Trauma Orthopaedic Topics

Fractures, dislocations & acute injuries. 197 evidence-informed references covering conditions, classifications, management and high-yield exam notes for FRCS (Tr&Orth), FRACS, EBOT and ABOS preparation.

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Acetabular FracturesComprehensive guide to acetabular fractures - Judet-Letournel classification, column concept, surgical approaches for orthopaedic exam
Acromioclavicular Joint InjuriesComprehensive guide to AC joint injuries - Rockwood classification, Type III controversy, surgical indications, hook plate vs CC reconstruction, and management pearls for orthopaedic exam
Acute Compartment SyndromeComprehensive guide to acute compartment syndrome - pathophysiology, diagnosis, fasciotomy techniques, and complications for orthopaedic surgery exam
Acute Compartment Syndrome of the LegTime-critical surgical emergency: clinical diagnosis, Delta P less than 30mmHg threshold, and two-incision four-compartment fasciotomy for acute compartment syndrome of the leg.
Ankle DislocationsComprehensive guide to ankle dislocations - talus tibia fibula mortise, urgent reduction, associated fractures, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Ankle FracturesComprehensive guide to ankle fractures - Weber classification, syndesmotic injury patterns, stability assessment, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Anterior Process Calcaneus FracturesComprehensive guide to anterior process calcaneus fractures - bifurcate ligament avulsion, mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Anteroposterior Compression (APC) Pelvic InjuriesComprehensive guide to APC pelvic ring injuries including Young-Burgess classification, open book pelvis mechanics, and surgical management
AO/OTA Fracture ClassificationThe universal AO/OTA alphanumeric fracture classification — bone-segment-type-group-subgroup coding, its clinical application in fracture communication and research, and how it complements eponymous systems.
ATLS Primary Survey and Trauma ResuscitationSystematic ABCDE primary survey, cABCDE catastrophic haemorrhage control, damage-control resuscitation, permissive hypotension, massive transfusion protocols, and the orthopaedic role in polytrauma management.
Atypical Femoral FracturesComprehensive guide to atypical femoral fractures - bisphosphonate-associated fractures, ASBMR criteria, surgical management, and drug holiday protocols for Orthopaedic orthopaedic exam
Barton's FracturesComprehensive guide to Barton's fractures - volar and dorsal rim fracture-dislocations of the distal radius, classification, surgical management, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Basicervical FracturesComprehensive guide to basicervical fractures - junctional fracture between neck and intertrochanteric region, treatment ORIF vs arthroplasty, and management for orthopaedic exam
Bennett's FracturesComprehensive guide to Bennett's fracture-dislocation of the thumb metacarpal base including mechanism, classification, reduction techniques, and surgical fixation for orthopaedic examination
Blast Injuries of the ExtremityComprehensive guide to blast-related extremity trauma including primary-quaternary mechanisms, zone of injury, serial debridement, damage control orthopaedics, traumatic amputation, wound management, and the reconstruction versus amputation decision.
Bohler and Gissane AnglesBohler's tuber joint angle and Gissane's crucial angle — radiographic measurements for assessing calcaneal fracture severity, guiding operative decisions, and predicting outcomes.
Bosworth Fracture-DislocationsComprehensive guide to Bosworth fracture-dislocations - rare ankle injuries with fixed posterior dislocation of the fibula behind the tibia
Both Column Acetabular FracturesComprehensive guide to both column acetabular fractures including Letournel classification, the pathognomonic spur sign, surgical approaches, and fixation strategies
Both-Bone Forearm FracturesComprehensive guide to both-bone forearm fractures in adults - anatomic reduction imperative, plating techniques, compartment syndrome, and decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Brodie AbscessComprehensive guide to Brodie abscess (subacute localised osteomyelitis), including diagnosis, imaging features, differential diagnosis, and management with curettage and antibiotics.
Burst FracturesComprehensive guide to thoracolumbar burst fractures - Denis classification, load-sharing classification, McCormack score, surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Calcaneal Tuberosity FracturesComprehensive guide to calcaneal tuberosity fractures - Achilles tendon avulsion, ORIF techniques, tension band wiring, and outcomes for orthopaedic exam
Canadian C-Spine RuleThe Canadian C-Spine Rule for deciding cervical-spine radiography in alert and stable adult trauma patients — high-risk factors mandating imaging, low-risk factors permitting range-of-motion testing, decision thresholds, and comparison with NEXUS.
Capitate FracturesComprehensive guide to capitate fractures - rare carpal injuries, scaphocapitate syndrome, AVN risk, diagnosis, management, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Capitellum FracturesComprehensive guide to capitellar fractures - Bryan-Morrey and Dubberley classifications, coronal shear mechanism, surgical technique, and clinical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Cervical Facet DislocationsComprehensive guide to cervical facet dislocations - unilateral vs bilateral, reduction techniques, awake MRI debate, anterior vs posterior approaches for orthopaedic exam
Cervical Spine FractureComprehensive guide to cervical spine fractures for FRCS exam preparation
Chance FracturesComprehensive guide to Chance fractures - seatbelt injury pattern, flexion-distraction mechanism, classification, associated abdominal injuries, surgical management for orthopaedic exam
Chauffeur's FracturesComprehensive guide to Chauffeur's fractures (radial styloid fractures) - mechanism, classification, surgical fixation, carpal ligament assessment, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Chopart InjuriesComprehensive guide to Chopart (Midtarsal) Joint Injuries - Talonavicular and Calcaneocuboid dislocations and fracture-dislocations.
Clavicle FracturesComprehensive guide to clavicle fractures - Allman/Robinson classification, midshaft management controversy, ORIF indications, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Clay-Shoveler's FracturesComprehensive guide to clay-shoveler's fractures including spinous process avulsion, ghost sign, stability assessment, and conservative management for orthopaedic examination preparation
Coccyx FracturesComprehensive guide to Coccyx Fractures (Tailbone Injuries) - Diagnosis, conservative management, and surgical options.
Compartments of the LegFellowship-level anatomy of the four leg compartments - their muscles, nerves and vessels - and the surgical relevance for acute compartment syndrome and four-compartment fasciotomy.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)Comprehensive guide to Complex Regional Pain Syndrome - Budapest criteria, stages, prevention with vitamin C, multidisciplinary management, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Coronoid FracturesComprehensive guide to coronoid fractures - O'Driscoll classification, elbow stability implications, fixation techniques, and decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Crush SyndromeComprehensive guide to crush syndrome - rhabdomyolysis, hyperkalemia, myoglobinuria, pre-hospital IV fluids before extrication, fasciotomy indications, and renal protection strategies for orthopaedic fellowship exam
Cuboid FracturesComprehensive guide to cuboid fractures - nutcracker mechanism, compression injury, Lisfranc association, and ORIF techniques for orthopaedic exam
Cuneiform FracturesComprehensive guide to cuneiform fractures - medial intermediate lateral cuneiform, midfoot trauma, Lisfranc association, and ORIF techniques for orthopaedic exam
Damage Control OrthopaedicsComprehensive guide to damage control orthopaedics - polytrauma management, DCO vs ETC, timing of definitive fixation, physiological parameters for orthopaedic exam
Die-Punch FracturesComprehensive guide to die-punch fractures of the distal radius - lunate facet depression fractures, mechanism, classification, surgical management, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Distal Femur FracturesComprehensive guide to distal femur fractures - AO classification, Hoffa fractures, retrograde nail vs plating, prosthetic considerations, and operative approaches for orthopaedic exam
Distal Humerus FracturesComprehensive guide to distal humerus fractures - AO/OTA classification, bicolumnar concept, surgical approaches, TEA indications, and decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Distal Radius FracturesComprehensive orthopaedic exam guide to distal radius fractures - Frykman and AO classification, volar locking plates, external fixation, and outcome optimization
Elbow DislocationsComprehensive guide to elbow dislocations - simple vs complex, reduction techniques, stability assessment, and rehabilitation for orthopaedic exam
Elbow Transcondylar FracturesComprehensive guide to Transcondylar Fractures of the Elbow - separation of the articular condyles from the humerus in adults
Essex-Lopresti InjuriesComprehensive guide to Essex-Lopresti injuries including forearm longitudinal instability, interosseous membrane disruption, and management for Orthopaedic examination
Extensor Mechanism RupturesComprehensive guide to extensor mechanism ruptures - quadriceps and patellar tendon ruptures, primary repair, allograft reconstruction, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
External Fixation PrinciplesComprehensive guide to external fixation - frame types, pin placement, biomechanics, safe corridors, complications, and conversion to internal fixation for orthopaedic fellowship exam preparation
Fat Embolism SyndromeComprehensive exam-focused review of Fat Embolism Syndrome including clinical presentation, investigation, management, and key exam points
Fat Embolism SyndromeComprehensive guide to fat embolism syndrome following long-bone fractures, including Gurd criteria, timing of presentation, prevention by early fixation, and supportive management.
Femoral Head FracturesComprehensive guide to femoral head fractures including Pipkin classification, surgical management, and outcomes for orthopaedic examination
Femoral Shaft FracturesComprehensive orthopaedic exam guide to femoral shaft fractures - intramedullary nailing, antegrade vs retrograde, damage control orthopaedics, and ipsilateral femoral neck screening
Fibular Shaft FracturesComprehensive guide to fibular shaft fractures - isolated vs associated injuries, Maisonneuve fracture, syndesmosis assessment, and treatment algorithms
Finger DislocationsComprehensive guide to finger dislocations for Orthopaedic examination
Floating Knee InjuryComprehensive guide to floating knee injuries for FRCS examination
Floating Shoulder InjuriesComprehensive guide to floating shoulder - ipsilateral clavicle and scapula fractures disrupting superior shoulder suspensory complex, management algorithms, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Foot Compartment SyndromeComprehensive guide to foot compartment syndrome including the nine compartments, association with calcaneal and Lisfranc injuries, pressure measurement thresholds, fasciotomy indications, and late reconstruction for claw toe sequelae.
Forearm Compartment SyndromeComprehensive guide to forearm compartment syndrome - pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, pressure monitoring, fasciotomy technique, and Volkmann's contracture prevention for orthopaedic exam
Forearm Fractures - PediatricComprehensive exam-ready guide to pediatric forearm fractures - both-bone fractures, greenstick, plastic deformation, and Monteggia/Galeazzi variants
Forearm Shaft Fracture (Adult)Comprehensive guide to adult forearm shaft fractures including both-bone fractures, isolated radius/ulna fractures, classification, surgical fixation techniques, and complications
Frykman Classification of Distal Radius FracturesThe Frykman classification system for distal radius fractures — eight types (I–VIII) defined by intra-articular involvement of the radiocarpal and distal radioulnar joints, with or without ulnar styloid fracture.
Galeazzi FracturesComprehensive orthopaedic exam guide to Galeazzi fracture-dislocations - the fracture of necessity, DRUJ instability, ORIF with plate fixation, and rehabilitation
Garden Classification of Femoral Neck FracturesThe Garden classification for intracapsular femoral neck fractures — the four types, their radiographic features, displacement implications for avascular necrosis and nonunion, and why the system is often simplified to undisplaced versus displaced.
Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis)Comprehensive guide to gas gangrene - Clostridium perfringens, alpha toxin pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, radical debridement, penicillin-clindamycin, hyperbaric oxygen, amputation indications for orthopaedic fellowship exam
Glenoid FracturesComprehensive guide to glenoid fractures - Ideberg classification, bone loss assessment, surgical indications, arthroscopic vs open repair for orthopaedic exam
Greater Tuberosity FracturesComprehensive guide to greater tuberosity fractures including classification, management algorithms, and rotator cuff considerations for Orthopaedic examination
Gustilo-Anderson Classification of Open FracturesThe Gustilo-Anderson system for grading open fractures by wound size, soft-tissue injury, contamination, and neurovascular status — guiding antibiotic choice, debridement timing, and coverage strategy.
Hamate FracturesComprehensive guide to hamate fractures - anatomy of hook and body, mechanisms, classification, clinical presentation, and management for orthopaedic exam
Hawkins Classification of Talar Neck FracturesThe Hawkins classification for talar neck fractures — the four types, mechanism of injury, avascular necrosis risk by grade, Hawkins sign, and how classification guides fixation strategy.
Heterotopic OssificationComprehensive exam-ready guide to heterotopic ossification (HO) in orthopaedic surgery - Brooker classification, risk factors, prevention strategies, and surgical management
Hip DislocationsComprehensive guide to hip dislocations - Thompson-Epstein classification, posterior vs anterior mechanisms, associated injuries, reduction techniques, and sciatic nerve considerations for orthopaedic exam
Hip Fracture-DislocationsComprehensive guide to hip fracture-dislocations - Thompson-Epstein classification, Pipkin fractures, acetabular fractures, urgent reduction, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Hoffa FracturesComprehensive guide to Hoffa fractures - coronal plane fractures of the femoral condyles, classification, surgical fixation techniques for Orthopaedic orthopaedic exam
Humeral Head FracturesComprehensive guide to humeral head fractures including head-splitting, impression fractures, and management strategies for Orthopaedic examination
Humeral Shaft FracturesComprehensive guide to humeral shaft fractures - AO/OTA classification, radial nerve palsy assessment, Holstein-Lewis fracture, and operative vs non-operative management for orthopaedic exam
Ideberg Classification of Glenoid FracturesThe Ideberg classification system for glenoid fossa fractures of the scapula — types I through VI, mechanism of injury, operative indications, and exam-level decision-making.
Iliac Wing FracturesComprehensive guide to Iliac Wing (Duverney) Fractures - Stable pelvic injuries from direct trauma.
Intercondylar Fractures of the Distal HumerusComprehensive guide to intercondylar distal humerus fractures including AO/OTA classification, surgical techniques, and outcomes for Orthopaedic examination
Intertrochanteric FracturesComprehensive guide to intertrochanteric hip fractures - Evans/Jensen classification, SHS vs CMN, TAD principle, geriatric optimization for orthopaedic exam
Isolated Radius FracturesComprehensive guide to Isolated Radial Shaft Fractures (Non-Galeazzi) - diagnosis, classification, and management
Isolated Ulna Fractures (Nightstick Fractures)Comprehensive exam-ready guide to isolated ulna shaft fractures - nightstick fracture, direct blow mechanism, nonoperative vs ORIF decision-making
Jones FracturesComprehensive guide to Jones fractures of the fifth metatarsal including mechanism, classification, surgical technique, and athlete management for orthopaedic examination preparation
Lateral Compression Pelvic InjuriesLateral compression (LC) pelvic ring injuries - Young-Burgess classification, mechanism, associated injuries, and management from hemodynamically stable to unstable patients
Lateral Condyle Fractures - PediatricComprehensive exam-ready guide to pediatric lateral condyle fractures - Milch/Weiss classification, ORIF indications, nonunion/malunion management
Lateral Process Talus FracturesComprehensive guide to lateral process talus fractures - snowboarder fracture, mechanism, classification, ORIF vs excision, and subtalar arthritis prevention for orthopaedic exam
Lauge-Hansen Classification of Ankle FracturesThe Lauge-Hansen mechanism-based classification of ankle fractures — the four injury patterns, their staged ligament and bone sequences, and how the pattern guides reduction and fixation.
Lesser Tuberosity FracturesComprehensive guide to lesser tuberosity fractures including posterior dislocation association, subscapularis involvement, and management for Orthopaedic examination
Letournel-Judet Classification of Acetabular FracturesThe Letournel-Judet system for classifying acetabular fractures — the five elementary and five associated patterns, the column-and-wall concept, Judet radiographic views, CT interpretation, and how the pattern dictates the surgical approach.
Lunate and Perilunate DislocationsComprehensive guide to lunate and perilunate dislocations - Mayfield stages, diagnosis, emergency management, and surgical reconstruction for orthopaedic exam
Lunate FracturesComprehensive guide to lunate fractures - diagnosis, classification, association with Kienbock's disease, surgical management, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Lunotriquetral InstabilityComprehensive guide to lunotriquetral instability - LTIL injury, VISI deformity, diagnosis, and management including LT arthrodesis for orthopaedic exam
Maisonneuve FracturesComprehensive guide to Maisonneuve fractures - proximal fibula fracture with syndesmotic disruption, deltoid ligament injury, recognition and surgical management for orthopaedic exam
Malunion, Delayed Union and NonunionComprehensive guide to fracture healing complications including nonunion classification, Weber-Cech types, exchange nailing, Masquelet technique, and deformity correction for orthopaedic exam
Mangled Extremity and Limb Salvage Decision-MakingA consultant-level orthopaedic trauma guide to mangled extremity assessment, revascularisation, limb salvage, amputation decision-making, counselling and complications.
Mayo Classification of Olecranon FracturesThe Mayo (Morrey) classification of olecranon fractures — type I undisplaced, type II displaced stable, type III displaced unstable, with comminution subtypes and treatment guidance for tension-band wiring, plate fixation, and excision.
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin Splints)Comprehensive guide to medial tibial stress syndrome - pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, imaging, and evidence-based management for orthopaedic exam
Metatarsal FracturesComprehensive guide to metatarsal fractures for FRCS examination
Metatarsal Stress FracturesComprehensive guide to metatarsal stress fractures including second metatarsal marching fracture, fifth metatarsal high-risk zones, diagnosis, and management for orthopaedic examination preparation
Monteggia and Galeazzi FracturesComprehensive guide to Monteggia and Galeazzi fracture-dislocations for Orthopaedic examination
Monteggia FracturesComplete orthopaedic exam guide to Monteggia fracture-dislocations covering Bado classification, surgical management, and complications
Morel-Lavallee LesionClosed internal degloving injury after blunt shear trauma, including clinical recognition, imaging, classification, management, sclerodesis, debridement, recurrence and infection risk.
Multi-Ligament Knee InjuriesComprehensive guide to multi-ligament knee injuries (MLKI) and knee dislocations - classification, vascular assessment, surgical timing, reconstruction techniques for Orthopaedic orthopaedic exam
Myositis OssificansComprehensive guide to myositis ossificans - heterotopic bone formation in muscle, zoning phenomenon, maturity assessment, surgical excision timing, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Navicular FracturesComprehensive guide to tarsal navicular fractures covering anatomy, classification, clinical assessment, and management including stress fractures for orthopaedic examination preparation.
Neck of Femur FractureComprehensive guide to femoral neck fractures and Garden classification for FRCS exam preparation
Neer Classification of Proximal Humerus FracturesThe Neer classification of proximal humeral fractures — Codman's four parts, the 1 cm / 45 degree displacement rule, category progression, and how it guides ORIF versus arthroplasty.
Nonunion ManagementComprehensive guide to fracture nonunion for FRCS exam preparation
Nutcracker FracturesComprehensive guide to nutcracker fractures - cuboid compression injury, Lisfranc association, lateral column shortening, and ORIF techniques for orthopaedic exam
Odontoid FracturesComprehensive guide to odontoid (dens) fractures - Anderson-D'Alonzo classification, stability assessment, and treatment options for orthopaedic exam
Olecranon FracturesComprehensive guide to olecranon fractures - Mayo classification, tension band wiring, plate fixation, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Open Book Pelvic InjuriesComprehensive guide to open book pelvic fractures including symphysis diastasis, external rotation injuries, hemorrhage control, and surgical fixation
Open Fracture Classification and ManagementA consultant-level orthopaedic guide to open fracture assessment, classification, debridement, fixation, antibiotics, orthoplastic reconstruction and complications.
Open Tibial FracturesComprehensive guide to open tibial fractures - Gustilo-Anderson classification, antibiotic protocols, wound management, soft tissue coverage principles for orthopaedic exam
Orthopaedic Gunshot Wounds and BallisticsAdvanced orthopaedic guide to gunshot wounds and ballistic fractures: tissue injury, low- and high-energy patterns, antibiotics, debridement, fixation, vascular risk, compartment syndrome and retained bullets.
Ottawa Ankle and Foot RulesThe Ottawa Ankle and Foot Rules — a validated clinical decision instrument that determines when radiography is necessary after acute ankle and midfoot injury, reducing unnecessary X-rays without missing clinically significant fractures.
Ottawa Knee RulesA validated clinical decision rule for acute knee injury — the five criteria that mandate knee radiography, how to apply them, and the evidence behind near-100 percent sensitivity for fracture.
Patella FracturesComprehensive guide to patella fractures - AO classification, tension band wiring vs screw fixation, extensor mechanism integrity, and partial patellectomy indications for orthopaedic exam
Pathological Fractures - FemurComprehensive guide to pathological fractures of the femur - metastatic disease, Mirels' score, life expectancy estimation, IMN vs arthroplasty, cement augmentation, and palliative treatment for orthopaedic exam
Pathological Fractures (Humerus)Comprehensive guide to pathological humerus fractures including metastatic disease, Mirels scoring, and surgical management for Orthopaedic examination
Pauwels Classification of Femoral Neck FracturesThe Pauwels classification of femoral neck fractures based on the angle of the fracture line from the horizontal — how the three grades determine shear forces, nonunion risk, and fixation strategy.
PCL Avulsion FracturesComprehensive guide to PCL avulsion fractures - posterior tibial avulsion, posterior approach, screw or suture fixation, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Pelvic Avulsion FracturesComprehensive guide to Pelvic Avulsion Fractures - ASIS, AIIS, Ischial tuberosity, and Iliac crest avulsions in adolescent athletes.
Pelvic Ring InjuriesAdvanced guide to pelvic ring injuries: recognition, stability assessment, haemorrhage control, classification, fixation strategy and complications.
Perilunate Injuries and Carpal DislocationsAdvanced orthopaedic guide to perilunate and lunate dislocations: Mayfield stages, missed diagnosis prevention, emergency reduction, fixation, ligament repair, median nerve protection and delayed-injury salvage.
Periprosthetic Hip FractureComprehensive guide to periprosthetic hip fractures and Vancouver classification for FRCS exam preparation
Phalangeal FracturesComprehensive guide to proximal and middle phalanx fractures including classification, reduction techniques, fixation options, and rehabilitation for orthopaedic examination
Phalangeal Fractures FootComprehensive guide to phalangeal fractures of the foot - great toe hallux, lesser toes, proximal middle distal phalanx, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Pilon FracturesComprehensive guide to Tibial Plafond (Pilon) Fractures - diagnosis, classification, and staged management.
Pipkin Classification of Femoral Head FracturesThe Pipkin classification for femoral head fractures associated with posterior hip dislocation — four types based on fragment location relative to the fovea capitis and associated injuries, management principles, surgical approach selection, and AVN risk.
Pisiform FracturesComprehensive guide to pisiform fractures - anatomy, mechanisms, classification, clinical presentation, and management for orthopaedic exam
Pittsburgh Knee RulesThe Pittsburgh Knee Rules — a clinical decision rule for determining the need for radiography in acute blunt knee injuries, with comparison to the Ottawa Knee Rules.
Polytrauma ManagementComprehensive guide to polytrauma and damage control orthopaedics for FRCS exam preparation
Posterior Process Talus FracturesComprehensive guide to posterior process talus fractures - Shepherd fracture, Cedell fracture, FHL impingement, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Proximal Humerus FracturesComprehensive guide to proximal humerus fractures - Neer classification, blood supply, surgical decision-making, and PROFHER evidence for orthopaedic exam
Proximal Tibiofibular Joint DislocationsComprehensive guide to proximal tibiofibular joint dislocations including Ogden classification, peroneal nerve considerations, and management for orthopaedic examination
Pseudo-Jones Fractures (Fifth Metatarsal Tuberosity Avulsion)Zone 1 avulsion fractures of the fifth metatarsal tuberosity - mechanism, differentiation from true Jones fractures, conservative management, and favorable outcomes
Pubic Rami FracturesComprehensive guide to Pubic Rami Fractures - Isolated vs Ring injuries, Fragility fractures, and management.
Radial Head DislocationsComprehensive guide to Radial Head Dislocations - Congenital vs Traumatic, Monteggia, and Nursemaids
Radial Head FracturesComprehensive guide to radial head fractures - Mason classification, surgical indications, safe zone concept, and management of complex instability patterns
Radial Neck Fractures PediatricComprehensive exam-ready guide to pediatric radial neck fractures - classification, reduction techniques, and outcomes
Regan-Morrey Classification of Coronoid FracturesThe Regan-Morrey classification for fractures of the coronoid process of the ulna — the three types, clinical relevance within the terrible triad, and how the system guides fixation.
Region-Specific Compartment SyndromeAdvanced orthopaedic trauma guide to region-specific acute compartment syndrome: leg, forearm, hand, foot, thigh, gluteal compartments, pressure measurement, fasciotomy principles, wound care and missed-diagnosis traps.
RhabdomyolysisComprehensive guide to rhabdomyolysis - CK elevation, myoglobinuria, acute kidney injury, crush injury, compartment syndrome complication, and management for orthopaedic exam
Rolando's FracturesComprehensive guide to Rolando's fracture (comminuted intra-articular thumb metacarpal base fracture) including classification, surgical approaches, and outcomes for orthopaedic examination
Russell-Taylor Classification of Subtrochanteric FracturesThe Russell-Taylor classification of subtrochanteric femoral fractures — how piriformis fossa and lesser trochanter involvement guides implant choice between intramedullary nail and extramedullary plate.
Sacral FracturesComprehensive guide to sacral fractures including Denis zones, neurological injury patterns, spinopelvic dissociation, and surgical fixation strategies
Sanders Classification of Calcaneal FracturesThe CT-based Sanders classification of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures — fracture lines through the posterior facet, types I to IV, and how the type drives operative decision-making and prognosis.
Scaphoid FracturesComprehensive guide to scaphoid fractures - Herbert classification, blood supply, nonunion risk factors, and management for orthopaedic exam
Scaphoid NonunionComprehensive guide to scaphoid nonunion - humpback deformity, SNAC wrist progression, vascularized bone graft, Herbert classification for orthopaedic exam
Scaphoid Nonunion Advanced Collapse (SNAC)Comprehensive guide to SNAC wrist - natural history, Watson staging, radiographic findings, surgical management including scaphoid excision four-corner fusion and proximal row carpectomy for FRACS exam
Scapholunate DissociationComprehensive guide to scapholunate ligament injuries including diagnosis, staging, repair/reconstruction techniques, and SLAC wrist progression for orthopaedic examination
Scapula FracturesComprehensive guide to scapula fractures - glenoid and body patterns, floating shoulder, high-energy associations, surgical indications, and decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Scapulothoracic DissociationComprehensive guide to scapulothoracic dissociation - closed forequarter amputation, neurovascular assessment, Damschen classification, limb-salvage vs amputation decision, and management priorities for orthopaedic exam
Schatzker Classification of Tibial Plateau FracturesThe six-type Schatzker classification for tibial plateau fractures — patterns from lateral split to metaphyseal-diaphyseal dissociation, energy level implications, associated injuries, and why CT is mandatory for operative planning.
Segond FracturesComprehensive guide to Segond fractures - lateral tibial plateau avulsion, anterolateral ligament injury, pathognomonic for ACL tear, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Seinsheimer Classification of Subtrochanteric FracturesThe Seinsheimer classification system for subtrochanteric femoral fractures — five types by fragment count and fracture geometry, subtrochanteric biomechanics, and implant selection.
Shoulder DislocationsComprehensive guide to shoulder dislocations - anterior vs posterior mechanisms, Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions, acute management, surgical indications, and recurrence risk for orthopaedic exam
Shoulder Fracture-DislocationsComprehensive guide to anterior and posterior shoulder fracture-dislocations, including classification, reduction maneuvers, and surgical management for Orthopaedic examination
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)Comprehensive exam-ready guide to SCFE - classification, in situ pinning, contralateral prophylaxis, and AVN risk
Smith's FracturesComprehensive guide to Smith's fractures (reverse Colles') - volar angulated distal radius fractures, classification, mechanism, surgical fixation, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
SNAC WristComprehensive guide to Scaphoid Nonunion Advanced Collapse - staging, surgical treatment options, 4-corner fusion, proximal row carpectomy for orthopaedic exam
Spinal Cord InjuryComprehensive guide to spinal cord injury - ASIA classification, neurogenic shock, methylprednisolone controversy, timing of surgery, rehabilitation for orthopaedic exam
Sternoclavicular Joint InjuriesComprehensive guide to SC joint injuries - anterior vs posterior dislocation, Rockwood classification, emergent reduction of posterior dislocations, and surgical techniques for orthopaedic exam
Subaxial Cervical Spine FracturesComprehensive guide to subaxial cervical spine injuries - SLIC classification, AO Spine classification, surgical decision-making, anterior vs posterior approaches for orthopaedic exam
Subtalar DislocationsPure subtalar dislocations (peritalar dislocations) - medial vs lateral types, closed reduction techniques, associated injuries, and outcomes
Subtrochanteric FracturesComprehensive orthopaedic exam guide to subtrochanteric femur fractures - Russell-Taylor classification, characteristic deformity, reduction before reaming, cephalomedullary nailing, and atypical bisphosphonate fractures
Supracondylar Fractures (Adult)Comprehensive guide to adult supracondylar humerus fractures covering anatomy, classification, surgical approaches, and complications for Orthopaedic examination
Sustentaculum Tali FracturesComprehensive guide to sustentaculum tali fractures - medial calcaneus, FHL tendon at risk, medial plantar nerve, and ORIF techniques for orthopaedic exam
Teardrop FracturesComprehensive guide to cervical teardrop fractures including flexion (burst) vs extension types, stability assessment, SLIC classification, and surgical management for orthopaedic examination preparation
Terrible Triad of the ElbowComprehensive guide to terrible triad injuries - elbow dislocation, radial head fracture, coronoid fracture, LCL repair, and surgical decision-making for orthopaedic exam
Tetanus ProphylaxisComprehensive guide to tetanus prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery - Clostridium tetani, tetanospasmin, tetanus-prone wounds, vaccination status assessment, ADT booster vs TIG indications, and international guideline comparison (CDC, NICE/Green Book, WHO) for fellowship exam
Thoracolumbar Spine FracturesComprehensive guide to thoracolumbar fractures - TLICS classification, AO Spine classification, conservative vs surgical management, posterior and anterior approaches for orthopaedic exam
Thumb Base FracturesComprehensive guide to fractures of the thumb base for Orthopaedic examination
Thumb UCL Injuries (Gamekeeper's/Skier's Thumb)Comprehensive guide to ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the thumb MCP joint including Stener lesion, stress testing, and surgical repair for orthopaedic examination
Tibial Fractures PediatricComprehensive exam-ready guide to pediatric tibial fractures - toddler's fracture, proximal tibial metaphyseal fractures (Cozen's), tibial spine fractures
Tibial MalunionComprehensive guide to tibial malunion - classification, CORA concept, indications for correction, osteotomy techniques, and outcomes for orthopaedic exam
Tibial NonunionComprehensive guide to Tibial Nonunion - evaluation, classification, and management strategies including exchange nailing, plating, and ring fixation
Tibial Plateau FracturesComprehensive guide to tibial plateau fractures for orthopaedic exam - Schatzker classification, three-column concept, soft tissue management, surgical approaches, articular reduction principles, and staged management
Tibial Shaft FracturesComprehensive guide to tibial shaft fractures - AO classification, open fracture management, nail vs plate fixation, compartment syndrome, and union considerations for orthopaedic exam
Tibial Spine FracturesComprehensive guide to tibial spine fractures - pediatric ACL equivalent, Meyers-McKeever classification, arthroscopic reduction, suture fixation, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Tibial Stress FracturesComprehensive guide to tibial stress fractures - anterior cortex high-risk vs posteromedial low-risk, MRI grading, management principles for orthopaedic exam
Tibial Tubercle FracturesComprehensive guide to tibial tubercle avulsion fractures including Ogden classification, extensor mechanism injury, and management for orthopaedic examination
Tile / Young-Burgess Classification of Pelvic Ring InjuriesThe Tile stability-based (A / B / C) and Young-Burgess mechanism-based (APC / LC / VS / CM) classifications of pelvic ring injuries — how they translate to one another, and how they guide resuscitation and definitive fixation.
Toddler's FractureComprehensive exam-ready guide to toddler's fracture - subtle spiral tibial fracture in young children, clinical diagnosis, X-ray interpretation
Total Talar DislocationComprehensive guide to total talar dislocation - talus completely dislocated from ankle subtalar talonavicular, urgent reduction, AVN risk, and treatment for orthopaedic exam
Trapezium FracturesComprehensive guide to trapezium fractures - body vs ridge fractures, CMC joint implications, surgical management, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Trapezoid FracturesComprehensive guide to Trapezoid Fractures - Rare carpal injuries with anatomic, diagnostic, and management considerations.
Triquetral FracturesComprehensive guide to triquetral fractures - second most common carpal fracture, dorsal chip vs body fractures, diagnosis, management, and Orthopaedic exam preparation
Trochlea FracturesComprehensive guide to isolated Trochlea (Laugier) Fractures - diagnosis and management of this rare elbow injury
Tscherne Classification of Closed Soft-Tissue InjuryThe Tscherne system for grading the severity of closed soft-tissue injury associated with fractures — grades 0 through III, how it guides timing of definitive fixation, and its role alongside open-fracture classifications.
Vascular Injury With Fracture or DislocationAdvanced orthopaedic trauma guide to extremity vascular injury associated with fractures and dislocations: hard signs, ABI/API, CTA, reduction, external fixation, temporary shunts, vascular repair and fasciotomy.
Vertebral Compression FracturesComprehensive guide to vertebral compression fractures - osteoporotic fractures, pathologic fractures, conservative vs surgical management, vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty for orthopaedic exam
Vertical Shear (VS) Pelvic InjuriesComprehensive guide to vertical shear pelvic ring injuries including Young-Burgess classification, Tile C instability, and surgical management
Volkmann's Ischemic ContractureComprehensive guide to Volkmann's ischemic contracture - late sequela of compartment syndrome, Tsuge classification, claw hand deformity, reconstruction techniques, and prevention for orthopaedic exam
Weber (Danis-Weber) Ankle Fracture ClassificationThe Danis-Weber classification of fibular ankle fractures by height relative to the syndesmosis — A below (stable), B at (variable), C above (unstable) — and how the letter guides fixation.
Winquist-Hansen Classification of Femoral ComminutionThe Winquist-Hansen grading of femoral shaft comminution — types 0 to IV by circumferential cortical contact — and how it guides locked intramedullary nailing, adjunct fixation, and weight-bearing.

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Spine Hand & Upper Limb Foot & Ankle Sports Medicine Adult Reconstruction Paediatrics Oncology Basic Science Radiology Professionalism & Ethics

All Trauma topics (197)

Other subspecialties

All Trauma topics (197)

Other subspecialties