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  5. Sports Medicine

Sports Medicine Orthopaedic Topics

Athletic injuries & ligament surgery. 80 evidence-informed references covering conditions, classifications, management and high-yield exam notes for FRCS (Tr&Orth), FRACS, EBOT and ABOS preparation.

Browse & filter all Sports Medicine topics interactively →Exam tracks

All Sports Medicine topics (80)

  • AC Joint Injuries in AthletesComprehensive sports medicine guide to AC joint injuries - Rockwood classification, return to sport criteria, surgical decision-making in athletes, Type III controversy, hook plate vs CC reconstruction
  • Achilles TendinopathyComprehensive guide to achilles tendinopathy including insertional and non-insertional types, eccentric exercise protocols, imaging, and surgical management for Orthopaedic examination
  • Acromioclavicular Joint InjuriesExam-focused guide to acromioclavicular (ACJ) joint injuries: the anatomy of the AC and coracoclavicular ligaments, the Rockwood classification, how to examine and image the joint (including the coracoclavicular distance and Zanca view), and the evidence-based debate over operative versus nonoperative management of low- and high-grade dislocations.
  • Anterior Cruciate Ligament InjuriesComprehensive exam-ready guide to ACL injuries - mechanism, graft selection, surgical timing, tunnel placement
  • Anterior Shoulder InstabilityComprehensive exam-ready guide to anterior shoulder instability - Bankart vs Latarjet decision, bone loss assessment, surgical techniques
  • Articular Cartilage InjuriesComprehensive exam-ready guide to articular cartilage injuries - chondral defects, microfracture, OATS, ACI decision-making
  • Athletic Groin Pain (Sports Hernia/Athletic Pubalgia)Comprehensive guide to athletic groin pain - Doha classification, adductor-related groin pain, pubic symphysis dysfunction, FAI differential, Copenhagen protocol, and surgical management for orthopaedic exam
  • Athletic Pubalgia (Sports Hernia)Comprehensive guide to athletic pubalgia / sports hernia, covering core muscle injury at the rectus abdominis–adductor aponeurosis, differentiation from osteitis pubis and hip FAI, imaging, conservative management, and surgical repair.
  • Baker's Cyst (Popliteal Cyst)Comprehensive guide to Baker's cyst - popliteal cyst anatomy, association with knee pathology, clinical presentation, imaging, and management for orthopaedic exam
  • Bankart LesionsComprehensive guide to Bankart lesions - anterior-inferior labral tears with anterior shoulder instability, classification, arthroscopic repair, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
  • Bipartite PatellaComprehensive exam guide to bipartite patella - the failed-fusion accessory ossicle of the kneecap, the Saupe classification, why most are asymptomatic, how to tell it apart from a fracture, and evidence-based management of the painful superolateral fragment.
  • Calcific Tendinitis of the ShoulderComprehensive guide to rotator cuff calcification
  • Chronic Ankle InstabilityComprehensive Orthopaedic exam guide to chronic lateral ankle instability including pathophysiology, assessment, and evidence-based surgical reconstruction
  • Chronic Exertional Compartment SyndromeComprehensive orthopaedic exam guide to chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) - ICP measurement, fasciotomy techniques, differential diagnosis, and return to sport
  • Distal Biceps RuptureComprehensive guide to distal biceps tendon rupture for FRCS examination
  • Distal Clavicle OsteolysisA sports-medicine and shoulder-focused guide to distal clavicle osteolysis (weightlifter's shoulder): the anatomy of the acromioclavicular joint, the repetitive-stress pathophysiology, how it presents and is examined, the characteristic radiographic and MRI findings, non-operative and operative management, and the key differential diagnoses that must not be missed.
  • External Impingement of the ShoulderComprehensive guide to external shoulder impingement - subacromial impingement, Neer classification, diagnosis, and treatment for orthopaedic examination
  • Femoral Neck Stress FractureExam-focused guide to femoral neck stress fractures in athletes and military recruits: how to classify tension versus compression side fractures using the Fullerton system, why plain X-rays are frequently normal and MRI is essential, why a tension-side fracture is an orthopaedic emergency requiring urgent fixation, and how to prevent the catastrophic complication of avascular necrosis.
  • Femoral Neck Stress FracturesComprehensive guide to femoral neck stress fractures - tension vs compression side, military and athletic populations, MRI diagnosis, and surgical decision-making for Orthopaedic orthopaedic exam
  • Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)Comprehensive guide to femoroacetabular impingement - CAM, pincer, mixed morphology, alpha angle, FADIR test, hip arthroscopy, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
  • Fifth Metatarsal Stress FracturesComprehensive guide to fifth metatarsal stress fractures including Jones fracture, zone classification, surgical vs conservative management, and return to sport for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Gluteal Tendon Tears (Hip Abductor Tears)Surgical-focused guide to gluteus medius and minimus tendon tears - the rotator cuff of the hip. Covers anatomy, tear classification, MRI grading, fatty infiltration, endoscopic versus open repair, tendon transfer and reconstruction, abductor deficiency after total hip arthroplasty, and fellowship exam preparation.
  • Greater Trochanteric Pain SyndromeComprehensive guide to greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) - gluteal tendinopathy, trochanteric bursitis, diagnosis, injection technique, rehabilitation, and exam preparation for orthopaedic fellowship examinations
  • Hamstring InjuriesComprehensive guide to hamstring muscle injuries - proximal avulsion, mid-substance tears, grading, surgical repair indications, Nordic hamstring exercises, and return to sport criteria for orthopaedic exam
  • Hill-Sachs LesionsComprehensive guide to Hill-Sachs lesions - pathology, glenoid track concept, and management strategies including Remplissage and Latarjet
  • Hip ArthroscopyComprehensive guide to hip arthroscopy - femoroacetabular impingement, labral tears, portal anatomy, traction requirements, cam and pincer morphology, and rehabilitation for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Hip Flexor StrainsComprehensive Orthopaedic exam guide to iliopsoas and rectus femoris injuries including classification, diagnosis, and evidence-based management
  • Hip Pointer InjuriesComprehensive guide to hip pointer injuries - iliac crest contusion diagnosis, imaging, treatment protocols, and return to sport criteria for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Iliotibial Band SyndromeComprehensive guide to iliotibial band syndrome - lateral knee pain in runners, friction zone biomechanics, hip abductor weakness, activity modification, and return to running protocol for orthopaedic exam
  • Internal Impingement of the ShoulderComprehensive guide to internal impingement - posterosuperior labrum and rotator cuff contact in ABER position, GIRD, throwing athletes, and surgical management for orthopaedic exam
  • Kellgren-Lawrence Grading of OsteoarthritisThe Kellgren-Lawrence radiographic grading system for osteoarthritis severity — the five grades, radiographic features, and why it remains the reference standard despite its limitations.
  • Knee ArthrofibrosisPost-surgical knee stiffness from excessive scar - arthrofibrosis after TKA and ACL reconstruction (cyclops lesion), diagnosis, prevention and management for orthopaedic exams
  • Knee Dislocation ManagementComprehensive guide to acute knee dislocation management, including vascular assessment, reduction techniques, and multiligamentous injury repair
  • Lateral Ankle SprainsComprehensive guide to lateral ankle ligament injuries including acute management, chronic instability, and surgical reconstruction techniques
  • Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) InjuriesComprehensive guide to LCL injuries - anatomy, Fanelli classification, varus stress testing, isolated vs combined injuries, and evidence-based surgical vs conservative management for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)Comprehensive guide to lateral epicondylitis - ECRB pathology, Nirschl classification, conservative management, PRP evidence, and surgical release techniques for orthopaedic exam
  • Little League ShoulderComprehensive guide to proximal humeral epiphysiolysis - pathology, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and management of this pediatric overuse injury
  • Long Head of Biceps Tendon PathologyComprehensive guide to long head of biceps pathology - SLAP lesions, biceps tendinitis, instability, examination tests, imaging, tenotomy vs tenodesis decision-making for orthopaedic exam
  • Medial Ankle SprainsComprehensive Orthopaedic exam guide to deltoid ligament injuries including anatomy, classification, diagnosis, and evidence-based management
  • Medial Collateral Ligament InjuriesComprehensive exam-ready guide to MCL injuries - grading, non-operative vs surgery, combined injuries
  • Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow)Comprehensive guide to medial epicondylitis - flexor-pronator origin pathology, golfer's elbow test, conservative and surgical management, and ulnar nerve involvement for orthopaedic exam
  • Medial Patellofemoral Ligament (MPFL) InjuryExam-focused guide to the primary soft-tissue restraint to lateral patellar translation: anatomy and isometry, injury patterns in first-time and recurrent dislocation, MRI diagnosis of femoral versus patellar avulsion, non-operative versus operative thresholds, anatomic reconstruction technique, and the key complications and failure modes.
  • Meniscal Ramp LesionsComprehensive guide to meniscal ramp lesions - posterior meniscocapsular separation, ACL association, diagnosis, and repair techniques for orthopaedic exam
  • Meniscus TearsComprehensive guide to meniscal tears - anatomy, ISAKOS classification, clinical tests (McMurray, Thessaly), arthroscopic repair vs meniscectomy, and evidence-based management for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Multidirectional Instability (MDI)Comprehensive examination guide to multidirectional shoulder instability including assessment, classification, conservative management, and surgical techniques with evidence-based treatment algorithms
  • Os AcromialeComprehensive guide to os acromiale - unfused acromial ossification centre causing shoulder pain and impingement - anatomy, classification, diagnosis on axillary view, and conservative vs surgical management for Orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Osteochondritis Dissecans of the KneeComprehensive guide to OCD of the knee - juvenile vs adult, stable vs unstable, MFC location, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
  • Outerbridge Classification of Chondral LesionsThe Outerbridge grading system for articular cartilage lesions seen at knee arthroscopy — grades 0 through IV, the modified ICRS variants, and how the grade guides cartilage management.
  • Patellar Height Abnormalities (Patella Alta and Baja)Exam-focused guide to patellar height: the Insall-Salvati, Caton-Deschamps, and Blackburne-Peel ratios on the lateral radiograph; how patella alta drives instability and baja restricts flexion; the causes (congenital, post-surgical, post-traumatic); when to intervene surgically; and the viva approach the examiner expects.
  • Patellar TendinitisComprehensive guide to Patellar Tendinitis (Jumper's Knee) - pathophysiology, Blazina classification, eccentric rehabilitation protocols, and surgical management options
  • Patellar Tendon RuptureComprehensive guide to patellar tendon rupture for FRCS examination
  • Patellofemoral InstabilityComprehensive exam-ready guide to patellofemoral instability - MPFL reconstruction, trochlear dysplasia, tibial tubercle osteotomy
  • Pellegrini-Stieda LesionExam-focused guide to the Pellegrini-Stieda lesion: post-traumatic calcification or ossification at the femoral attachment of the medial collateral ligament, its characteristic radiographic appearance, clinical presentation with medial knee pain and stiffness, conservative and surgical management, and the key exam points including differential diagnosis and classification.
  • Pes Anserine BursitisComprehensive guide to pes anserine bursitis - anatomy, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, injection technique, rehabilitation, and exam preparation for orthopaedic fellowship examinations
  • Popliteal Artery Entrapment SyndromeComprehensive guide to popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES): anomalous musculo-arterial relationships in young athletes, Love-Whelan classification, provocative pulse examination, imaging, and surgical release.
  • Posterior Cruciate Ligament InjuriesComprehensive exam-ready guide to PCL injuries - grading, isolated vs combined, surgical indications
  • Posterior Shoulder InstabilityComprehensive exam-ready guide to posterior shoulder instability - reverse Bankart, posterior labral tears, capsulorrhaphy
  • Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD)Adult acquired flatfoot deformity secondary to posterior tibial tendon insufficiency - staging, conservative management, surgical reconstruction techniques, and evidence-based treatment algorithms
  • Posterolateral Corner InjuriesComprehensive exam-ready guide to PLC injuries - dial test, arcuate sign, reconstruction techniques
  • Proximal Hamstring AvulsionComprehensive guide to ischial tuberosity hamstring avulsion injuries: anatomy, MRI grading, Wood classification, sciatic nerve proximity, and operative vs conservative management.
  • Proximal Hamstring InjuriesComprehensive guide to Proximal Hamstring Avulsions and Tendinopathy - Diagnosis, Classification, and Management
  • Quadriceps ContusionsComprehensive guide to quadriceps contusions - classification, myositis ossificans prevention, treatment protocols, and return to sport criteria for orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Quadriceps TendinitisComprehensive guide to Quadriceps Tendinopathy - anatomy, clinical assessment, differential diagnosis, and management strategies for suprapatellar pain
  • Quadriceps Tendon RuptureComprehensive guide to quadriceps tendon rupture for FRCS examination
  • Quadrilateral Space SyndromeEvidence-based guide to quadrilateral (quadrangular) space syndrome - neurogenic and vascular axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery compression in the overhead athlete, with diagnosis, imaging, and decompression for FRACS and FRCS examination.
  • Return to Sport CriteriaEvidence-based principles and criteria for return to sport after orthopedic injury/surgery for FRCS exam preparation
  • REVERSE HILL-SACHS LESIONSComprehensive guide to Reverse Hill-Sachs lesions, including classification, detailed management algorithm, and surgical options like the Modified McLaughlin procedure.
  • Rotator Cuff TearsComprehensive guide to rotator cuff tears - anatomy, pathophysiology, classification, clinical assessment, imaging, surgical repair techniques, and rehabilitation for orthopaedic exam
  • SCAPULAR DYSKINESISComprehensive guide to Scapular Dyskinesis, including Kibler classification, SICK scapula syndrome, and kinetic chain rehabilitation.
  • Scapular WingingComprehensive guide to medial and lateral scapular winging - long thoracic nerve, spinal accessory nerve, serratus anterior and trapezius palsy, diagnosis and surgical reconstruction.
  • SLAP TearsComprehensive exam-ready guide to SLAP tears - classification, Type II critical, biceps tenotomy vs tenodesis decision
  • Snapping Hip SyndromeComprehensive guide to Coxa Saltans - Internal, External, and Intra-articular causes, diagnosis, and management
  • Snapping Scapula SyndromeComprehensive guide to snapping scapula syndrome and scapulothoracic bursitis - scapulothoracic anatomy, osseous and soft-tissue causes, examination, CT imaging, the role of injections, and arthroscopic bursectomy with superomedial angle resection for orthopaedic examination
  • Snapping Triceps SyndromeExam-focused guide to snapping triceps syndrome: the dislocating medial triceps head that snaps over the medial epicondyle, often dragging the ulnar nerve with it. Covers anatomy, classification, dynamic ultrasound diagnosis, non-operative and operative management, and the key association with ulnar neuropathy.
  • Stress Fractures OverviewComprehensive guide to stress fractures in athletes and at-risk populations: fatigue versus insufficiency fractures, high-risk versus low-risk sites, RED-S, imaging, and evidence-based load management.
  • Subacromial Impingement SyndromeComprehensive guide to subacromial impingement syndrome - anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical assessment, conservative and surgical management for Orthopaedic exam preparation
  • Subscapularis TearsComprehensive guide to subscapularis tears - diagnosis, classification, repair techniques, and outcomes for orthopaedic examination
  • Suprascapular NeuropathyComprehensive guide to suprascapular neuropathy including notch anatomy, paralabral cyst compression, infraspinatus atrophy, EMG diagnosis, and arthroscopic decompression.
  • Triceps Tendon RuptureComprehensive FRACS/FRCS guide to triceps tendon rupture: fleck sign, partial vs complete tears, transosseous vs suture-anchor repair, and outcomes
  • Turf ToeComprehensive guide to first MTP joint plantar plate hyperextension injury - mechanism, Anderson grading, MRI assessment, conservative vs surgical management for orthopaedic exam

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