Paediatrics Orthopaedic Topics

Children's orthopaedic conditions. 154 evidence-informed references covering conditions, classifications, management and high-yield exam notes for FRCS (Tr&Orth), FRACS, EBOT and ABOS preparation.

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Accessory NavicularA comprehensive guide to the Accessory Navicular (Os Tibiale Externum), including classification, clinical presentation, and management strategies (Kidner Procedure).
AchondroplasiaComprehensive guide to Achondroplasia covering orthopaedic manifestations including spinal stenosis, limb deformity, and management principles.
Adolescent Idiopathic ScoliosisComprehensive guide to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis - Lenke classification, bracing protocols, surgical indications, posterior spinal fusion for Orthopaedic exam
Apert SyndromeComprehensive guide to Apert syndrome covering FGFR2 genetics, the complex hand and foot syndactyly, Upton classification, and staged surgical reconstruction.
ArthrogryposisComprehensive guide to Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC) - Classification, orthopaedic manifestations, and management.
Atlantoaxial InstabilityComprehensive guide to atlantoaxial instability - C1-C2 pathology, Down syndrome association, ADI measurement, surgical stabilization and fusion techniques for orthopaedic exam
Bado Classification of Monteggia FracturesThe Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations — four types by direction of radial head dislocation, paediatric and adult management principles, associated nerve injuries, and the critical rule that the ulna governs the outcome.
Bladder Exstrophy (Pelvic Manifestations)Orthopaedic guide to the pelvic ring abnormality in bladder exstrophy - pubic diastasis, iliac external rotation, the role of osteotomy in closure, immobilisation, and long-term gait and hip outcomes.
Blount Disease (Tibia Vara)Comprehensive Orthopaedic exam guide to Blount disease including Langenskiöld classification, infantile vs adolescent forms, metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle measurement, bracing protocols, and surgical management strategies including proximal tibial osteotomy and guided growth techniques.
Blount Disease (Tibia Vara)Comprehensive guide to Blount disease (progressive tibia vara) in children, covering infantile and adolescent forms, Langenskiold staging, metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle, distinction from physiological genu varum, and modern management with guided growth and corrective osteotomy.
Brachial Plexus Birth PalsyComprehensive guide to Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy (BPBP) - Erb's, Klumpke's, Narakas Classification, and Surgical Management.
Caffey DiseaseComprehensive exam-ready guide to Caffey Disease (Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis) - diagnosis, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, management, and outcomes for orthopaedic fellowship examination preparation
Calcaneovalgus FootComprehensive guide to Calcaneovalgus Foot (talipes calcaneovalgus) for the orthopaedic exam. Covers the dorsiflexed-everted postural newborn foot, differentiation from congenital vertical talus and posteromedial bowing of the tibia, the DDH association, and management.
Camurati-Engelmann DiseaseComprehensive guide to Camurati-Engelmann disease (progressive diaphyseal dysplasia): TGFB1 pathophysiology, symmetric diaphyseal hyperostosis, limb pain and waddling gait, radiographic features, corticosteroid and losartan management, and exam differentials.
Catterall Classification of Perthes DiseaseThe Catterall classification of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease — the four groups by extent of femoral head involvement, the head-at-risk signs, and how the grouping drives prognosis and containment decisions.
Caudal Regression Syndrome (Sacral Agenesis)Comprehensive orthopaedic guide to caudal regression syndrome / sacral agenesis covering the Renshaw classification, spinopelvic instability, lower-limb deformities, and management.
Cavus Foot (Pediatric)Comprehensive guide to pediatric cavus foot deformity including etiology, Coleman block test, conservative and surgical management, and differentiation from adult cavovarus
Cerebral PalsyComprehensive guide to Cerebral Palsy management - GMFCS classification, Hip Surveillance, Gait Analysis, and Multilevel Surgery.
Cerebral Palsy Gait and SEMLSComprehensive orthopaedic guide to cerebral palsy gait assessment, gait pattern classification, lever-arm dysfunction, instrumented gait analysis, and single-event multilevel surgery.
Cerebral Palsy Hip SurveillanceComprehensive orthopaedic guide to cerebral palsy hip surveillance, GMFCS risk, Reimers migration percentage, hip abduction, AP pelvis monitoring, adductor-psoas release, VDRO, pelvic osteotomy, salvage surgery and family counselling.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth DiseaseComprehensive guide to Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT), covering classification, cavus foot deformity, and surgical management principles.
Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis and CRMOAdvanced orthopaedic guide to chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, including clinical presentation, imaging, differential diagnosis, biopsy indications, treatment escalation, orthopaedic role and complications.
Cleidocranial DysostosisComprehensive coverage of cleidocranial dysostosis (cleidocranial dysplasia) including RUNX2 (CBFA1) deficiency, absent or hypoplastic clavicles, delayed cranial ossification with Wormian bones, dental and skeletal anomalies, and orthopaedic management for fellowship examination preparation
Clubfoot (Congenital Talipes Equinovarus)Comprehensive guide to clubfoot - Ponseti method, pathoanatomy, classification, treatment, casting technique, tenotomy, bracing, and recurrence management for orthopaedic exam
Congenital Constriction Bands (Amniotic Band Syndrome)Comprehensive guide to congenital constriction bands - amniotic band syndrome, classification, clinical features, treatment, and differentiation from other congenital limb deformities
Congenital Dislocation of the KneeComprehensive guide to congenital dislocation of the knee (CDK), including Tarek grading, associated conditions (DDH, clubfoot, arthrogryposis, Larsen syndrome), serial casting, and quadricepsplasty for resistant cases.
Congenital Dislocation of the PatellaComprehensive guide to congenital fixed lateral patellar dislocation from birth, including differentiation from habitual dislocation, associated deformities, and extensive lateral release with realignment strategies.
Congenital Hand Anomalies OverviewComprehensive orthopaedic guide to congenital hand differences, including assessment, Oberg-Manske-Tonkin classification, syndactyly, polydactyly, thumb hypoplasia, symbrachydactyly, cleft hand, timing of surgery, complications and counselling.
Congenital KyphosisA comprehensive guide to Congenital Kyphosis, covering Winter classification, neurological risks, and surgical management with emphasis on early intervention.
Congenital Lower Limb Deficiency OverviewComprehensive orthopaedic guide to congenital lower limb deficiency, including congenital femoral deficiency, fibular hemimelia, tibial hemimelia, limb length prediction, joint stability, foot reconstructability, lengthening, prosthetic pathways, amputation options and family counselling.
Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the TibiaComprehensive guide to congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia, including NF1 association, Crawford classification, anterolateral bowing progression, and surgical strategies for this recalcitrant nonunion.
Congenital Pseudarthrosis of TibiaComprehensive guide to congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia (CPT) - Crawford classification, neurofibromatosis association, treatment from bracing to vascularized fibula transfer, and outcomes
Congenital ScoliosisComprehensive guide to congenital scoliosis - failure of formation vs segmentation, VACTERL screening, natural history, and surgical management strategies
Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot)Comprehensive guide to congenital talipes equinovarus including CAVE deformity, Pirani and Dimeglio scoring, Ponseti method with casting sequence, percutaneous Achilles tenotomy, foot abduction bracing, relapse management, and posteromedial release.
Congenital Vertical TalusComprehensive guide to Congenital Vertical Talus (CVT) - The 'Rocker Bottom Foot' causes, diagnosis, and management.
Coxa VaraComprehensive guide to Congenital and Acquired Coxa Vara - Diagnosis, HE Angle, and Valgus Osteotomy
Cozen FractureComprehensive guide to Cozen fracture (proximal tibial metaphyseal fracture in children), including post-traumatic valgus deformity, natural history, and the critical principle of avoiding premature corrective osteotomy.
Curly ToesComprehensive guide to curly toes - pediatric toe deformity, flexor tenotomy, age-appropriate treatment, and differentiation from other lesser toe deformities
DDH Treatment OptionsComprehensive guide to developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) treatment - age-based management from Pavlik harness to open reduction and osteotomies, AVN prevention, and outcomes
Delbet Classification of Paediatric Hip FracturesThe Delbet classification of paediatric proximal femoral fractures — the four anatomic types, their avascular necrosis risk, management principles, and the critical importance of urgent capsular decompression.
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)Comprehensive guide to DDH - screening, diagnosis, and treatment
Diastrophic DysplasiaComprehensive guide to diastrophic dysplasia - an autosomal recessive short-limbed skeletal dysplasia due to SLC26A2 sulfate transporter mutations, featuring hitchhiker thumb, cauliflower ear, rigid clubfoot, cervical kyphosis, and progressive scoliosis.
Discoid Lateral MeniscusComprehensive guide to discoid lateral meniscus in children and adolescents: Watanabe and Ahn classifications, snapping knee presentation, MRI criteria, and arthroscopic saucerisation with or without stabilisation.
Discoid Meniscus (Pediatric)Comprehensive guide to Discoid Meniscus in children - Watanabe classification, diagnosis (MRI Bow-tie sign), and management (Saucerization vs Repair)
Distal Femoral Physeal InjuriesA comprehensive guide to Distal Femoral Physeal Injuries, covering the unique risks of this growth plate, management principles, and long-term surveillance.
Distal Tibial Physeal InjuriesA comprehensive guide to Distal Tibial Physeal Injuries, including standard Salter-Harris patterns and transitional fractures (Tillaux and Triplane).
Down Syndrome OrthopaedicComprehensive guide to orthopaedic manifestations in Down Syndrome including atlantoaxial instability, hip dysplasia, and foot deformities.
Duchenne Muscular DystrophyComprehensive guide to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy - Orthopaedic manifestations, scoliosis management, and fracture considerations.
Early Onset Scoliosis (EOS)A comprehensive guide to Early Onset Scoliosis, covering the C-EOS classification, Mehta (Rib-Vertebral Angle Difference), and growth-friendly management strategies.
Ehlers-Danlos SyndromeComprehensive guide to orthopaedic manifestations of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome including joint instability, dislocations, and management principles.
Fibular HemimeliaComprehensive guide to fibular hemimelia - Achterman-Kalamchi and Birch classifications, treatment decision (Syme amputation vs reconstruction), limb length discrepancy management, and outcomes
Flexible Flatfoot (Pediatric)Comprehensive guide to Pediatric Flexible Flatfoot (Pes Planus) - Diagnosis, Natural History, and Management controversies (Orthotics vs Surgery)
Friedreich AtaxiaComprehensive guide to Friedreich Ataxia covering scoliosis, foot deformity, and cardiomyopathy management in this hereditary ataxia.
Gartland Classification of Supracondylar Humeral FracturesThe Gartland classification for paediatric extension-type supracondylar humerus fractures — Types I through IV, management by type, neurovascular assessment, and pinning technique.
Gaucher DiseaseComprehensive guide to orthopaedic manifestations of Gaucher Disease including bone crises, AVN, pathological fractures, and management for Orthopaedic examination.
Genu Valgum and Genu Varum in ChildrenComprehensive guide to pediatric angular knee deformities - physiological vs pathological, Blount disease, rickets, hemiepiphysiodesis, and guided growth
Guided Growth and Angular Deformity CorrectionComprehensive orthopaedic guide to paediatric guided growth, angular deformity analysis, mechanical axis deviation, LDFA, MPTA, hemiepiphysiodesis, genu valgum, genu varum, rebound and osteotomy indications.
Gymnast's Wrist (Distal Radial Physeal Stress Injury)Exam-focused guide to gymnast's wrist: repetitive compressive loading of the distal radial physis in young athletes, presenting with dorsal wrist pain. Covers the pathomechanics (compressive microtrauma to the open physis), radiographic findings (widening, irregularity, cystic changes, positive ulnar variance), MRI staging of physeal stress injury, and management from activity modification to surgical epiphysiodesis in refractory cases.
Hemihypertrophy (Hemihyperplasia)Congenital lateralized overgrowth causing progressive limb-length discrepancy and limb/digit enlargement, with a critical embryonal tumour (Wilms, hepatoblastoma) surveillance imperative - orthopaedic assessment, monitoring and growth-modulating management for fellowship exam preparation
HemophiliaComprehensive guide to orthopaedic manifestations of hemophilia including hemophilic arthropathy, hemarthroses, perioperative management, and surgical considerations for FRACS examination.
Hereditary Motor Sensory NeuropathiesComprehensive guide to Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathies (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease) - Orthopaedic manifestations and management.
Herring Lateral Pillar Classification of PerthesThe Herring lateral pillar classification for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease — groups A, B, B-C border, and C by lateral pillar height preservation, prognosis, and containment guidance.
Idiopathic Toe WalkingA comprehensive guide to Idiopathic Toe Walking, including differential diagnosis (CP, muscular dystrophy), clinical assessment, and management algorithm.
Infantile Idiopathic ScoliosisA comprehensive guide to Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis (Age 0-3), distinguishing resolving from progressive curves using the Mehta Angle and Rib Head Phases.
Iselin Disease (Fifth Metatarsal Apophysitis)Comprehensive guide to Iselin disease - traction apophysitis of the base of the fifth metatarsal and a frequently missed cause of lateral foot pain in active children. Covers the peroneus brevis traction mechanism, the apophysis-versus-fracture trap, evidence-based conservative management, and exam viva preparation.
Juvenile Hallux ValgusA comprehensive guide to Juvenile Hallux Valgus, focusing on the high recurrence rates, Distal Metatarsal Articular Angle (DMAA), and physeal-sparing surgical options.
Juvenile Idiopathic ArthritisComprehensive guide to orthopaedic manifestations of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis including joint contractures, growth disturbance, and surgical management.
Juvenile Idiopathic ScoliosisA comprehensive guide to Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis (Age 4-10), emphasizing the high risk of progression, neural axis abnormalities, and management challenges.
Kingella kingae Osteoarticular InfectionComprehensive guide to Kingella kingae musculoskeletal infections in young children, covering the commonest cause of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis under 4 years, indolent presentation, blood-culture-bottle inoculation, PCR diagnosis, and beta-lactam treatment.
Klippel-Feil SyndromeComprehensive guide to Klippel-Feil Syndrome - congenital cervical fusion, Samartzis classification, associated anomalies (Sprengel's, Renal, Cardiac), and management of instability.
Kocher Criteria for Septic Arthritis of the HipThe Kocher clinical prediction rule for differentiating septic arthritis from transient synovitis in children — the four independent predictors, probability stratification, and how to act on the count.
Kohler Disease (Navicular Osteochondrosis)Comprehensive guide to Kohler disease - avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular in children, including diagnosis, imaging, conservative management, and excellent prognosis for FRCS exam preparation
Larsen SyndromeComprehensive coverage of Larsen syndrome (FLNB-related osteochondrodysplasia) including multiple large-joint dislocations, congenital knee and hip dislocation, clubfeet, cervical kyphosis with myelopathy risk, dysmorphic facies, and a staged orthopaedic management approach for fellowship examination preparation
Legg-Calvé-Perthes DiseaseComprehensive guide to Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease - idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children, classification systems, containment principles, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Limb Length Discrepancy and EpiphysiodesisDetailed clinical guide to paediatric limb length discrepancy: assessment, calibrated imaging, growth prediction, treatment thresholds, epiphysiodesis, physeal bar management, shortening, lengthening, congenital deficiency planning and complications.
Limping ChildStructured orthopaedic approach to the limping child, including age-based differential diagnosis, painful versus painless limp, septic arthritis exclusion, imaging, laboratory workup, and red flags.
Little League ElbowExam-focused guide to Little League elbow: medial epicondyle apophyseal stress in young throwers, how valgus overload injures the open apophysis, imaging choices, rest-and-rehab management, return-to-throwing, red flags for avulsion fracture, and viva-ready prevention advice.
Marfan SyndromeComprehensive guide to orthopaedic manifestations of Marfan Syndrome including scoliosis, protrusio acetabuli, and pes planus.
McCune-Albright SyndromeComprehensive guide to McCune-Albright Syndrome covering the classic triad, GNAS1 mutation, skeletal manifestations, endocrine features, and orthopaedic management including shepherd's crook deformity.
Medial Epicondyle Fractures in ChildrenComprehensive guide to pediatric medial epicondyle fractures - elbow dislocation association, fragment entrapment, classification, ORIF indications, and ulnar nerve considerations
Metaphyseal ChondrodysplasiaComprehensive guide to metaphyseal chondrodysplasias (Schmid, Jansen, McKusick types), including genetics, clinical features, differentials, and management.
Metatarsus AdductusComprehensive guide to metatarsus adductus covering packaging aetiology, Bleck classification, non-operative management, and the rare indications for surgery.
Meyers-McKeever Classification of Tibial Spine FracturesThe Meyers-McKeever classification for tibial intercondylar eminence (spine) fractures in children and adolescents — the four types, association with ACL avulsion, and management by grade.
Milch Classification of Lateral Condyle FracturesThe Milch classification for paediatric lateral condyle fractures — how the fracture line relates to the trochlear groove, why type II is unstable, and how displacement drives treatment.
Monteggia Fractures in ChildrenComprehensive guide to pediatric Monteggia fracture-dislocations - Bado classification, missed diagnosis pitfalls, reduction maneuvers, and management of chronic radial head dislocation
MucopolysaccharidosesComprehensive guide to mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) - lysosomal storage disorders affecting orthopaedic practice including Hurler, Hunter, Morquio, and Maroteaux-Lamy syndromes with clinical features, radiographic findings, and surgical management
Multiple Epiphyseal DysplasiaComprehensive guide to Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia (MED), including COMP and COL9 mutations, clinical presentation with small irregular epiphyses, early-onset osteoarthritis, and differentiation from bilateral Perthes disease.
Multiple Hereditary ExostosesComprehensive guide to Multiple Hereditary Exostoses (HME/MHE) covering diagnosis, deformity, malignant transformation, and surgical management.
MyelomeningoceleComprehensive guide to Myelomeningocele (Spina Bifida) management - Neurological levels, Orthopedic interventions, Chiari II, Tethered Cord, and Latex Allergy.
Nail-Patella SyndromeOrthopaedic-focused guide to nail-patella syndrome (LMX1B): the classic tetrad of dysplastic nails, absent/hypoplastic patellae, iliac horns and elbow dysplasia, with patellar instability management and nephropathy surveillance.
NeurofibromatosisComprehensive guide to orthopaedic manifestations of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 including scoliosis, tibial dysplasia, and congenital pseudarthrosis.
Neuromuscular ScoliosisComprehensive guide to neuromuscular scoliosis management - Cerebral Palsy, SMA, Duchenne, pelvic obliquity, and surgical fixation strategies
Non-Accidental InjuryA comprehensive guide to Non-Accidental Injury (NAI) in children, covering recognition, fracture patterns, investigation protocols, and medico-legal considerations.
Non-Ossifying Fibroma and Fibrous Cortical DefectComprehensive orthopaedic guide to non-ossifying fibroma and fibrous cortical defect, including classic imaging, natural history, fracture risk, differential diagnosis, pathological fracture management and avoiding unnecessary biopsy.
Oblique TalusComprehensive guide to Oblique Talus for the Orthopaedic Orthopaedic Exam. Covering differentiation from congenital vertical talus, radiographic findings, and management spectrum.
Ogden Classification of Tibial Tubercle FracturesThe Ogden classification of tibial tubercle avulsion fractures in adolescents — the three types by fracture extent through the secondary ossification center, epiphysis and joint, the Osgood-Schlatter relationship, and ORIF principles for displaced fractures.
Osgood-Schlatter DiseaseComprehensive guide to Osgood-Schlatter disease - tibial tubercle apophysitis, diagnosis, treatment, return to sport, and differentiation from other causes of anterior knee pain in adolescents
Osteogenesis ImperfectaComprehensive guide to Osteogenesis Imperfecta covering classification, fracture management, bisphosphonates, and rodding surgery.
OsteopetrosisComprehensive guide to Osteopetrosis covering pathophysiology, clinical types (malignant infantile vs benign adult), radiographic features, surgical challenges, and management including bone marrow transplant.
Paediatric ACL InjuryAdvanced orthopaedic guide to ACL injury in skeletally immature patients, including tibial spine avulsion, meniscal risk, skeletal maturity, physeal-respecting reconstruction, graft choice, rehabilitation and return to sport.
Paediatric Ankle Fractures and Transitional InjuriesAdvanced orthopaedic guide to paediatric ankle fractures and transitional injuries: mechanism, distal tibial physeal closure, Salter-Harris patterns, Tillaux and triplane fractures, CT-based thresholds, operative technique and growth-arrest follow-up.
Paediatric Bone and Joint InfectionComprehensive orthopaedic reference on paediatric osteomyelitis and septic arthritis beyond the hip, including septic knee, shoulder, ankle, neonatal disease, Brodie abscess, CRMO, pyomyositis, and treatment principles.
Paediatric Distal Radius, Buckle and Physeal Wrist FracturesStructured orthopaedic guide to paediatric distal radius fractures, torus/buckle fractures, greenstick injuries, distal radial physeal injuries, acceptable alignment, remodelling, and follow-up.
Paediatric Elbow Radiology and AssessmentOrthopaedic reference guide to paediatric elbow radiology, including CRITOE ossification centres, Baumann angle, anterior humeral line, radiocapitellar line, fat pad signs, and common injury traps.
Paediatric Femoral Neck FracturesComprehensive orthopaedic guide to paediatric femoral neck fractures, Delbet classification, femoral-head perfusion risk, urgent reduction, fixation, decompression, AVN, coxa vara and long-term surveillance.
Paediatric Femur Fractures by AgeStructured orthopaedic guide to paediatric femoral shaft fractures by age, including Pavlik harness, spica cast, traction, flexible nails, submuscular plating, rigid nails, open fractures, and complications.
Paediatric Pelvis and Hip TraumaAdvanced orthopaedic guide to paediatric pelvis and hip trauma, including assessment, injury families, imaging, pelvic ring injury, acetabular injury, traumatic hip dislocation, paediatric femoral neck fracture, apophyseal avulsion fractures, operative decision-making and complications.
Paediatric Radial Neck, Olecranon and Elbow Dislocation InjuriesAdvanced orthopaedic guide to paediatric radial neck fractures, olecranon fractures and elbow dislocations: clinical assessment, radiographic interpretation, treatment thresholds, operative choices and complications.
Paediatric Rotational Profile and In-toeing/Out-toeingComprehensive orthopaedic guide to paediatric rotational profile, in-toeing, out-toeing, femoral anteversion, tibial torsion, metatarsus adductus, natural history, red flags and derotation osteotomy indications.
Panner Disease (Capitellar Osteochondrosis)Comprehensive FRACS and FRCS guide to Panner disease - osteochondrosis (avascular necrosis) of the humeral capitellum in young children, including how to distinguish it from osteochondritis dissecans, imaging, conservative management and excellent prognosis
Patellar Instability (Pediatric)Comprehensive guide to Pediatric Patellar Instability - Risk Factors, TT-TG, MPFL Reconstruction, and Management
Pediatric Acute OsteomyelitisComprehensive guide to Pediatric Acute Osteomyelitis - Hematogenous spread, diagnosis, antibiotics, and surgical indications.
Pediatric Patella Sleeve FracturesComprehensive guide to Pediatric Patella Sleeve Fractures - Diagnosis, treatment, and the importance of early recognition.
Pediatric SpondylolysisComprehensive guide to pediatric spondylolysis (pars defect) - diagnosis (Scottie Dog), imaging algorithm (SPECT/MRI), and management from bracing to repair
Physeal Injuries (Salter-Harris Classification)A comprehensive guide to Physeal Injuries using the Salter-Harris Classification, covering anatomy, prognosis, and management principles.
Poland SyndromeAdvanced orthopaedic guide to Poland syndrome (congenital unilateral chest wall and ipsilateral hand hypoplasia), covering the subclavian artery disruption theory, symbrachydactyly, classification, imaging, hand and chest wall management, complications and global practice.
Poliomyelitis (Orthopaedic Sequelae)Exam-focused guide to the orthopaedic sequelae of poliomyelitis - flaccid paralysis, limb-length discrepancy, flail joints, foot deformity, post-polio syndrome, and the principles of tendon transfer, osteotomy and arthrodesis.
Polydactyly of the FootA comprehensive guide to Polydactyly of the foot, covering classification (Pre-axial, Post-axial, Central), surgical management, and syndrome associations.
Posteromedial Bow of TibiaComprehensive guide to congenital posteromedial bowing of the tibia - benign angular deformity that remodels spontaneously, but with progressive limb-length discrepancy that frequently requires treatment, plus calcaneovalgus and ankle-dorsiflexion sequelae
Proximal Femoral Focal DeficiencyComprehensive guide to proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD) - classification (Aitken), clinical features, treatment options from reconstruction to rotationplasty, and outcomes
Proximal Tibial Physeal InjuriesA comprehensive guide to Proximal Tibial Physeal Injuries, covering vascular risks, classification, and management principles.
PyknodysostosisComprehensive coverage of pyknodysostosis (Toulouse-Lautrec disease) including cathepsin K deficiency, clinical features, radiographic findings including diffuse osteosclerosis and acroosteolysis, orthopaedic management of fractures and complications for fellowship examination preparation
Radial Longitudinal DeficiencyOrthopaedic teaching chapter on radial longitudinal deficiency, including systemic screening, radius and thumb classification, clinical assessment, centralisation, radialisation, pollicisation, recurrence and follow-up.
Radioulnar SynostosisComprehensive guide to Congenital and Post-Traumatic Radioulnar Synostosis - Classification (Cleary & Omer), Management, and Complications
Rett SyndromeComprehensive guide to Rett Syndrome focusing on orthopaedic manifestations including scoliosis and orthopaedic management principles.
Rigid FlatfootA comprehensive guide to the assessment and management of Rigid Pes Planus (Rigid Flatfoot), focusing on Tarsal Coalition, Vertical Talus, and other etiologies.
Salter-Harris Physeal Fracture ClassificationThe Salter-Harris classification of physeal fractures in children — types I through V, the SALTR mnemonic, prognostic implications, and management principles for the exam.
Scheuermann KyphosisComprehensive guide to Scheuermann disease - juvenile kyphosis, diagnostic criteria, bracing, surgical indications, and differentiation from postural kyphosis
SCIWORAComprehensive guide to SCIWORA (Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality) - pathophysiology, pediatric susceptibility, Pang classification, and management protocols.
ScurvyVitamin C deficiency causing defective collagen synthesis with characteristic musculoskeletal manifestations including subperiosteal hemorrhage, pathognomonic radiographic signs, and implications for differential diagnosis from non-accidental injury
Septic Arthritis of the Pediatric HipComprehensive guide to diagnosis and management of septic arthritis of the hip in children - a true orthopaedic emergency requiring urgent surgical washout.
Sever's Disease (Calcaneal Apophysitis)Comprehensive guide to Sever's disease - the most common cause of heel pain in active children. Covers the calcaneal apophysis, traction overuse mechanism, the squeeze test, differential diagnosis, evidence-based conservative management, and exam viva preparation.
Seymour Fracture and Paediatric Nail-bed InjuriesOrthopaedic reference guide to Seymour fractures, paediatric open distal phalanx physeal injuries, nail-bed trauma, fingertip injuries, infection risk, and operative management.
Sickle Cell DiseaseComprehensive guide to orthopaedic manifestations of Sickle Cell Disease including AVN, osteomyelitis, bone infarcts, and perioperative management for FRACS examination.
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson SyndromeComprehensive guide to Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome - inferior pole patellar apophysitis, diagnosis, treatment, return to sport, and differentiation from other causes of anterior knee pain in adolescents
Skeletal DysplasiasComprehensive guide to skeletal dysplasias - achondroplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, mucopolysaccharidoses, classification, radiographic diagnosis, and orthopaedic management for fellowship examinations
SkewfootComprehensive guide to Skewfoot (Serpentine Foot) for the Orthopaedic Orthopaedic Exam, covering pathoanatomy, differentiation from Metatarsus Adductus, and surgical correction.
Spastic Equinovarus Foot (Cerebral Palsy)Comprehensive guide to spastic equinovarus foot deformity in cerebral palsy, covering dynamic vs fixed deformity, gait analysis, orthopaedic management including SPLATT, tendon transfers, and bracing strategies for FRACS/FRCS exam preparation.
Spina BifidaComprehensive guide to Spina Bifida focusing on orthopaedic manifestations including hip dysplasia, scoliosis, clubfoot, and fractures.
Spinal Muscular AtrophyComprehensive guide to Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), covering classification, orthopaedic manifestations, and management including scoliosis and hip dysplasia.
Sprengel DeformityAdvanced orthopaedic guide to congenital elevation of the scapula, including clinical assessment, associated anomaly screening, imaging, classification, non-operative care, Woodward and Green procedures, complications and follow-up.
Stulberg Classification of Perthes OutcomeThe Stulberg classification system for grading femoral head sphericity and congruency at skeletal maturity after Legg-Calve-Perthes disease — Classes I through V, prognostic implications for late osteoarthritis, and clinical application.
Supracondylar Humerus FractureComprehensive guide to supracondylar humerus fractures in children for FRCS exam preparation
Tarsal CoalitionComprehensive guide to Tarsal Coalition - Diagnosis, classification, and management of Calcaneonavicular and Talocalcaneal coalitions.
ThalassemiaComprehensive guide to orthopaedic manifestations of thalassemia including bone changes, osteoporosis, pathological fractures, and management strategies.
Thiemann DiseaseExam-focused guide to Thiemann disease: its pathophysiology as an avascular necrosis of the phalangeal epiphyses, clinical presentation, radiological findings of epiphyseal fragmentation, and conservative management.
Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius (TAR) SyndromeOrthopaedic teaching chapter on Thrombocytopenia-Absent Radius (TAR) syndrome: the absent-radii-with-thumbs-present pattern, RBM8A genetics, neonatal thrombocytopenia, lower-limb and knee deformity, and how the bleeding disorder shapes the timing of hand and limb reconstruction.
Tibia Vara (Blount's Disease)Comprehensive guide to Tibia Vara (Blount's Disease) - Pathophysiology, classification, and management of infantile vs adolescent forms.
Tibial HemimeliaComprehensive guide to tibial hemimelia - Jones classification, knee functionality assessment, treatment from synostosis to amputation, and outcomes
Torticollis in ChildrenComprehensive guide to pediatric torticollis - congenital muscular torticollis, differential diagnosis, stretching programs, surgical release indications, and outcome assessment
Transient SynovitisComprehensive exam-ready guide to transient synovitis of the hip in children - diagnosis, differentiation from septic arthritis using Kocher criteria, management, and outcomes
Transitional Fractures: Tillaux and TriplaneA comprehensive guide to transitional ankle fractures in adolescents, including Tillaux and Triplane patterns, CT-based treatment decisions, and surgical techniques.
Trevor Disease (Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica)Comprehensive Orthopaedic exam guide to Trevor disease (dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica) covering its hemimelic epiphyseal osteochondromas, the Azouz and Arealis classifications, distinction from osteochondroma, MRI-led diagnosis, marginal excision, deformity correction, and the risks of recurrence and early osteoarthritis.
Wheelchair Seating and PositioningComprehensive exam-focused review of wheelchair seating and positioning principles including pelvic positioning, pressure management, postural supports, and interface with orthopaedic surgery for patients with neurological conditions

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