Trauma Orthopaedic Topics

Fractures, dislocations & acute injuries. 188 evidence-informed references covering conditions, classifications, management and high-yield exam notes for FRCS (Tr&Orth), FRACS, EBOT and ABOS preparation.

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Acetabular FracturesComprehensive guide to acetabular fractures - Judet-Letournel classification, column concept, surgical approaches for orthopaedic exam
Acromioclavicular Joint InjuriesComprehensive guide to AC joint injuries - Rockwood classification, Type III controversy, surgical indications, hook plate vs CC reconstruction, and management pearls for orthopaedic exam
Acute Compartment SyndromeComprehensive guide to acute compartment syndrome - pathophysiology, diagnosis, fasciotomy techniques, and complications for orthopaedic surgery exam
Acute Compartment Syndrome of the LegTime-critical surgical emergency: clinical diagnosis, Delta P less than 30mmHg threshold, and two-incision four-compartment fasciotomy for acute compartment syndrome of the leg.
Ankle DislocationsComprehensive guide to ankle dislocations - talus tibia fibula mortise, urgent reduction, associated fractures, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Ankle FracturesComprehensive guide to ankle fractures - Weber classification, syndesmotic injury patterns, stability assessment, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Anterior Process Calcaneus FracturesComprehensive guide to anterior process calcaneus fractures - bifurcate ligament avulsion, mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Anteroposterior Compression (APC) Pelvic InjuriesComprehensive guide to APC pelvic ring injuries including Young-Burgess classification, open book pelvis mechanics, and surgical management
AO/OTA Fracture ClassificationThe universal AO/OTA alphanumeric fracture classification — bone-segment-type-group-subgroup coding, the dual meaning of types A/B/C in diaphyseal versus articular segments, its role in research and registries, and how it complements eponymous systems.
ATLS Primary Survey and Trauma ResuscitationSystematic ABCDE primary survey, cABCDE catastrophic haemorrhage control, damage-control resuscitation, permissive hypotension, massive transfusion protocols, and the orthopaedic role in polytrauma management.
Atypical Femoral FracturesComprehensive guide to atypical femoral fractures - bisphosphonate-associated fractures, ASBMR criteria, surgical management, and drug holiday protocols for Orthopaedic orthopaedic exam
Barton's FracturesComprehensive guide to Barton's fractures - volar and dorsal rim fracture-dislocations of the distal radius, classification, surgical management, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Basicervical FracturesComprehensive guide to basicervical fractures - junctional fracture between neck and intertrochanteric region, treatment ORIF vs arthroplasty, and management for orthopaedic exam
Bennett's FracturesComprehensive guide to Bennett's fracture-dislocation of the thumb metacarpal base including mechanism, classification, reduction techniques, and surgical fixation for orthopaedic examination
Blast Injuries of the ExtremityComprehensive guide to blast-related extremity trauma including primary-quaternary mechanisms, zone of injury, serial debridement, damage control orthopaedics, traumatic amputation, wound management, and the reconstruction versus amputation decision.
Bohler and Gissane AnglesBohler's tuber joint angle and Gissane's crucial angle — radiographic measurements for assessing calcaneal fracture severity, guiding operative decisions, and predicting outcomes.
Bosworth Fracture-DislocationsComprehensive guide to Bosworth fracture-dislocations - rare ankle injuries with fixed posterior dislocation of the fibula behind the tibia
Both Column Acetabular FracturesComprehensive guide to both column acetabular fractures including Letournel classification, the pathognomonic spur sign, surgical approaches, and fixation strategies
Both-Bone Forearm FracturesComprehensive guide to both-bone forearm fractures in adults - anatomic reduction imperative, plating techniques, compartment syndrome, and decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Brodie AbscessComprehensive guide to Brodie abscess (subacute localised osteomyelitis), including diagnosis, imaging features, differential diagnosis, and management with curettage and antibiotics.
Burst FracturesComprehensive guide to thoracolumbar burst fractures - Denis classification, load-sharing classification, McCormack score, surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Calcaneal Tuberosity FracturesComprehensive guide to calcaneal tuberosity fractures - Achilles tendon avulsion, ORIF techniques, tension band wiring, and outcomes for orthopaedic exam
Canadian C-Spine RuleThe Canadian C-Spine Rule for deciding cervical-spine radiography in alert and stable adult trauma patients — high-risk factors mandating imaging, low-risk factors permitting range-of-motion testing, decision thresholds, and comparison with NEXUS.
Capitate FracturesComprehensive guide to capitate fractures - rare carpal injuries, scaphocapitate syndrome, AVN risk, diagnosis, management, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Capitellum FracturesComprehensive guide to capitellar fractures - Bryan-Morrey and Dubberley classifications, coronal shear mechanism, surgical technique, and clinical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Cervical Facet DislocationsComprehensive guide to cervical facet dislocations - unilateral vs bilateral, reduction techniques, awake MRI debate, anterior vs posterior approaches for orthopaedic exam
Cervical Spine FractureComprehensive guide to cervical spine fractures for FRCS exam preparation
Chance FracturesComprehensive guide to Chance fractures - seatbelt injury pattern, flexion-distraction mechanism, classification, associated abdominal injuries, surgical management for orthopaedic exam
Chauffeur's FracturesComprehensive guide to Chauffeur's fractures (radial styloid fractures) - mechanism, classification, surgical fixation, carpal ligament assessment, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Chopart InjuriesComprehensive guide to Chopart (Midtarsal) Joint Injuries - Talonavicular and Calcaneocuboid dislocations and fracture-dislocations.
Clavicle FracturesComprehensive guide to clavicle fractures - Allman/Robinson classification, midshaft management controversy, ORIF indications, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Clay-Shoveler's FracturesComprehensive guide to clay-shoveler's fractures including spinous process avulsion, ghost sign, stability assessment, and conservative management for orthopaedic examination preparation
Coccyx FracturesComprehensive guide to Coccyx Fractures (Tailbone Injuries) - Diagnosis, conservative management, and surgical options.
Compartments of the LegFellowship-level anatomy of the four leg compartments - their muscles, nerves and vessels - and the surgical relevance for acute compartment syndrome and four-compartment fasciotomy.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)Comprehensive guide to Complex Regional Pain Syndrome - Budapest criteria, stages, prevention with vitamin C, multidisciplinary management, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Coronoid FracturesComprehensive guide to coronoid fractures - O'Driscoll classification, elbow stability implications, fixation techniques, and decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Crescent Fracture (SI Joint Fracture-Dislocation, Day Classification)Fellowship-level guide to the crescent fracture-dislocation of the sacroiliac joint: a lateral-compression pelvic-ring injury where the posterior ilium fractures leaving a crescent fragment attached to the sacrum, the Day classification (I-III by crescent size and proportion of SI joint dislocated), and how it guides reduction and fixation (ORIF vs percutaneous iliosacral screws).
Crush SyndromeComprehensive guide to crush syndrome - rhabdomyolysis, hyperkalemia, myoglobinuria, pre-hospital IV fluids before extrication, fasciotomy indications, and renal protection strategies for orthopaedic fellowship exam
Cuboid FracturesComprehensive guide to cuboid fractures - nutcracker mechanism, compression injury, Lisfranc association, and ORIF techniques for orthopaedic exam
Cuneiform FracturesComprehensive guide to cuneiform fractures - medial intermediate lateral cuneiform, midfoot trauma, Lisfranc association, and ORIF techniques for orthopaedic exam
Damage Control OrthopaedicsComprehensive guide to damage control orthopaedics - polytrauma management, DCO vs ETC, timing of definitive fixation, physiological parameters for orthopaedic exam
Die-Punch FracturesComprehensive guide to die-punch fractures of the distal radius - lunate facet depression fractures, mechanism, classification, surgical management, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Distal Femur FracturesComprehensive guide to distal femur fractures - AO classification, Hoffa fractures, retrograde nail vs plating, prosthetic considerations, and operative approaches for orthopaedic exam
Distal Humerus FracturesComprehensive guide to distal humerus fractures - AO/OTA classification, bicolumnar concept, surgical approaches, TEA indications, and decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Distal Radius FracturesComprehensive orthopaedic exam guide to distal radius fractures - Frykman and AO classification, volar locking plates, external fixation, and outcome optimization
Elbow DislocationsComprehensive guide to elbow dislocations - simple vs complex, reduction techniques, stability assessment, and rehabilitation for orthopaedic exam
Elbow Stiffness & Contracture (Post-traumatic Arthrofibrosis)Fellowship-level guide to the stiff elbow: the functional arc of motion, intrinsic vs extrinsic (Morrey) causes including heterotopic ossification, why prevention (stable fixation + early motion) matters, non-operative splinting, and open or arthroscopic contracture release (arthrolysis) with its outcomes.
Elbow Transcondylar FracturesComprehensive guide to Transcondylar Fractures of the Elbow - separation of the articular condyles from the humerus in adults
Essex-Lopresti InjuriesComprehensive guide to Essex-Lopresti injuries including forearm longitudinal instability, interosseous membrane disruption, and management for Orthopaedic examination
Extensor Mechanism RupturesComprehensive guide to extensor mechanism ruptures - quadriceps and patellar tendon ruptures, primary repair, allograft reconstruction, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Fat Embolism SyndromeComprehensive guide to fat embolism syndrome following long-bone fractures, including Gurd criteria, timing of presentation, prevention by early fixation, and supportive management.
Femoral Head FracturesComprehensive guide to femoral head fractures including Pipkin classification, surgical management, and outcomes for orthopaedic examination
Femoral Neck Fracture NonunionFellowship-level guide to nonunion of the femoral neck after fixation: why the intracapsular neck fails to unite (poor blood supply, no periosteal callus, shear across a vertical fracture), and the age- and head-viability-driven decision between a valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy (converting shear to compression in the young) and arthroplasty.
Femoral Shaft FracturesComprehensive orthopaedic exam guide to femoral shaft fractures - intramedullary nailing, antegrade vs retrograde, damage control orthopaedics, and ipsilateral femoral neck screening
Fibular Shaft FracturesComprehensive guide to fibular shaft fractures - isolated vs associated injuries, Maisonneuve fracture, syndesmosis assessment, and treatment algorithms
Finger DislocationsComprehensive guide to finger dislocations for Orthopaedic examination
Flail Chest / Chest Wall Trauma (Orthopaedic Relevance)Fellowship-level guide to flail chest and chest wall trauma for the orthopaedic surgeon: the definition (three or more contiguous ribs fractured in two or more places giving a paradoxically-moving segment), why the underlying pulmonary contusion and pain-related hypoventilation - not the paradox alone - drive morbidity, the role of multimodal analgesia and pulmonary toilet, and the growing evidence for surgical stabilisation of rib fractures (SSRF), especially early in flail chest.
Floating ElbowFellowship-level guide to the floating elbow: ipsilateral fractures above and below the elbow (classically a supracondylar humerus fracture with a forearm fracture in children, or a humeral plus forearm fracture in adults), a marker of high-energy trauma with a high rate of open injury, neurovascular damage and compartment syndrome, requiring operative stabilisation of both fractures.
Floating Knee InjuryComprehensive guide to floating knee injuries for FRCS examination
Floating Shoulder InjuriesComprehensive guide to floating shoulder - ipsilateral clavicle and scapula fractures disrupting superior shoulder suspensory complex, management algorithms, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Foot Compartment SyndromeComprehensive guide to foot compartment syndrome including the nine compartments, association with calcaneal and Lisfranc injuries, pressure measurement thresholds, fasciotomy indications, and late reconstruction for claw toe sequelae.
Forearm Compartment SyndromeComprehensive guide to forearm compartment syndrome - pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, pressure monitoring, fasciotomy technique, and Volkmann's contracture prevention for orthopaedic exam
Forearm Fractures - PediatricComprehensive exam-ready guide to pediatric forearm fractures - both-bone fractures, greenstick, plastic deformation, and Monteggia/Galeazzi variants
Forearm Shaft Fracture (Adult)Comprehensive guide to adult forearm shaft fractures including both-bone fractures, isolated radius/ulna fractures, classification, surgical fixation techniques, and complications
Galeazzi FracturesComprehensive orthopaedic exam guide to Galeazzi fracture-dislocations - the fracture of necessity, DRUJ instability, ORIF with plate fixation, and rehabilitation
Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis)Comprehensive guide to gas gangrene - Clostridium perfringens, alpha toxin pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, radical debridement, penicillin-clindamycin, hyperbaric oxygen, amputation indications for orthopaedic fellowship exam
Glenoid FracturesComprehensive guide to glenoid fractures - Ideberg classification, bone loss assessment, surgical indications, arthroscopic vs open repair for orthopaedic exam
Greater Tuberosity FracturesComprehensive guide to greater tuberosity fractures including classification, management algorithms, and rotator cuff considerations for Orthopaedic examination
Hamate FracturesComprehensive guide to hamate fractures - anatomy of hook and body, mechanisms, classification, clinical presentation, and management for orthopaedic exam
Heterotopic OssificationComprehensive exam-ready guide to heterotopic ossification (HO) in orthopaedic surgery - Brooker classification, risk factors, prevention strategies, and surgical management
Hexapod Frame Deformity CorrectionPrinciples of hexapod circular external fixation (Taylor Spatial Frame concept) for gradual six-axis deformity correction: planning, frame parameters, corticotomy, and complication management.
Hip DislocationsComprehensive guide to hip dislocations - Thompson-Epstein classification, posterior vs anterior mechanisms, associated injuries, reduction techniques, and sciatic nerve considerations for orthopaedic exam
Hip Fracture-DislocationsComprehensive guide to hip fracture-dislocations - Thompson-Epstein classification, Pipkin fractures, acetabular fractures, urgent reduction, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Hoffa FracturesComprehensive guide to Hoffa fractures - coronal plane fractures of the femoral condyles, classification, surgical fixation techniques for Orthopaedic orthopaedic exam
Humeral Head FracturesComprehensive guide to humeral head fractures including head-splitting, impression fractures, and management strategies for Orthopaedic examination
Humeral Shaft FracturesComprehensive guide to humeral shaft fractures - AO/OTA classification, radial nerve palsy assessment, Holstein-Lewis fracture, and operative vs non-operative management for orthopaedic exam
Humeral Shaft NonunionFellowship-level guide to nonunion of the humeral shaft: the risk factors and patterns, hypertrophic versus atrophic versus infected nonunion, why exchange nailing is unreliable in the humerus, and the gold-standard treatment - compression plating with autogenous bone graft - with its high union rates and the radial-nerve caveat.
Iliac Wing FracturesComprehensive guide to Iliac Wing (Duverney) Fractures - Stable pelvic injuries from direct trauma.
Intercondylar Fractures of the Distal HumerusComprehensive guide to intercondylar distal humerus fractures including AO/OTA classification, surgical techniques, and outcomes for Orthopaedic examination
Intertrochanteric FracturesComprehensive guide to intertrochanteric hip fractures - Evans/Jensen classification, SHS vs CMN, TAD principle, geriatric optimization for orthopaedic exam
Isolated Radius FracturesComprehensive guide to Isolated Radial Shaft Fractures (Non-Galeazzi) - diagnosis, classification, and management
Isolated Ulna Fractures (Nightstick Fractures)Comprehensive exam-ready guide to isolated ulna shaft fractures - nightstick fracture, direct blow mechanism, nonoperative vs ORIF decision-making
Jones FracturesComprehensive guide to Jones fractures of the fifth metatarsal including mechanism, classification, surgical technique, and athlete management for orthopaedic examination preparation
Lateral Compression Pelvic InjuriesLateral compression (LC) pelvic ring injuries - Young-Burgess classification, mechanism, associated injuries, and management from hemodynamically stable to unstable patients
Lateral Condyle Fractures - PediatricComprehensive exam-ready guide to pediatric lateral condyle fractures - Milch/Weiss classification, ORIF indications, nonunion/malunion management
Lateral Process Talus FracturesComprehensive guide to lateral process talus fractures - snowboarder fracture, mechanism, classification, ORIF vs excision, and subtalar arthritis prevention for orthopaedic exam
Lesser Tuberosity FracturesComprehensive guide to lesser tuberosity fractures including posterior dislocation association, subscapularis involvement, and management for Orthopaedic examination
Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) for Fracture HealingFellowship-level guide to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) - a non-invasive, low-risk mechanical-stimulation device applied daily to promote bone healing, working at the molecular level across the stages of repair - covering the proposed mechanism, the evidence base (a low-risk adjunct with the strongest rationale in delayed/non-union, though high-quality trials show inconsistent benefit in fresh fractures), the contrast with surgical revision as the definitive treatment for non-union, and the current evidence-tempered place of LIPUS in practice.
Lunate and Perilunate DislocationsComprehensive guide to lunate and perilunate dislocations - Mayfield stages, diagnosis, emergency management, and surgical reconstruction for orthopaedic exam
Lunate FracturesComprehensive guide to lunate fractures - diagnosis, classification, association with Kienbock's disease, surgical management, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Lunotriquetral InstabilityComprehensive guide to lunotriquetral instability - LTIL injury, VISI deformity, diagnosis, and management including LT arthrodesis for orthopaedic exam
Luxatio Erecta (Inferior Glenohumeral Dislocation)Fellowship-level guide to luxatio erecta humeri - the rare inferior glenohumeral dislocation in which the arm is locked hyperabducted above the head: its pathomechanics (axial load on an abducted arm or hyperabduction leverage over the acromion), the unmistakable clinical sign, its high rate of neurovascular injury (brachial plexus, axillary artery) and rotator-cuff/greater-tuberosity damage, traction-countertraction reduction, and outcomes.
Maisonneuve FracturesComprehensive guide to Maisonneuve fractures - proximal fibula fracture with syndesmotic disruption, deltoid ligament injury, recognition and surgical management for orthopaedic exam
Malunion, Delayed Union and NonunionComprehensive guide to fracture healing complications including nonunion classification, Weber-Cech types, exchange nailing, Masquelet technique, and deformity correction for orthopaedic exam
Mangled Extremity and Limb Salvage Decision-MakingA consultant-level orthopaedic trauma guide to mangled extremity assessment, revascularisation, limb salvage, amputation decision-making, counselling and complications.
Masquelet Induced-Membrane TechniqueDescribes the Masquelet induced-membrane technique, a two-stage surgery using a cement spacer and bioactive membrane to reconstruct critical-sized bone defects from trauma, infection, or tumour resection.
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin Splints)Comprehensive guide to medial tibial stress syndrome - pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, imaging, and evidence-based management for orthopaedic exam
Metatarsal FracturesComprehensive guide to metatarsal fractures for FRCS examination
Metatarsal Stress FracturesComprehensive guide to metatarsal stress fractures including second metatarsal marching fracture, fifth metatarsal high-risk zones, diagnosis, and management for orthopaedic examination preparation
Monteggia and Galeazzi FracturesComprehensive guide to Monteggia and Galeazzi fracture-dislocations for Orthopaedic examination
Monteggia FracturesComplete orthopaedic exam guide to Monteggia fracture-dislocations covering Bado classification, surgical management, and complications
Morel-Lavallee LesionClosed internal degloving injury after blunt shear trauma, including clinical recognition, imaging, classification, management, sclerodesis, debridement, recurrence and infection risk.
Multi-Ligament Knee InjuriesComprehensive guide to multi-ligament knee injuries (MLKI) and knee dislocations - classification, vascular assessment, surgical timing, reconstruction techniques for Orthopaedic orthopaedic exam
Myositis OssificansComprehensive guide to myositis ossificans - heterotopic bone formation in muscle, zoning phenomenon, maturity assessment, surgical excision timing, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Navicular FracturesComprehensive guide to tarsal navicular fractures covering anatomy, classification, clinical assessment, and management including stress fractures for orthopaedic examination preparation.
Neck of Femur FractureComprehensive guide to femoral neck fractures and Garden classification for FRCS exam preparation
Nonunion ManagementComprehensive guide to fracture nonunion for FRCS exam preparation
Nutcracker FracturesComprehensive guide to nutcracker fractures - cuboid compression injury, Lisfranc association, lateral column shortening, and ORIF techniques for orthopaedic exam
Odontoid FracturesComprehensive guide to odontoid (dens) fractures - Anderson-D'Alonzo classification, stability assessment, and treatment options for orthopaedic exam
Olecranon FracturesComprehensive guide to olecranon fractures - Mayo classification, tension band wiring, plate fixation, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Open Book Pelvic InjuriesComprehensive guide to open book pelvic fractures including symphysis diastasis, external rotation injuries, hemorrhage control, and surgical fixation
Open Fracture Classification and ManagementA consultant-level orthopaedic guide to open fracture assessment, classification, debridement, fixation, antibiotics, orthoplastic reconstruction and complications.
Open Tibial FracturesComprehensive guide to open tibial fractures - Gustilo-Anderson classification, antibiotic protocols, wound management, soft tissue coverage principles for orthopaedic exam
Orthopaedic Gunshot Wounds and BallisticsAdvanced orthopaedic guide to gunshot wounds and ballistic fractures: tissue injury, low- and high-energy patterns, antibiotics, debridement, fixation, vascular risk, compartment syndrome and retained bullets.
Ottawa Ankle and Foot RulesThe Ottawa Ankle and Foot Rules — a validated clinical decision instrument that determines when radiography is necessary after acute ankle and midfoot injury, reducing unnecessary X-rays without missing clinically significant fractures.
Ottawa Knee RulesA validated clinical decision rule for acute knee injury — the five criteria that mandate knee radiography, how to apply them, and the evidence behind near-100 percent sensitivity for fracture.
Patella FracturesComprehensive guide to patella fractures - AO classification, tension band wiring vs screw fixation, extensor mechanism integrity, and partial patellectomy indications for orthopaedic exam
Pathological Fractures - FemurComprehensive guide to pathological fractures of the femur - metastatic disease, Mirels' score, life expectancy estimation, IMN vs arthroplasty, cement augmentation, and palliative treatment for orthopaedic exam
Pathological Fractures (Humerus)Comprehensive guide to pathological humerus fractures including metastatic disease, Mirels scoring, and surgical management for Orthopaedic examination
PCL Avulsion FracturesComprehensive guide to PCL avulsion fractures - posterior tibial avulsion, posterior approach, screw or suture fixation, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Pelvic Avulsion FracturesComprehensive guide to Pelvic Avulsion Fractures - ASIS, AIIS, Ischial tuberosity, and Iliac crest avulsions in adolescent athletes.
Pelvic Ring InjuriesAdvanced guide to pelvic ring injuries: recognition, stability assessment, haemorrhage control, classification, fixation strategy and complications.
Perilunate Injuries and Carpal DislocationsAdvanced orthopaedic guide to perilunate and lunate dislocations: Mayfield stages, missed diagnosis prevention, emergency reduction, fixation, ligament repair, median nerve protection and delayed-injury salvage.
Periprosthetic Fractures of Shoulder & Elbow ArthroplastyFellowship-level guide to periprosthetic fractures around shoulder and elbow replacements: the location-based classifications (Wright-Cofield for the humerus after shoulder arthroplasty; Mayo/O'Driscoll-Morrey for total elbow arthroplasty), and the unifying Vancouver-style principle that fracture location, implant stability and bone quality drive treatment (ORIF/strut vs revision).
Periprosthetic Hip FractureComprehensive guide to periprosthetic hip fractures and Vancouver classification for FRCS exam preparation
Phalangeal FracturesComprehensive guide to proximal and middle phalanx fractures including classification, reduction techniques, fixation options, and rehabilitation for orthopaedic examination
Phalangeal Fractures FootComprehensive guide to phalangeal fractures of the foot - great toe hallux, lesser toes, proximal middle distal phalanx, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Pilon FracturesComprehensive guide to Tibial Plafond (Pilon) Fractures - diagnosis, classification, and staged management.
Pisiform FracturesComprehensive guide to pisiform fractures - anatomy, mechanisms, classification, clinical presentation, and management for orthopaedic exam
Pittsburgh Knee RulesThe Pittsburgh Knee Rules — a clinical decision rule for determining the need for radiography in acute blunt knee injuries, the three criteria, when not to apply them, and a head-to-head comparison with the Ottawa Knee Rules.
Polytrauma ManagementComprehensive guide to polytrauma and damage control orthopaedics for FRCS exam preparation
Posterior Process Talus FracturesComprehensive guide to posterior process talus fractures - Shepherd fracture, Cedell fracture, FHL impingement, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Proximal Humerus FracturesComprehensive guide to proximal humerus fractures - Neer classification, blood supply, surgical decision-making, and PROFHER evidence for orthopaedic exam
Proximal Humerus Nonunion & MalunionFellowship-level guide to nonunion and malunion of the proximal humerus: the surgical-neck nonunion (Boileau type-3 fracture sequela), the age- and head-viability-driven choice between ORIF with bone graft and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (preserving the tuberosities), and the management of tuberosity/surgical-neck malunion.
Proximal Tibiofibular Joint DislocationsComprehensive guide to proximal tibiofibular joint dislocations including Ogden classification, peroneal nerve considerations, and management for orthopaedic examination
Pseudo-Jones Fractures (Fifth Metatarsal Tuberosity Avulsion)Zone 1 avulsion fractures of the fifth metatarsal tuberosity - mechanism, differentiation from true Jones fractures, conservative management, and favorable outcomes
Pubic Rami FracturesComprehensive guide to Pubic Rami Fractures - Isolated vs Ring injuries, Fragility fractures, and management.
Radial Head DislocationsComprehensive guide to Radial Head Dislocations - Congenital vs Traumatic, Monteggia, and Nursemaids
Radial Head FracturesComprehensive guide to radial head fractures - Mason classification, surgical indications, safe zone concept, and management of complex instability patterns
Radial Neck Fractures PediatricComprehensive exam-ready guide to pediatric radial neck fractures - classification, reduction techniques, and outcomes
Region-Specific Compartment SyndromeAdvanced orthopaedic trauma guide to region-specific acute compartment syndrome: leg, forearm, hand, foot, thigh, gluteal compartments, pressure measurement, fasciotomy principles, wound care and missed-diagnosis traps.
RhabdomyolysisComprehensive guide to rhabdomyolysis - CK elevation, myoglobinuria, acute kidney injury, crush injury, compartment syndrome complication, and management for orthopaedic exam
Rolando's FracturesComprehensive guide to Rolando's fracture (comminuted intra-articular thumb metacarpal base fracture) including classification, surgical approaches, and outcomes for orthopaedic examination
Sacral FracturesComprehensive guide to sacral fractures including Denis zones, neurological injury patterns, spinopelvic dissociation, and surgical fixation strategies
Scaphoid FracturesComprehensive guide to scaphoid fractures - Herbert classification, blood supply, nonunion risk factors, and management for orthopaedic exam
Scaphoid NonunionComprehensive guide to scaphoid nonunion - humpback deformity, SNAC wrist progression, vascularized bone graft, Herbert classification for orthopaedic exam
Scapholunate DissociationComprehensive guide to scapholunate ligament injuries including diagnosis, staging, repair/reconstruction techniques, and SLAC wrist progression for orthopaedic examination
Scapula FracturesComprehensive guide to scapula fractures - glenoid and body patterns, floating shoulder, high-energy associations, surgical indications, and decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Scapulothoracic DissociationComprehensive guide to scapulothoracic dissociation - closed forequarter amputation, neurovascular assessment, Damschen classification, limb-salvage vs amputation decision, and management priorities for orthopaedic exam
Segond FracturesComprehensive guide to Segond fractures - lateral tibial plateau avulsion, anterolateral ligament injury, pathognomonic for ACL tear, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Shoulder DislocationsComprehensive guide to shoulder dislocations - anterior vs posterior mechanisms, Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions, acute management, surgical indications, and recurrence risk for orthopaedic exam
Shoulder Fracture-DislocationsComprehensive guide to anterior and posterior shoulder fracture-dislocations, including classification, reduction maneuvers, and surgical management for Orthopaedic examination
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)Comprehensive exam-ready guide to SCFE - classification, in situ pinning, contralateral prophylaxis, and AVN risk
Smith's FracturesComprehensive guide to Smith's fractures (reverse Colles') - volar angulated distal radius fractures, classification, mechanism, surgical fixation, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
SNAC WristComprehensive guide to Scaphoid Nonunion Advanced Collapse - staging, surgical treatment options, 4-corner fusion, proximal row carpectomy for orthopaedic exam
Spinal Cord InjuryComprehensive guide to spinal cord injury - ASIA classification, neurogenic shock, methylprednisolone controversy, timing of surgery, rehabilitation for orthopaedic exam
Spinopelvic / Lumbosacral Dissociation (U-shaped Sacral Fracture)Fellowship-level guide to traumatic spinopelvic dissociation: a transverse sacral fracture combined with bilateral vertical sacral fractures (U-, H-, Y- or lambda-shaped) that separates the spine from the pelvis - a high-energy, frequently missed injury with a high rate of neurological injury, classified by Roy-Camille and Denis zone, and stabilised with lumbopelvic (triangular) fixation.
Sternoclavicular Joint InjuriesComprehensive guide to SC joint injuries - anterior vs posterior dislocation, Rockwood classification, emergent reduction of posterior dislocations, and surgical techniques for orthopaedic exam
Subaxial Cervical Spine FracturesComprehensive guide to subaxial cervical spine injuries - SLIC classification, AO Spine classification, surgical decision-making, anterior vs posterior approaches for orthopaedic exam
Subtalar DislocationsPure subtalar dislocations (peritalar dislocations) - medial vs lateral types, closed reduction techniques, associated injuries, and outcomes
Subtrochanteric FracturesComprehensive orthopaedic exam guide to subtrochanteric femur fractures - Russell-Taylor classification, characteristic deformity, reduction before reaming, cephalomedullary nailing, and atypical bisphosphonate fractures
Supracondylar Fractures (Adult)Comprehensive guide to adult supracondylar humerus fractures covering anatomy, classification, surgical approaches, and complications for Orthopaedic examination
Sustentaculum Tali FracturesComprehensive guide to sustentaculum tali fractures - medial calcaneus, FHL tendon at risk, medial plantar nerve, and ORIF techniques for orthopaedic exam
Talar Body FracturesFellowship-level guide to fractures of the talar body: the Sneppen classification, the precarious retrograde blood supply and high rate of avascular necrosis, the role of CT, principles of anatomic articular reduction and rigid fixation (often via malleolar osteotomy), and the management of AVN and post-traumatic tibiotalar/subtalar arthritis.
Teardrop FracturesComprehensive guide to cervical teardrop fractures including flexion (burst) vs extension types, stability assessment, SLIC classification, and surgical management for orthopaedic examination preparation
Terrible Triad of the ElbowComprehensive guide to terrible triad injuries - elbow dislocation, radial head fracture, coronoid fracture, LCL repair, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Tetanus ProphylaxisComprehensive guide to tetanus prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery - Clostridium tetani, tetanospasmin, tetanus-prone wounds, vaccination status assessment, ADT booster vs TIG indications, and international guideline comparison (CDC, NICE/Green Book, WHO) for fellowship exam
Thoracolumbar Spine FracturesComprehensive guide to thoracolumbar fractures - TLICS classification, AO Spine classification, conservative vs surgical management, posterior and anterior approaches for orthopaedic exam
Thumb Base FracturesComprehensive guide to fractures of the thumb base for Orthopaedic examination
Thumb UCL Injuries (Gamekeeper's/Skier's Thumb)Comprehensive guide to ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the thumb MCP joint including Stener lesion, stress testing, and surgical repair for orthopaedic examination
Tibial Fractures PediatricComprehensive exam-ready guide to pediatric tibial fractures - toddler's fracture, proximal tibial metaphyseal fractures (Cozen's), tibial spine fractures
Tibial MalunionComprehensive guide to tibial malunion - classification, CORA concept, indications for correction, osteotomy techniques, and outcomes for orthopaedic exam
Tibial NonunionComprehensive guide to Tibial Nonunion - evaluation, classification, and management strategies including exchange nailing, plating, and ring fixation
Tibial Plateau FracturesComprehensive guide to tibial plateau fractures for orthopaedic exam - Schatzker classification, three-column concept, soft tissue management, surgical approaches, articular reduction principles, and staged management
Tibial Shaft FracturesComprehensive guide to tibial shaft fractures - AO classification, open fracture management, nail vs plate fixation, compartment syndrome, and union considerations for orthopaedic exam
Tibial Spine FracturesComprehensive guide to tibial spine fractures - pediatric ACL equivalent, Meyers-McKeever classification, arthroscopic reduction, suture fixation, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Tibial Stress FracturesComprehensive guide to tibial stress fractures - anterior cortex high-risk vs posteromedial low-risk, MRI grading, management principles for orthopaedic exam
Tibial Tubercle FracturesComprehensive guide to tibial tubercle avulsion fractures including Ogden classification, extensor mechanism injury, and management for orthopaedic examination
Toddler's FractureComprehensive exam-ready guide to toddler's fracture - subtle spiral tibial fracture in young children, clinical diagnosis, X-ray interpretation
Total Talar DislocationComprehensive guide to total talar dislocation - talus completely dislocated from ankle subtalar talonavicular, urgent reduction, AVN risk, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Trapezium FracturesComprehensive guide to trapezium fractures - body vs ridge fractures, CMC joint implications, surgical management, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Trapezoid FracturesComprehensive guide to Trapezoid Fractures - Rare carpal injuries with anatomic, diagnostic, and management considerations.
Triquetral FracturesComprehensive guide to triquetral fractures - second most common carpal fracture, dorsal chip vs body fractures, diagnosis, management, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Trochlea FracturesComprehensive guide to isolated Trochlea (Laugier) Fractures - diagnosis and management of this rare elbow injury
Vascular Injury With Fracture or DislocationAdvanced orthopaedic trauma guide to extremity vascular injury associated with fractures and dislocations: hard signs, ABI/API, CTA, reduction, external fixation, temporary shunts, vascular repair and fasciotomy.
Vertebral Compression FracturesComprehensive guide to vertebral compression fractures - osteoporotic fractures, pathologic fractures, conservative vs surgical management, vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty for orthopaedic exam
Vertical Shear (VS) Pelvic InjuriesComprehensive guide to vertical shear pelvic ring injuries including Young-Burgess classification, Tile C instability, and surgical management
Volkmann's Ischemic ContractureComprehensive guide to Volkmann's ischemic contracture - late sequela of compartment syndrome, Tsuge classification, claw hand deformity, reconstruction techniques, and prevention for orthopaedic exam

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Spine Hand & Upper Limb Foot & Ankle Sports Medicine Adult Reconstruction Paediatrics Oncology Basic Science Radiology Infection Anatomy & Approaches Professionalism & Ethics

All Trauma topics (188)

Other subspecialties

All Trauma topics (188)

Other subspecialties