse injury
  • Long Head of Biceps Tendon PathologyComprehensive guide to long head of biceps pathology - SLAP lesions, biceps tendinitis, instability, examination tests, imaging, tenotomy vs tenodesis decision-making for orthopaedic exam
  • Medial Ankle SprainsComprehensive Orthopaedic exam guide to deltoid ligament injuries including anatomy, classification, diagnosis, and evidence-based management
  • Medial Collateral Ligament InjuriesComprehensive exam-ready guide to MCL injuries - grading, non-operative vs surgery, combined injuries
  • Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow)Comprehensive guide to medial epicondylitis - flexor-pronator origin pathology, golfer's elbow test, conservative and surgical management, and ulnar nerve involvement for orthopaedic exam
  • Medial Patellofemoral Ligament (MPFL) InjuryExam-focused guide to the primary soft-tissue restraint to lateral patellar translation: anatomy and isometry, injury patterns in first-time and recurrent dislocation, MRI diagnosis of femoral versus patellar avulsion, non-operative versus operative thresholds, anatomic reconstruction technique, and the key complications and failure modes.
  • Meniscal Ramp LesionsComprehensive guide to meniscal ramp lesions - posterior meniscocapsular separation, ACL association, diagnosis, and repair techniques for orthopaedic exam
  • Meniscus TearsComprehensive guide to meniscal tears - anatomy, ISAKOS classification, clinical tests (McMurray, Thessaly), arthroscopic repair vs meniscectomy, and evidence-based management for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Multidirectional Instability (MDI)Comprehensive examination guide to multidirectional shoulder instability including assessment, classification, conservative management, and surgical techniques with evidence-based treatment algorithms
  • Olecranon Stress FractureFellowship-level guide to olecranon stress fracture: an overuse injury of throwing athletes (and gymnasts) driven by valgus extension overload, presenting with posterior elbow pain on extension; the adolescent persistent-olecranon-physis pattern versus the adult oblique stress line, the role of MRI when radiographs are normal, the link to valgus instability/UCL, and rest versus surgical fixation to return to play.
  • Os AcromialeComprehensive guide to os acromiale - unfused acromial ossification centre causing shoulder pain and impingement - anatomy, classification, diagnosis on axillary view, and conservative vs surgical management for Orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Osteitis Pubis (Pubic Symphysis Stress)Fellowship-level guide to osteitis pubis: a chronic overuse inflammatory condition of the pubic symphysis from repetitive adductor/rectus-abdominis shear in kicking and pivoting athletes, presenting with central groin/symphyseal pain; its place in the athletic pubalgia/groin-pain spectrum, the radiographic and MRI findings (symphyseal sclerosis, erosion, bone-marrow oedema), and predominantly conservative management.
  • Osteochondritis Dissecans of the KneeComprehensive guide to OCD of the knee - juvenile vs adult, stable vs unstable, MFC location, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
  • Patellar Height Abnormalities (Patella Alta and Baja)Exam-focused guide to patellar height: the Insall-Salvati, Caton-Deschamps, and Blackburne-Peel ratios on the lateral radiograph; how patella alta drives instability and baja restricts flexion; the causes (congenital, post-surgical, post-traumatic); when to intervene surgically; and the viva approach the examiner expects.
  • Patellar TendinitisComprehensive guide to Patellar Tendinitis (Jumper's Knee) - pathophysiology, Blazina classification, eccentric rehabilitation protocols, and surgical management options
  • Patellar Tendon RuptureComprehensive guide to patellar tendon rupture for FRCS examination
  • Patellofemoral InstabilityComprehensive exam-ready guide to patellofemoral instability - MPFL reconstruction, trochlear dysplasia, tibial tubercle osteotomy
  • Pellegrini-Stieda LesionExam-focused guide to the Pellegrini-Stieda lesion: post-traumatic calcification or ossification at the femoral attachment of the medial collateral ligament, its characteristic radiographic appearance, clinical presentation with medial knee pain and stiffness, conservative and surgical management, and the key exam points including differential diagnosis and classification.
  • Performance-Enhancing Drugs (Anabolic Steroids / Stimulants) in SportFellowship-level guide to performance- and appearance-enhancing drugs ('doping') in sport - principally anabolic-androgenic steroids and stimulants (also growth hormone, diuretics and supplements) - covering their effects and the wide range of serious adverse effects (cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, endocrine/psychiatric, and musculoskeletal - notably tendon rupture), the orthopaedic relevance of recognising the doping athlete, and the role of anti-doping (WADA) and education/prevention.
  • Pes Anserine BursitisComprehensive guide to pes anserine bursitis - anatomy, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, injection technique, rehabilitation, and exam preparation for orthopaedic fellowship examinations
  • Phases of Throwing / Throwing BiomechanicsFellowship-level guide to the biomechanics of overhead throwing (the pitching cycle) - the six phases (wind-up, stride/early cocking, late cocking, acceleration, deceleration, follow-through), the kinetic chain that transfers energy from the legs and trunk to the arm, and the enormous valgus and distraction loads generated at the shoulder and elbow during late cocking and acceleration - explaining why specific injuries (UCL, SLAP/internal impingement, GIRD) occur and how mechanics relate to injury risk and prevention.
  • Popliteal Artery Entrapment SyndromeComprehensive guide to popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES): anomalous musculo-arterial relationships in young athletes, Love-Whelan classification, provocative pulse examination, imaging, and surgical release.
  • Posterior Cruciate Ligament InjuriesComprehensive exam-ready guide to PCL injuries - grading, isolated vs combined, surgical indications
  • Posterior Shoulder InstabilityComprehensive exam-ready guide to posterior shoulder instability - reverse Bankart, posterior labral tears, capsulorrhaphy
  • Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD)Adult acquired flatfoot deformity secondary to posterior tibial tendon insufficiency - staging, conservative management, surgical reconstruction techniques, and evidence-based treatment algorithms
  • Posterolateral Corner InjuriesComprehensive exam-ready guide to PLC injuries - dial test, arcuate sign, reconstruction techniques
  • Prepatellar Bursitis (Housemaid's Knee)Fellowship-level guide to prepatellar bursitis: inflammation of the superficial bursa in front of the patella from chronic kneeling microtrauma (or trauma, crystal/inflammatory disease, or infection), how to distinguish a superficial bursitis from a true knee effusion and - critically - septic from non-septic bursitis, the role of aspiration (and when NOT to aspirate), and management by type.
  • Proximal Hamstring AvulsionComprehensive guide to ischial tuberosity hamstring avulsion injuries: anatomy, MRI grading, Wood classification, sciatic nerve proximity, and operative vs conservative management.
  • Proximal Hamstring InjuriesComprehensive guide to Proximal Hamstring Avulsions and Tendinopathy - Diagnosis, Classification, and Management
  • Quadriceps ContusionsComprehensive guide to quadriceps contusions - classification, myositis ossificans prevention, treatment protocols, and return to sport criteria for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Quadriceps TendinitisComprehensive guide to Quadriceps Tendinopathy - anatomy, clinical assessment, differential diagnosis, and management strategies for suprapatellar pain
  • Quadriceps Tendon RuptureComprehensive guide to quadriceps tendon rupture for FRCS examination
  • Quadrilateral Space SyndromeEvidence-based guide to quadrilateral (quadrangular) space syndrome - neurogenic and vascular axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery compression in the overhead athlete, with diagnosis, imaging, and decompression for FRACS and FRCS examination.
  • Rectus Femoris StrainFellowship-level guide to rectus femoris strain - a common quadriceps muscle injury in kicking and sprinting athletes - covering the distinction between the typical distal muscle-tendon-junction strain and the characteristic proximal INTRASUBSTANCE tear at the indirect (deep) head's intramuscular tendon (which forms an anterior-thigh mass that mimics a tumour), the role of MRI, and management (predominantly non-operative, with surgery reserved for selected cases).
  • Return to Sport CriteriaEvidence-based principles and criteria for return to sport after orthopedic injury/surgery for FRCS exam preparation
  • REVERSE HILL-SACHS LESIONSComprehensive guide to Reverse Hill-Sachs lesions, including classification, detailed management algorithm, and surgical options like the Modified McLaughlin procedure.
  • Rib Stress FractureFellowship-level guide to the rib stress fracture - an overuse injury of the ribs from repetitive loading, classically in ROWERS (and also in throwing, golf, and back-pack/load carriage), presenting with localised activity-related chest-wall pain - covering the at-risk sites (posterolateral ribs in rowers; first rib in throwers), the contributory factors (training load, low bone density/energy availability), the diagnosis (bone scan/MRI when radiographs are negative), and a predominantly non-operative, load-managed recovery.
  • Rotator Cuff TearsComprehensive guide to rotator cuff tears - anatomy, pathophysiology, classification, clinical assessment, imaging, surgical repair techniques, and rehabilitation for orthopaedic exam
  • SCAPULAR DYSKINESISComprehensive guide to Scapular Dyskinesis, including Kibler classification, SICK scapula syndrome, and kinetic chain rehabilitation.
  • Scapular WingingComprehensive guide to medial and lateral scapular winging - long thoracic nerve, spinal accessory nerve, serratus anterior and trapezius palsy, diagnosis and surgical reconstruction.
  • Semimembranosus TendinopathyFellowship-level guide to semimembranosus tendinopathy - an overuse tendinopathy of the distal semimembranosus at its insertion on the posteromedial tibia, a cause of chronic posteromedial knee pain - covering its presentation (localised posteromedial pain/tenderness worse on resisted knee flexion, often in running/cutting athletes), the differential within the posteromedial corner (medial meniscus, pes anserine, popliteal cyst), the role of ultrasound/MRI, and a non-operative-first management.
  • SLAP TearsComprehensive exam-ready guide to SLAP tears - classification, Type II critical, biceps tenotomy vs tenodesis decision
  • Snapping Hip SyndromeComprehensive guide to Coxa Saltans - Internal, External, and Intra-articular causes, diagnosis, and management
  • Snapping Scapula SyndromeComprehensive guide to snapping scapula syndrome and scapulothoracic bursitis - scapulothoracic anatomy, osseous and soft-tissue causes, examination, CT imaging, the role of injections, and arthroscopic bursectomy with superomedial angle resection for orthopaedic examination
  • Snapping Triceps SyndromeExam-focused guide to snapping triceps syndrome: the dislocating medial triceps head that snaps over the medial epicondyle, often dragging the ulnar nerve with it. Covers anatomy, classification, dynamic ultrasound diagnosis, non-operative and operative management, and the key association with ulnar neuropathy.
  • Stress Fractures OverviewComprehensive guide to stress fractures in athletes and at-risk populations: fatigue versus insufficiency fractures, high-risk versus low-risk sites, RED-S, imaging, and evidence-based load management.
  • Subacromial Impingement SyndromeComprehensive guide to subacromial impingement syndrome - anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical assessment, conservative and surgical management for Orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Subscapularis TearsComprehensive guide to subscapularis tears - diagnosis, classification, repair techniques, and outcomes for orthopaedic examination
  • Sudden Cardiac Death & Cardiac Conditions in Athletes / Pre-Participation ScreeningFellowship-level guide to sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes - the leading medical cause of death in sport - covering the underlying cardiac conditions (hypertrophic and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies, congenital coronary anomalies, channelopathies, and acquired causes), the 'athlete's heart' versus disease 'grey zone', the role and controversies of pre-participation screening (history/examination +/- ECG), and the critical importance of emergency action plans and on-site automated external defibrillators.
  • Suprascapular NeuropathyComprehensive guide to suprascapular neuropathy including notch anatomy, paralabral cyst compression, infraspinatus atrophy, EMG diagnosis, and arthroscopic decompression.
  • Triceps Tendon RuptureComprehensive FRACS/FRCS guide to triceps tendon rupture: fleck sign, partial vs complete tears, transosseous vs suture-anchor repair, and outcomes
  • Turf ToeComprehensive guide to first MTP joint plantar plate hyperextension injury - mechanism, Anderson grading, MRI assessment, conservative vs surgical management for orthopaedic exam

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