Adult Reconstruction Orthopaedic Topics
Hip, knee & joint replacement. 109 evidence-informed references covering conditions, classifications, management and high-yield exam notes for FRCS (Tr&Orth), FRACS, EBOT and ABOS preparation.
All Adult Reconstruction topics (109)
- Acetabular Bone Loss in Revision Hip Arthroplasty: Paprosky Classification and Reconstruction LadderFellowship-level guide to describing acetabular defects, interpreting Paprosky patterns and selecting shells, augments, cages, distraction or custom reconstruction.
- Adductor Brevis AnatomySurgical anatomy of the adductor brevis — the muscle that separates the anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator nerve, the key plane in the medial (Ludloff) approach to the hip, and the landmark protecting the medial circumflex femoral artery.
- Adductor Longus AnatomySurgical anatomy of the adductor longus — its pubic enthesis and avulsion, adductor-related groin pain and criteria-based return to play, its role as the posteromedial wall of the adductor canal, and adductor tenotomy in athletes and in cerebral palsy.
- Adductor Magnus AnatomySurgical anatomy of the adductor magnus — its dual innervation from the obturator and sciatic nerves, the adductor hiatus and popliteal artery injury, the adductor tubercle as the MPFL landmark, and its role in the medial approach to the hip.
- Adult Hip DysplasiaComprehensive guide to adult developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) - diagnosis, classification, joint-preserving surgery, and arthroplasty considerations
- Ankle ArthritisComprehensive guide to ankle osteoarthritis including post-traumatic etiology, conservative management, ankle arthrodesis, total ankle replacement, and Orthopaedic examination preparation
- Aseptic Loosening in Total Hip ArthroplastyComprehensive guide to aseptic loosening after THA - particle disease, osteolysis, Gruen zones, DeLee/Charnley classification, differentiating from infection, and revision planning for orthopaedic exam
- Avascular Necrosis of the HipComprehensive guide to AVN of the femoral head: pathophysiology, staging systems (Ficat, Steinberg), joint-preserving vs arthroplasty approaches, and contemporary management strategies
- Avascular Necrosis of the Humeral HeadComprehensive guide to etiology, staging, and management of humeral head AVN including core decompression, biological treatments, and arthroplasty decision-making
- Blood Supply of the HipDetailed anatomy of the femoral head vascularity, including the medial femoral circumflex artery, retinacular vessels, and clinical implications for AVN.
- Cam-Type Femoroacetabular ImpingementCam-type femoroacetabular impingement: why the alpha angle is a morphology and not a diagnosis, what the randomised trials of arthroscopy actually showed, and how to select the patients who benefit
- Cement-in-Cement Revision of the Femoral StemFellowship-level technique guide to revising a loose or failed cemented femoral component while retaining a well-fixed distal cement mantle.
- Conversion Total Hip Arthroplasty After Failed Proximal Femoral FixationFellowship-level guide to converting failed fixation of proximal femoral fracture to total hip arthroplasty, including nonunion, avascular necrosis, hardware removal and infection risk.
- Custom Triflange Acetabular Components in Revision Hip ArthroplastyFellowship-level guide to planning and implanting patient-specific custom triflange acetabular components for severe Paprosky type IIIB bone loss and pelvic discontinuity.
- Cyclops LesionComprehensive guide to cyclops lesion of the knee following ACL reconstruction, including pathophysiology, clinical assessment, MRI features, and arthroscopic excision.
- Deep Peroneal Nerve AnatomySurgical anatomy of the deep peroneal (deep fibular) nerve: division at the fibular neck, the anterior compartment, first web space sensation, anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome and the safe zones around the proximal tibia and fibula.
- Dual Mobility Total Hip ArthroplastyComprehensive guide to dual mobility THA - Bousquet design, biomechanics, indications for instability prevention, intraprosthetic dislocation, outcomes, and AOANJRR data
- Elbow ArthritisComprehensive guide to elbow osteoarthritis including post-traumatic etiology, rheumatoid arthritis, conservative management, surgical options, and outcomes
- Extended Trochanteric OsteotomyPlanning, technique and fixation of the extended trochanteric osteotomy in revision hip arthroplasty, including stem selection, union rates and complication management.
- Femoral Bone Loss in Revision Hip Arthroplasty: Paprosky Classification and Stem SelectionFellowship-level guide to Paprosky femoral bone loss classification, radiographic assessment, and revision stem selection from extensively coated stems to proximal femoral replacement.
- Femoral Impaction Bone GraftingExeter/X-change femoral impaction grafting in revision hip arthroplasty: rationale, graft biology, layered impaction technique, cemented polished taper stems, complications and long-term evidence.
- Femoral Nerve AnatomyFellowship-level anatomy of the femoral nerve: L2-L4 origin, course through the iliopsoas groove and under the inguinal ligament (NAVEL), quadriceps and saphenous supply, and the injury patterns in hip and pelvic surgery.
- Gastrocnemius AnatomySurgical anatomy of gastrocnemius: the two heads and the sural nerve between them, the medial gastrocnemius rotation flap for proximal tibial cover, gastrocnemius contracture and the Silfverskiold test, recession techniques and equinus in cerebral palsy.
- Girdlestone Procedure (Excision Arthroplasty)Comprehensive Orthopaedic exam guide to Girdlestone procedure including indications, surgical technique, and outcomes for hip excision arthroplasty
- Gluteus Medius AnatomyComprehensive anatomy of the Gluteus Medius, its role as the primary hip abductor, Trendelenburg sign, and surgical significance.
- Gracilis AnatomySurgical anatomy of gracilis: the obturator nerve, the pes anserinus, hamstring graft harvest, and its role as a functioning free muscle transfer in brachial plexus reconstruction and facial reanimation.
- Hip Labral TearsComprehensive guide to hip labral tears - anatomy, diagnosis, arthroscopic repair versus debridement, and the evidence for surgery against conservative care
- Hip OsteoarthritisComprehensive exam-ready guide to hip OA - diagnosis, conservative treatment, THA indications
- Iliacus AnatomySurgical anatomy of iliacus, its femoral nerve supply arising within the abdomen, the iliac fascia compartment and iliacus haematoma, iliocapsularis in the dysplastic hip, and the iliac fossa windows of the ilioinguinal approach.
- Interprosthetic Femoral FractureFellowship-level guide to the interprosthetic femoral fracture - a fracture of the femoral shaft between an ipsilateral hip implant and a knee implant: why the inter-implant bone is a stress riser (short inter-stem distance, osteoporosis), how implant stability and fracture location drive treatment (spanning locked plating, revision arthroplasty, or distal/total femoral replacement), and the high reoperation and infection rates.
- Ischiofemoral ImpingementComprehensive guide to ischiofemoral impingement including pathoanatomy, MRI diagnosis of quadratus femoris space narrowing, and management from conservative care to endoscopic decompression.
- Knee OsteoarthritisComprehensive guide to knee osteoarthritis including pathophysiology, classification systems, non-operative and surgical management strategies for Orthopaedic exam preparation
- Megaprosthesis in Non-Oncologic Orthopaedic SalvageFellowship-level guide to selecting, planning and implanting endoprosthetic replacement for massive bone loss after failed arthroplasty, fracture, infection or nonunion.
- Meniscal RepairComprehensive guide to meniscal repair techniques and indications
- Meniscal Root TearsDetailed guide to posterior meniscal root tears, biomechanics, diagnosis (Ghost Sign), and management strategies.
- Meniscal TransplantationComprehensive guide to meniscal allograft transplantation - indications, technique and outcomes
- Metal-on-Metal Hip ComplicationsComprehensive guide to adverse local tissue reactions, pseudotumors, surveillance, and revision strategies for metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty
- Obturator Nerve AnatomyFellowship-level anatomy of the obturator nerve: L2-L4 origin, course along the pelvic wall through the obturator canal, adductor motor supply, medial thigh sensation, and injury patterns including the Howship-Romberg sign.
- Osteochondral Defects of the KneeComprehensive guide to osteochondral defects and cartilage restoration of the knee
- Pectineus AnatomySurgical anatomy of the pectineus — the dually innervated adductor, the floor of the femoral triangle, its release in the medial (Ludloff) approach to the hip, and the medial circumflex femoral artery it guards.
- Pelvic DiscontinuityDiagnosis and reconstruction of pelvic discontinuity in revision hip arthroplasty: imaging criteria, Paprosky IIIB defects, cup-cage, distraction and custom triflange techniques.
- Periprosthetic Joint InfectionComprehensive guide to periprosthetic joint infection following hip and knee arthroplasty, covering MSIS and EBJIS diagnostic criteria, serum and synovial fluid markers, differentiation of acute versus chronic presentations, and management options including DAIR, one-stage and two-stage revision.
- Periprosthetic Joint Infection After THAComprehensive guide to periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) diagnosis, MSIS/ICM criteria, DAIR, one-stage and two-stage revision for orthopaedic exam
- Pincer-Type Femoroacetabular ImpingementComprehensive guide to pincer-type FAI diagnosis and management
- Piriformis AnatomyDetailed anatomy of the Piriformis muscle, its critical relationship with the Sciatic Nerve, and clinical significance in Piriformis Syndrome.
- Plantaris AnatomySurgical anatomy of plantaris: its absence in a significant proportion of limbs, the tennis leg differential, its role in midportion Achilles tendinopathy, and its use as a tendon graft donor.
- Popliteus AnatomySurgical anatomy of popliteus: the intra-articular femoral origin, the popliteus tendon and popliteofibular ligament as posterolateral corner restraints, unlocking the screw-home mechanism, and popliteus dysfunction after total knee arthroplasty.
- Posteromedial Corner Knee InjuryComprehensive guide to posteromedial corner injuries of the knee, including sMCL, dMCL, POL and semimembranosus anatomy, anteromedial rotatory instability, association with ACL, examination, MRI, and repair versus reconstruction.
- Preoperative Optimization & Risk Stratification for ArthroplastyFellowship-level guide to optimising modifiable risk factors before hip and knee arthroplasty - obesity, malnutrition, diabetes, anaemia, smoking, opioids, Staph decolonisation and dental health - and the shift from 'clearance' to optimization.
- Protrusio AcetabuliExam-focused guide to protrusio acetabuli: what it is, the difference between primary (idiopathic) and secondary protrusio, the underlying conditions to look for, how it is diagnosed and measured on an AP pelvis radiograph (the ilioischial or Kohler line and the centre-edge angle), and how it is managed - from observation and osteotomy in the young hip to total hip arthroplasty with restoration of the hip centre and bone grafting of the medial defect.
- Psoas MajorSurgical anatomy of psoas major, the lumbar plexus within the muscle and the femoral nerve at its lateral border, transpsoas lateral interbody safe working zones, psoas abscess, iliopsoas impingement after hip arthroplasty and snapping iliopsoas.
- Quadratus Femoris AnatomySurgical anatomy of quadratus femoris: the short external rotators, the medial circumflex femoral artery deep branch, ischiofemoral impingement and the quadratus femoris space, and external rotator repair in the posterior approach.
- Radial Head ArthroplastyComprehensive guide to radial head arthroplasty - indications for unreconstructable fractures, terrible triad management, surgical technique with PIN protection, sizing principles, and outcomes
- Rectus Femoris AnatomySurgical anatomy of the rectus femoris — its two heads, biarticular action, AIIS avulsion and subspine impingement, Ely test, and its role in the anterior hip intervals and stiff-knee gait transfer.
- Reverse Total Shoulder ArthroplastyComprehensive guide to reverse total shoulder arthroplasty - indications, Grammont principles, surgical technique, complications, and outcomes for rotator cuff arthropathy and complex shoulder pathology
- Revision Shoulder ArthroplastyComprehensive guide to revision shoulder arthroplasty including indications, bone loss classification, surgical techniques, and outcomes for failed shoulder replacements
- Revision TKA Bone Loss, Cones and SleevesAdvanced orthopaedic guide to revision total knee arthroplasty bone loss, including AORI classification, defect mapping, cement, screws, augments, stems, metaphyseal cones, sleeves, rotating hinge indications, operative sequence and complications.
- Revision Total Hip ArthroplastyComprehensive exam-ready guide to revision THA: indications, bone defect classification, reconstruction techniques, and outcomes
- Revision Total Knee ArthroplastyComprehensive guide to revision TKA including indications, AORI bone loss classification, constraint selection, and surgical techniques for failed knee arthroplasty.
- Robotic-Assisted and Computer-Navigated ArthroplastyFellowship-level guide to robotic and computer-navigated hip and knee arthroplasty: system taxonomy, the evidence on alignment accuracy versus clinical outcomes, limitations, cost, and the exam debate.
- Rotator Cuff ArthropathyComprehensive guide to Cuff Tear Arthropathy, covering pathophysiology (Acetabularization), Seebauer classification, and Reverse TSA management.
- Sartorius AnatomyComprehensive anatomy of the Sartorius muscle, 'The Tailor's Muscle', including its relations, clinical significance in Pes Anserine Bursitis, and surgical relevance.
- Sciatic Nerve AnatomyComprehensive guide to the anatomy, clinical assessment, and management of the Sciatic Nerve, including Piriformis relations and injection safety
- Semimembranosus AnatomySurgical anatomy of semimembranosus: its five distal expansions, the posteromedial corner, anteromedial rotatory instability, semimembranosus bursitis, Baker cyst and proximal hamstring avulsion.
- Semitendinosus AnatomySurgical anatomy of semitendinosus: the pes anserinus, hamstring autograft harvest and its pitfalls, the fascial bands to medial gastrocnemius, infrapatellar saphenous nerve injury and tendon regeneration.
- Shoulder Arthroplasty AnatomyComprehensive surgical anatomy for shoulder arthroplasty including neurovascular structures at risk, deltopectoral approach, rotator cuff anatomy, and critical anatomical relationships
- Shoulder Arthroplasty ComplicationsComprehensive guide to shoulder arthroplasty complications including instability, infection, glenoid loosening, nerve injury, and management strategies
- Shoulder HemiarthroplastyComprehensive guide to shoulder hemiarthroplasty for proximal humerus fractures, avascular necrosis, and glenohumeral arthritis - indications, surgical technique, and outcomes
- Shoulder OsteoarthritisComprehensive guide to Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis, including pathophysiology, classification, and management strategies.
- Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee (SPONK/SONK)Comprehensive guide to spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee including subchondral insufficiency fracture hypothesis, MRI staging, differential diagnosis, and decision-making between conservative care, unloading osteotomy and unicompartmental arthroplasty.
- Superior Gemellus AnatomySurgical anatomy of superior gemellus: the triceps coxae and the conjoint tendon, the nerve to obturator internus at the ischial spine, its relation to the medial circumflex femoral artery, and external rotator repair in the posterior approach.
- Superior Gluteal Nerve AnatomySurgical anatomy of the superior gluteal nerve: L4 to S1 usually above piriformis, supply to gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fasciae latae with a sensory branch to the superior hip capsule, the safe zone above the greater trochanter, and abductor deficiency after total hip arthroplasty.
- Surgical Hip Dislocation (Ganz Trochanteric Flip)Comprehensive guide to Ganz safe surgical dislocation of the hip via trochanteric flip osteotomy preserving the medial femoral circumflex artery - indications including FAI, intra-articular pathology, AVN and acetabular fractures, retinacular vessel anatomy and protection, step-by-step surgical technique, complications including AVN and trochanteric nonunion, and evidence-based outcomes
- THA Heterotopic OssificationComprehensive guide to heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty including classification, prevention strategies, and management
- THA Leg Length DiscrepancyAssessment, prevention, and management of leg length discrepancy in total hip arthroplasty - a critical complication affecting patient satisfaction and outcomes
- THA Neurovascular InjuryPrevention, recognition, and management of neurovascular complications in total hip arthroplasty
- THA Templating and Preoperative PlanningAdvanced orthopaedic guide to total hip arthroplasty templating and preoperative planning, including radiograph requirements, digital templating, acetabular and femoral planning, leg length and offset restoration, complex cases, pitfalls and evidence.
- THA Wear and OsteolysisComprehensive guide to polyethylene wear, particle disease, osteolysis mechanisms, HXLPE benefits, surveillance strategies, and management of established osteolysis in total hip arthroplasty
- The Hip-Spine Relationship in Total Hip ArthroplastyFellowship-level guide to spinopelvic mobility and the hip-spine relationship in THA: spinopelvic parameters, why the stiff/fused spine raises dislocation risk, the Hip-Spine Classification, functional cup targets, and dual mobility.
- The Painful Total Knee ReplacementPattern and differential approach to the painful total knee replacement: discriminators separating infection, loosening, instability, malrotation and extrinsic causes, with the investigation sequence.
- TKA Alignment OptionsMechanical, kinematic, and restricted kinematic alignment philosophies in total knee arthroplasty - evolution from traditional to patient-specific approaches
- TKA Aseptic LooseningComprehensive Orthopaedic exam guide to aseptic loosening of total knee arthroplasty including pathophysiology, diagnosis, and revision strategies
- TKA Balancing, Gaps and InstabilityAdvanced orthopaedic guide to total knee arthroplasty balancing and instability: gap mechanics, clinical examination, imaging, varus and valgus releases, flexion instability, mid-flexion instability and revision constraint selection.
- TKA Complications: InstabilityComprehensive guide to knee instability after total knee arthroplasty
- TKA Cruciate Retention vs SubstitutionComprehensive guide to cruciate retaining (CR) and posterior stabilized (PS) total knee arthroplasty design principles, biomechanics, indications, and outcomes
- TKA Extensor Mechanism FailureComprehensive Orthopaedic exam guide to extensor mechanism disruption after total knee arthroplasty including patellar tendon rupture, quadriceps rupture, and management strategies
- TKA Implant DesignComprehensive overview of total knee arthroplasty implant design principles, component options, polyethylene types, constraint levels, and evolution of modern knee replacement systems
- TKA Neurovascular InjuryRecognition and management of neurovascular complications following total knee arthroplasty including common peroneal nerve injury and vascular injuries
- TKA PATELLAR COMPLICATIONSComprehensive guide to patellar complications after Total Knee Arthroplasty including fracture, instability, clunk syndrome, and loosening.
- TKA Periprosthetic FracturesComprehensive guide to periprosthetic fractures around total knee arthroplasty - classification, management algorithms, and surgical techniques
- TKA Periprosthetic Joint InfectionComprehensive guide to diagnosis using MSIS criteria, management algorithm including DAIR vs 2-stage revision, and prevention strategies for periprosthetic joint infection following total knee arthroplasty
- TKA Stiffness and ArthrofibrosisComprehensive guide to prevention, diagnosis, and management of post-TKA stiffness including classification, manipulation timing, and surgical revision strategies
- TKA Wound ComplicationsPrevention and management of wound complications after total knee arthroplasty including superficial infections, dehiscence, and wound healing problems
- Total Ankle ArthroplastyComprehensive guide to total ankle arthroplasty including indications, patient selection, surgical technique, and outcomes compared to ankle arthrodesis
- Total Elbow ArthroplastyComprehensive guide to total elbow arthroplasty - indications, implant design, surgical technique, rehabilitation, and complications for orthopaedic exam
- Total Femur Replacement for Salvage ReconstructionFellowship-level guide to total femur endoprosthetic replacement for extensive non-oncologic or oncologic femoral loss, including hip, knee and soft-tissue reconstruction.
- Total Hip Arthroplasty Bearing SurfacesComprehensive guide to THA bearing surfaces - metal-on-polyethylene, ceramic-on-polyethylene, ceramic-on-ceramic, metal-on-metal, dual mobility, wear rates, particle disease, and AOANJRR data for orthopaedic exam
- Total Hip Arthroplasty Fixation OptionsComprehensive guide to THA fixation methods - cemented, cementless, and hybrid techniques, patient selection criteria, AOANJRR outcomes data, and implant survival for orthopaedic exam
- Total Hip Arthroplasty IndicationsComprehensive guide to THA patient selection, indications, contraindications, preoperative assessment, templating, and decision-making for Orthopaedic exam
- Total Hip Arthroplasty: DislocationComprehensive guide to THA dislocation including risk factors, Lewinnek safe zones, combined anteversion, dual mobility, and revision strategies for recurrent instability
- Total Knee Arthroplasty IndicationsComprehensive guide to indications and contraindications for total knee arthroplasty including patient selection, timing of surgery, and preoperative optimization
- Total Shoulder ArthroplastyComprehensive guide to total shoulder arthroplasty including indications, surgical technique, glenoid component options, reverse vs anatomic designs, and outcomes for Orthopaedic exam preparation
- Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (Anatomic)Comprehensive guide to Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (TSA) including indications, surgical technique, and outcomes.
- Trunnionosis and Taper CorrosionComprehensive exam-ready guide to trunnionosis and taper corrosion in total hip arthroplasty - head-neck junction mechanics, corrosion mechanisms, diagnosis with metal ions and MARS MRI, and revision surgery principles
- Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty (UKA)Comprehensive guide to partial knee replacement - Indications (Oxford Criteria), Surgical Technique, and Outcomes vs TKA.
- Vascular Injury in Hip & Knee ArthroplastyFellowship-level guide to vascular injury complicating hip and knee arthroplasty: a rare but potentially limb- and life-threatening complication; the at-risk vessels (popliteal artery in TKA; external iliac/femoral and the acetabular screw 'quadrants' in THA), the mechanisms (direct laceration, traction, tourniquet-related thrombosis in peripheral arterial disease, retractor/screw injury), the anatomic variants and risk factors, acute and delayed (pseudoaneurysm/AV fistula) presentations, and urgent management with vascular surgery.
- Vastus Intermedius AnatomySurgical anatomy of the vastus intermedius — the layered architecture of the quadriceps tendon relevant to autograft harvest and V-Y turndown, articularis genu and suprapatellar pouch adhesions, and extension contracture after femoral fracture treated by Thompson or Judet quadricepsplasty.
- Vastus Lateralis AnatomySurgical anatomy of the vastus lateralis — the lateral approach to the femur, elevation off the intermuscular septum, control of the profunda femoris perforators, its use as a flap, and its contribution to the lateral retinaculum.
- Vastus Medialis AnatomySurgical anatomy of the vastus medialis — VMO fibre angle and patellar stabilisation, the subvastus and midvastus approaches to the knee and their trade-offs against medial parapatellar arthrotomy, the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve, and VMO wasting in patellofemoral pain.